English Competencies and Learning Process of 3rd year Students

in College of Education of Universidad de Manila: Proposed tool

Enhancement

Submitted by:

Charlene Diane R. Reyes

Sophia P. Sincer

Ronalyn Valera

Samantha C. Yongzon

Submitted to:

Dr. Raquel C. Mendoza

Date:

October 3, 2022
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

This chapter presents introduction, background of the study, statement of the

problem, hypothesis, significance of the study and scope and limitations.

This research entitled “English Competencies of 3rd year students in College of

Education of Universidad de Manila: Proposed Tool Enhancement”. English is being

used as the global language. For instance, a foreign individual will go to a foreign

country, he will use the English language to communicate with them. According to Ask

Media Group (2021), there are 611 million people who speaks English as their second

language. While there are 372 million who speaks English as their first language. This

only means that there are many English speakers globally.

In the Philippines, English is considered as second language. Based to the

Department Order Series of 1987, wherein it stated the implementation of the use of the

bilingual education. As cited by Cabigon (2014), there are more than 14 million Filipinos

who speaks English. Whenever Filipinos encounter foreigners, it is easy for them to

communicate as they speak English. This is because it is being taught in school. As the

Department of Education follows an executive order no. 210 that was signed by former

president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. The executive order states establishing the policy to

strengthen the use of the English language as a medium of instruction in the educational

system. In this order, it states that starting first grade English must be use as the

medium of instruction in every classroom all over the country. This only means that a

very young age Filipino learners are already on the process of achieving English

Competencies such as reading skills, writing skills, fluency in speaking and execution of

the language.
 In United States of America, under the civil rights law, schools or any academic

institutions are obligated to ensure the English Language Learners have an equal access

and quality of education that enables them to progress in their academics while learning

English. As of the latest data, from the (2011) American Community Survey, the share is

now 20.8 percent fully one-fifth of all people living in the U.S., have an experienced

some difficulties in terms of their skills in using English, that affects their ability to

participate in the class. In 1970, the federal Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued a memo,

that those students who are lack of English skills are assigned in special education

classes. In the United States, pupils who have mastered the English language are

separated from students who do not and are labeled as special education. Meaning that

you cannot receive the same resources, textbooks, or equal treatment if you are not

proficient enough. In contrast to the Philippines, English is utilized as a second

language that is taught in school.

In the study conducted by Dominguez (202), Teacher III at Samal National High

School. She said that students learn effectively by listening, by seeing, by reflecting, by

touching, and by appreciating. In the learning process of the learners these senses are

significant to acquire knowledge. According to The Center for Development and

Learning(2021), the learning process are attention, memory, language, processing and

higher order of thinking, A student must excel in these processes to successfully

acquired learning. Teachers play a significant role in these learning process as they are

the one who will help the student to master their undeveloped skills.

As stated by Reuell (2019), a staff writer in Harvard University, he stated that

students learn more by taking part in their classroom. Engaging themselves in active-
learning strategies, will contribute on the way they learned. According to Deslauriers

(2019), students also learned more from lectures, they can enhance their capability to

learn in the discussion that their instructors are providing. As stated by The Center for

Development and Learning (2011), there are five (5) learning process which includes

attention, memory, language, processing, and high order of thinking. Students must be

able to absorb all these learning process and apply it to while they are studying, to come

up with a good information from what they have studied.

1.2 Background of the Study

According to Nguyen Thi Hong (2022), many students take English course

because of its utility value as lingua franca or a world language. Most of them fail to

learn the language successfully. Students will be able to use English as means of

communication at a certain level of proficiency in four macro skills: listening, speaking,

reading and writing and to be able to read materials at the same level of their textbooks

using a dictionary, to have a mastery of basic English phonetics and grammar. To attain

a certain level of understanding.

To promote the English language and learning to tertiary level in recent years,

Vietnam government has encouraged the private tertiary institutions to carry out

advanced programs in which English is required to be the medium of instruction.

