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L2 Chapter1

This document discusses heat transfer and thermal energy. It defines heat transfer as the transfer of thermal energy between objects due to a temperature difference. Thermal energy is the energy associated with the microscopic motions and structures of atoms and molecules. The document then discusses the different modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, radiation) and provides equations to calculate heat transfer rates for each mode. It emphasizes the distinction between thermal energy, temperature, and heat transfer.

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balochfrahan.2003
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© © All Rights Reserved
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9 views

L2 Chapter1

This document discusses heat transfer and thermal energy. It defines heat transfer as the transfer of thermal energy between objects due to a temperature difference. Thermal energy is the energy associated with the microscopic motions and structures of atoms and molecules. The document then discusses the different modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, radiation) and provides equations to calculate heat transfer rates for each mode. It emphasizes the distinction between thermal energy, temperature, and heat transfer.

Uploaded by

balochfrahan.2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heat and Mass Transfer:

Physical Origins
and
Rate Equations

Instructor: Dr. Salman Abbasi


Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy

• What is heat transfer?

Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature


difference.

• What is thermal energy?


Thermal energy is associated with the translation, rotation,
vibration and electronic states of the atoms and molecules
that comprise matter. It represents the cumulative effect of
microscopic activities and is directly linked to the temperature
of matter.
Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy (cont.)

DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal Energy, Temperature


and Heat Transfer
Quantity Meaning Symbol Units
Thermal Energy+ Energy associated with microscopic
U or u J or J/kg
behavior of matter

Temperature A means of indirectly assessing the


amount of thermal energy stored in matter
T K or °C

Heat Transfer Thermal energy transport due to


temperature gradients

Heat Amount of thermal energy transferred Q J


over a time interval  t  0

Heat Rate Thermal energy transfer per unit time q W

Heat Flux Thermal energy transfer per unit time and q  W/m 2
surface area

+
U → Thermal energy of system
u → Thermal energy per unit mass of system
Modes of Heat Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction: Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or liquid) due to


the random motion of its constituent atoms, molecules and /or
electrons.

Convection: Heat transfer due to the combined influence of bulk and


random motion for fluid flow over a surface.

Radiation: Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the electron


configurations of its atoms or molecules and is transported as
electromagnetic waves (or photons).

• Conduction and convection require the presence of temperature variations in a material


medium.
• Although radiation originates from matter, its transport does not require a material
medium and occurs most efficiently in a vacuum.
Heat Transfer Rates: Conduction

Heat Transfer Rates


Conduction:
General (vector) form of Fourier’s law:

q = − k T

Heat flux Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient


W/m 2
W/m  K °C/m or K/m
Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction across a
plane wall of constant thermal conductivity:

dT T −T
qx = −k = −k 2 1
dx L
T1 − T2
qx = k (1.2)
L

Heat rate (W): qx = qx  A


Heat Transfer Rates: Convection

Heat Transfer Rates


Convection
Relation of convection to flow over a surface and development
of velocity and thermal boundary layers:

Newton’s law of cooling:

q = h (Ts − T ) (1.3a)

h : Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m 2  K)


Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation

Heat Transfer Rates


Radiation Involves radiation emission from the surface and
may also involve the absorption of radiation incident from
the surroundings (irradiation, G ), as well as convection
( if Ts  T ) .
Energy outflow due to emission:
E =  Eb =  Ts4 (1.5)
E : Emissive power ( W/m 2 )
 : Surface emissivity ( 0    1)
Eb : Emissive power of a blackbody (the perfect emitter)
 : Stefan-Boltzmann constant ( 5.67 10-8 W/m 2  K 4 )

Energy absorption due to irradiation:


Gabs =  G (1.6)

Gabs : Absorbed incident radiation ( W/m 2 )


 : Surface absorptivity ( 0    1)
G : Irradiation ( W/m 2 )
Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation (cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates


Irradiation: Special case of surface exposed to large
surroundings of uniform temperature, Tsur

G = Gsur =  Tsur4

If  =  , the net radiation heat flux from the


surface due to exchange with the surroundings is:
 =  Eb (Ts ) −  G =  (Ts4 − Tsur4 )
qrad (1.7)
Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation (cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates


Alternatively,

 = hr (Ts − Tsur )
qrad (1.8)

hr : Radiation heat transfer coefficient ( W/m 2  K )


hr =  (Ts + Tsur ) (Ts2 + Tsur2 ) (1.9)

For combined convection and radiation,

q = qconv  = h (Ts − T ) + hr (Ts − Tsur )


 + qrad (1.10)

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