English helps you to maintain and increase your standing. While you may be satisfied

with your career currently, you may look to improve yourself or move elsewhere. With

English, you can communicate better with people no matter where you might be, to be

globally competitive, your peers need to be able to communicate with you easily. With
English, you can improve upon your presentation skills to speak more coherently. In

English competencies students faced some challenges which are:

First is the Reading comprehension, reading is a complex process that draws

on many different skills. Together, these skills lead to the ultimate goal of reading:

reading comprehension, or understanding what’s been read. Reading comprehension

can be challenging for lots of reasons. Whatever the cause, knowing the skills involved,

and which ones your child struggles with, can help you get the right support, they also

struggle in fluency. To read fluently, kids need to instantly recognize words, including

words they can’t sound out. Fluency speeds up the rate at which they can read and

understand text. It’s also important when kids encounter irregular words, like of and the,

which can’t be sounded out. With the challenges that faces reading comprehension and

fluency there is also the challenge in vocabulary because to understand what you’re

reading, you need to understand most of the words in the text. Having a strong

vocabulary is a key component of reading comprehension. Students can learn

vocabulary through instruction. But they typically learn the meaning of words through

everyday experience and also by reading. Reading together every day also helps improve

vocabulary. When reading aloud, stop at new words and define them.

Second is Mastery, most students perhaps 90% can master what we have to

teach them and it is the task of instruction to find the means which will enable them to

master the subject under consideration. A basic task is to determine what we mean by

“mastery of the subject” and to search for the methods and materials which enable the

largest proportion of the students to attain such mastery.

Third is Pronunciation. Pronunciation is the action of producing sounds of

speech to communicate a message (Dalton & Seidlhofer, 1994). For this reason,
possessing a good pronunciation of the FL (Fluent Language) is vital in oral

communication. In addition, it is important to recognize that foreign language students

must aim at developing a good pronunciation but this does not mean that they have to

sound exactly like a native speaker. Rather, FL speakers need to be understood in the

target language (Celce-Murcia, Brinton, & Goodwin, 1996). Therefore, the focus on

pronunciation needs to be considered as a crucial aspect in FL programs. Lastly

execution is the progress. The execution stage, the most important and more often than

not, the most overlooked. This suggests that the execution phase has its own rules.

Aspects that are overlooked are communication, clear roles and responsibilities, realistic

deadlines, good time management and adequate guidance. Blind delegation and poor

communication skills are often the main cause of poor execution.

These competencies include the cognitive skills of critical thinking, problem-

solving, knowledge application, and creativity; the interpersonal skills of

communication and collaboration, leadership, and global and cross-cultural awareness.

Learning Process helps in achieving the objectives of teaching. With learning

we expect a change in the behavior of the individuals. This change happens with the

development of knowledge, insight, interest, skills and attitudes. The underlying ability

a teacher must have is assessing his/ her students and adjusting strategies and tactics

that requires sophisticated knowledge and skills, to successfully use differentiated

instruction, there are six (6) interactive components of the learning process: attention,

memory, language, processing and organizing, lastly the higher order thinking these

processes interact not only with each other but also with emotions, classroom climate,

behavior, social skills, teachers and family. In order to engage, motivate and teach all

learners at optimal levels, teacher must understand the learning process in general,
understand and respond to students individual emotional and cognitive profiles and

select instructional strategies and tactics that are effective for diverse learners

Language Competencies refer to the knowledge and abilities to use English in

four inter-related skills: speaking, listening; reading, and writing. Collaborative learning

is a type of instruction where learners are grouped together to work on an assignment,

project, or task. To become competent in second language, one needs to actively use

English in each of four modalities

English competency is known as one of the crucial skills in various social

contexts in Hong Kong. In tertiary educational setting, English courses do not focus

solely on the development of the four language skills. Rather, they put emphasis on the

application of English Language for academic use or instrumental use.

There are different levels of learning process, first is Attention, paying attention

is the first step in learning anything. It is easy for most of us to pay attention to things

that are interesting or exciting to us. It is difficult for most of us to pay attention to

things that are not interesting to us. It is easier to become distracted to move to a more

stimulating topic or activity, physical movement can help to “wake up” a mind. When a

student shows signs of inattentiveness or restlessness, teachers provides students with

opportunities to move around. Many students with attention challenges actually need to

move in order to remain alert. It is wise to find acceptable, non- destructive ways for

these students to be active.

According to John Ratey (2001), attention is more than just noticing incoming

stimuli. It involves a number of processes including filtering out perceptions, balancing

multiple perceptions and attaching emotional significance to these perceptions. There

are two major forms of attention: first is Passive attention refers to the involuntary

process directed by external events that stand out from their environment, such as a

bright flash, or a sudden loud noise. We might say that because passive attention is

involuntary, it is easy. Next is Active attention is voluntary and is guided by alertness,

concentration, interest and needs such as curiosity and hunger. Active attention also

involves effort (Gaddes, 1994).

Second is Memory is essential to learning, but it also depends on learning

because the information stored in one’s memory creates the basis for linking new

knowledge by association. It is a symbiotic relationship which continues to evolve

throughout our lives. Memory has a fundamental role in life, reflecting the past as the

past, and offering the possibility of reusing all past and present experiences, as well as

helping to ensure continuity between what was and what was going to be.

Third is Language, It is the primary means by which we give and receive

information in school. The two language processing systems are expressive and

receptive. We use expressive language when we speak and write while we use receptive

language when we read and listen. Students with good language processing skills usually

do well in schools. Students learn language as they use it to communicate their thoughts,

feelings, and experiences, establish relationships with family members and friends,

problems with language on the other hand can affect a students ability to communicate

effectively, understand and store verbal and written information, understand what

others say and maintain relationship with others. Most students especially those with

weakness in written language will benefit from using a staging procedure for both

expository and creative writing. With these procedure, students first generate ideas.
 Fourth is Organizing and Processing There are two main ways that we

process and organize information: simultaneous and successive. Simultaneous and

successive processing are ways in which the brain processes or organizes information.

Simultaneous processing is the mental process we use to integrate separate bits of

information or stimuli into a whole. Processing a person’s face, maps and graphs, having

a good sense of direction, and being able to see how puzzle pieces fit together are

examples of simultaneous processing. While Successive processing is what we use to

linearly organize bits of information into a chainlike progression. The order of words in

sentences, mathematical procedures, multi-step directions, a series of digits such as a

phone number and musical notes in a tune are examples of stimuli that need to be

processed successively.

Fifth is Writing, writing is the process requires neural, visual and muscular

coordination to produce written work. It is not an act of will but rather an act of

coordination among those functions. Often the students who seems unmotivated to

complete written works is the students whose writing coordination is klutzy. Students

with handwriting difficulties may benefit from the opportunity to provide oral answers

to exercises, quizzes, and tests, having computers in place for all children helps levels

the playing field for the writing klutz. Many children with writing challenges ay also

have difficult with the quick muscular coordination required by the keyboard. As

writing became a learning tools, writing exercises are valuable because they help

students think critically about course material while encouraging them to grasp,

organize, and integrate prior knowledge with new concepts. Furthermore, good

communication skills are valuable assets both in and out of the classroom. When

instructors provide students with opportunities to organize ideas and improve their
ability to articulate those ideas, they contribute to both the education and professional

development of their students

Lastly is higher order of thinking. Higher order thinking is thinking on a level

that is higher than memorizing facts or telling something back to someone exactly the

way it was told to you. When a person memorizes and gives back the information

without having to think about it, we call that rote memory Higher order thinking, or

"HOT" for short, takes thinking to higher levels than restating the facts. HOT requires

that we do something with the facts. We must understand them, infer from them,

connect them to other facts and concepts, categorize them, manipulate them, put them

together in new ways, and apply them as we seek new solutions to new problems. When

we talk about higher-order thinking we are referring to thinking skills that go beyond

the mere memorization of facts and figures. This type of thinking makes more demands

on our cognitive processing capabilities than other types of thinking.

College students learning process are the same with the secondary students.

According to King College (2022), the differences of college students from high school

students may vary in studying and assistance. In high school there is discussion inside

the classroom without preparing the students for the lesson that they will be tackling

that moment. The learning process relies to the teachers. On the other hand, in college

the students are given syllabus in order for them to study beforehand and stock

knowledge before the actual discussion. The learning process in college relies to the

students themselves.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

 This study aims to discuss the English Competencies of 3rd year Students in

College of Education of Universidad de Manila: Proposed tool Enhancement

1. What is the profile of the participants in terms of?

1.1 Gender

1.2 Major

1.3 General Weighted Average

2. What are the Levels of English Competencies?

2.1 Execution

2.2 Mastery

2.3 Pronunciation

2.4 Reading Comprehension

3. What are the level of learning process of the respondents in level of the ff:

3.1 Attention

3.2 Memory

3.3 Higher Order Thinking

3.4 Language

3.5 Processing and Organizing

3.6 Writing

4. What is the significant difference of the level of English Competencies when

grouped according to profile?

4.1 Gender

4.2 Major

4.3 General Weighted Average

 5. What is the significant relationship of the level of Learning Process when grouped

according to profile

6. What is the significant relationship of the level of English Competencies and

Learning Process of the respondents?

6.1 Gender

6.2 Major

6.3 General Weighted Average

7. Significant difference of the level of English Competencies and Learning Process?

8. What tool enhancement may be proposed as a result of the study?

1.4 Hypothesis

a. There is no significant difference of the level of English Competencies when grouped

according to gender, major and general weighted average of the students.

b. There is no significant relationship of the level of Learning Process when grouped

according to profile.

c. The English Competencies and Learning Process of the respondents correlate to the

effective learning.

d. If the level of English Competencies affect the students learning then the Learning

Process will not flow accordingly.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The result of this study will serve as contribution to the following:

Learners. This study will be significant to students as they may also find answers to

their ways that will help them to achieve competencies in English language This may
help them to overcome their struggles and to enhance their intellectual capabilities in

using the language.

Teachers. This study will be important to teachers as they may use is as their reference

in monitoring their students’ progress. If the teachers will know the factors affecting the

achievement of competencies of the learners. They can come up with new strategies to

improve their teaching method.

Department of Education. The DepEd will know the if the use of English as medium

of instruction is effective in most of the subject areas. of students in enhancing their

communication skills using the English language. In this way the Department of

Education will make guidelines and new regulations that will help the students to

develop their capabilities.

Other Researchers. This study will be beneficial to future researchers as this may

serve as their reference for the studies that they will be conducting. If they will be

conducting a study that is related to English competencies this may help them to gather

more information. They may also provide another study that may be different from the

result of this study.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

This study focuses on the English competencies and the learning process of

Universidad de Manila’s third-year students. Its goal is to create a proposal tool

enhancement that will improve students' English speaking skills. Our research variables

are first based on the respondent’s level of competencies in the English language, and

they are (a) reading comprehension, (b) writing, (c) fluency, and (d) execution. While in

second one, our research variables are based on the respondent’s learning process, and
they are a) attention, b) memory, c) language, d) process and organizing, e) writing, and

f) higher order of thinking

Furthermore, we choose the Universidad de Manila's College of Education as our

focus area for our respondents. The study included third-year College of Education

students as co-researchers who had a basic understanding of the English language. We

will get thirty (30) respondents in different majors. Moreover, our research is

quantitative, and we will collect data through a series of surveys with third-year students

at the College of Education.

 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

This chapter presents the review of literature and studies, synthesis, theoretical

framework, conceptual framework, research paradigm and definition of terms.

Attention

This study conducted by Harefa (2022), It features the new transition of

education style. In which, the mode of learning includes both online and face to face

classes as we are still in time of pandemic. This is called the hybrid mode of learning.

This will lessen the interaction between the students to their peers and teachers.

Student competencies will help to change the world. Teachers around the world have,

with great agility, flipped between remote and face-to-face learning. They have

collectively mourned the lack of social interaction for their students and missed the

supreme satisfaction of the ‘normal’ daily interactions that being in a classroom brings.

This is connected to attention because students find it hard to focus in the classroom

because they are distracted by their peers and environment as it took a while for the face

to face class resumes.

 In this study conducted by Magulod (2019), the author explained that there are

instructional strategies and activities the school needs to do so the students will be

better in studying. These academic strategies must be aligned to the interest students

have. This study also shows that socioeconomic factors are also related to the progress

of the students as it may affect their financial fees in studying. This study is relevant to

attention as it focuses on the interest of the students. If the instructional strategies and

socioeconomic factors are both low, then the students won’t be able to focus on their

study and may lead to poor academic growth.

In this article made by Malipot (2021), it shows the factors that affect the

learning of the Filipino learners. The interviewer found that learners have difficulties in

development because of the tons of activity that they need to do. As we all know there

are more than 8 subjects that every Filipino learner needs to study and because of these

they are lacking in sleep and they think that it is one factor that affects their progress.

This is connected to attention because it says that students will not be able to do well on

their academics if they have too many activities per day and are lacking sleep.

Execution

This study stated the significance of the English language in academic-related

matters as it is being used mostly as a mode of communication. This is not only in the

Philippines, but also globally. This study shows the relationship between academic self-

concept and English competencies. The teachers play a significant role in the process as

they are the one who will guide the learners to attain academic performance. This study

is connected to execution because teachers are the one who will execute the guidelines in
the classroom. They are the one that will guide students all throughout their learning

process.

In this study made by Nielsen (2010), it features the apprentices, such as

assignments, activities and assessments. Performing routine assignments provides the

new apprentices with an opportunity to obtain an understanding of the learning process.

Needless to say, performing only routine assignments throughout the whole period of

workplace training is of little value to the apprentices. This is relevant to execution

because apprentices of learning such as assignments, activities and assessment are need

in execution of learning process. This will help the teacher to determine whether the

students are learning or not and to monitor their progress for every assessment.

This research made by Bernardo (2010), shows that in the learning process of the

Filipino learners there are factors that affect the learning process of the learners. Two

main factors that affect the learning are the differences in culture and the education

system in the country. This study found that learners find it hard to attain the standard

academic achievement because of their differences in culture and tradition. As well as

the proper implementation of the academic requirements. The education system in the

Philippines is not as organized as other first-world countries. This study is interrelated

with execution because factors such as culture and education system are needed for a

proper and successful execution of learning. Failure to acknowledge these factors led to

poor academic growth of the students.

In this department order, it emphasized the use of Filipino and English language

as the medium of instruction to certain subjects that are necessary for the students to
further understand a subject matter. For instance, English will be used as a medium of

instruction in subject areas of Mathematics, Science and English. While Filipino will be

used as a medium of instruction in the subject areas of History, GMRC and Filipino.

This department order stated that the use of the two primary languages of the

Philippines will help the Filipino learners to excel in all aspects. This department order

is related to execution because it helps the teachers to implement the language in the

classroom. This will serve as their basis on which language they will be using as a

medium of instruction in various subject areas.

In this study made by Dhanapala (2015), it shows the significance of having a

good learning environment in the learning process. This only means that in a classroom,

learners will participate in the process if it is organized. In order for the execution of

learning to be organized, it needs to have classroom management. This is because it

determines the academic performance of the students. The facilitator of learning must

know what are the things he or she needs to set in the classroom in order for the

students to have progress in the learning process.

This study conducted by Dela Fuente (2015), stated that learners are having

difficulties in making judgments and thorough understanding in the assessments they

are required to do and to apply it using their general knowledge. For instance, reading

comprehension. They are having a hard time understanding the whole text as they are

not proficient enough. This study is associated with execution because assessments are

being used as a tool to measure students' knowledge about specific learning. If the

assessments are not suitable for the learners, then it won’t have a good result.
 In this article conducted by Fuentealba (2011), it shows the importance of

assessment in the learning process. Assessment is a tool that is being used to test the

learners’ capabilities in a specific subject area. It is important in the learning process

because it helps the teachers to identify the weaknesses and strengths of the students.

This study is interrelated with execution because in the learning process it is a must for

the teachers to use assessments to test the learner’s capabilities. If the assessment is

great, then the teacher must continue in giving these to the learners. If the assessment is

not working and does not have a good result, then the teachers must think of other ways

of changing his or her assessment.

Higher Order of Thinking

According to Dr. Chuaungo (2021), Without language, it would be impossible for

us to understand or learn anything expressing what we know about something (The

Open University, 2021). When students are linguistically competent, their academic

performance is improved, and it also makes it easier for them to adjust to new learning

environments. The usage of English in schools is expanding like a weed thanks to

improvements in teaching and learning. This study is connected to higher order of

thinking because the use of English language helps the learners to have good judgments.

This study says that being linguistically competent will also help the learners to improve

their performance academically.

Language

In this department order, it emphasized the use of Filipino and English language

as the medium of instruction to certain subjects that are necessary for the students to
further understand a subject matter. For instance, English will be used as a medium of

instruction in subject areas of Mathematics, Science and English. While Filipino will be

used as a medium of instruction in the subject areas of History, GMRC and Filipino.

This department order stated that the use of the two primary languages of the

Philippines will help the Filipino learners to excel in all aspects. This department order

is related to language because it helps the teachers to implement the language in the

classroom. This will serve as their basis on which language they will be using as a

medium of instruction in various subject areas.

Based on the study of Buan (2018), it provided the struggles of the learners in

mastering the English language. Learners find it difficult to understand and use the

English language as it is not being implemented accordingly. This study also caters to a

few techniques that teachers may use in class in order for students to love and use the

English language. These are through knowing your students, understanding their social

needs and emotional needs, you must know the language and give your students a

language-friendly environment. This study has a connection with languages because it

tackles the factors affecting the process of mastering the English language. It also states

that teachers are the facilitators of learning and must find techniques so the students

will have interest with the use of English language.

This article by Darmi and Ariza (2015), focuses on the English language as a

backbone of understanding and vital role to Malaysian learners. Teaching English is

required to study in every school despite the transformation of the Malaysian education

system toward Bahasa Malaysia as the language instruction. Since 1974, communicative

language instruction has been suggested for the English language curriculum as a means
of involving students in meaningful conversation and interaction. The process of

acquiring a language is, nevertheless, differentiated between university and high school

classrooms. To achieve meaningful learning, Malaysian students who are still required

to take English courses in their universities must have a positive outlook. This study is

interrelated with language and it discusses the implementation of English language in

Malaysia. The teachers are responsible for the implementation of the English language.

This is because Malaysian learners should be more familiar with the English language as

it should be used as a medium of instruction in classrooms.

The system of linguistic knowledge that speakers of a particular language possess

is known as language competence. Since language studies became a separate field of

study in the late 1960s, the relationship between how pupils learn their first language

and how they acquire their second language and subsequent languages has drawn the

attention of scholars all over the world. Such was the motivation for this study's

conceptualization. This article has a connection with language because it tackles the

importance of first language in acquiring a new language. It states that if learners

acquire their first language it will be easier to acquire a second language.

Mastery

According to Santos, the Philippines is considered as one of the largest English

speakers in the world and yet it was observed that throughout the years that English

proficiency has deteriorated. It aims to discuss the factors behind Filipino English

proficiency that affects the learner’s motivation, teaching strategies, parental

involvement and comprehension. This study is interrelated with mastery because it

tackles the ways to improve English proficiency, teachers planning and implementing to

improve the students' proficiency uplift the quality of education.

In this study conducted by a page titled Guro Tayo (2020), learning is a process

that requires meaning. In other words, understanding is one of the key steps in the

learning process. This study believed that when learners are exposed to something new,

they tend to adapt with the changes. This includes the adaptation of the language being

used all throughout the learning process. The usage of language will serve as their new

experience to connect with other peers. This is connected to mastery because the use of

language should be normalized in communicating with peers. If the students have

already mastered the English language, then they will be much more comfortable in

using it on a daily basis without hesitation.

As studied by Pastorelli (ND), It emphasized that learners are scholastic in their

own ways. But parents also play a significant role in the academic performance of

learners as they are the one that will push and support their children in acquiring good

learning. This is affiliated with mastery because parents also play a role in the learning

process of the students. They will be more familiar with a specific language if they are

being exposed to language in their home. This study also believes that students have

their own ways of acquiring knowledge and they are independent of themselves.

Memory

This article explained how language affect the medium of instruction in education.

In a classroom, the teachers and the students have developed meaningful discussions

and sights on how the world comprehends. As the world accepts English as a language
that connects us, it provides enormous opportunities, not just in terms of

communication but also as a door for improvement. This is associated with memory

because if the students are familiar with the English language as it is being used as a

medium of instruction then they can have good memory in remembering terms and

phrases that they might use in meaningful discussions.

Processing and Organizing

According to Cabigon (2015), The Philippines is known as one of the largest

English-speaking countries in the world since most of its people gradually study, speak,

and listen to English almost every day. This factor arises not only because it is used as a

second language but also because of the country’s linguistic diversity. As a lingua franca,

this language is used as one of the official languages of the country, aside from Filipino.

The English language varies in its use in terms of business, law, media, newspapers, and

also as a means of instruction in the classroom. This is linked to processing and

organizing because this tackles on how the English language is a bridge to communicate

from different races. This also shows where the English language is being heard and

used. This may be used in business, law, media and newspapers.

As cited by Juan Ma (2021), his study explains that learning is not only the

acquisition of a new language but it is a long process to take. This is because learning the

English language requires the mastery of some factors such as proficiency,

pronunciation, skills and knowledge. It is a complicated process to take but the

advantage of learning this language will make the learners think critically and promote
cultural adaptation. This is associated with processing and organizing because it tells the

process on how the English language is being mastered. This is with the help of some

factors such as proficiency, skills, language and pronunciation.

According to Seifert and Sutton (ND), This study shows the relationship of

curriculum to teaching as it helps the teachers in implementing the good instruction in a

classroom. Learning usually refers to things that happen in schools or classrooms, even

though every teacher can of course describe examples of learning that happen outside of

these places. This is interrelated with processing and organizing because it shows how

the education curriculum is being connected to teaching to help the facilitators of

learning to implement learning in the classroom.

In this study, it features the different ways of learning and the techniques a

teacher can do to help the students to make progress in the learning process. It involves

activities that can also be individualized or by group. But of course, these activities must

be aligned to the learning objectives that you are expecting your students to have at the

end of the lesson. This study is connected to processing and organizing because it

explains the ways and techniques teachers should use in helping students to have

development in their learning process.

Pronunciation

This article made by Aguion (2022), explains how Filipinos are great English

speakers. Since the Philippines have two official languages- Filipino and English, it is a

matter of fact that Filipinos are great communicators and can speak fluently in both

languages. Also, when Filipinos are communicating with a foreigner most likely he/she
can be understood easily. This study is connected to pronunciation because it tackles

that Filipinos are great in communication and fluent in first and second languages.

When Filipinos are speaking with foreigners they can be easily understood because they

speak fluently.

As cited by Abao (2013), Effective communication takes the world in control. In

this article, it explained how effective communication takes place in the world such as

competitions wherein using one language is disadvantageous while promoting to other

cultures and/or communicating with a foreigner. In the Philippines for instance, since

English and Filipino are the most used languages, communicating with others was not

difficult as it was seen to be a globally competitive language. This is connected to

pronunciation because it states how good Filipinos are in communication. It helps them

to attract tourists as they are fluent in speaking both languages.

According to Separa (2020), language learning proceeds on how oneself

expresses in communicating. This happens when a person learns of a second language

that mutates in the first language acquisition. This is interrelated to pronunciation

because it discusses the goal of learning language is to upgrade one’s ability to process

communication and to exert skills that are beneficial to learning and progress. This is to

be able to gradually communicate effectively to other people.

Reading Comprehension

According to Delfi and Yamat (2017), This article seeks to explain how in-depth

reading helps EFL students improve their English proficiency. The analysis

demonstrates that the benefits and characteristics of extended reading are in line with
the reading experiences of Indonesian EFL learners in terms of both reading context

and language development. This is affiliated with reading comprehension because it

explains that English mastery helps the students to be more good in reading

comprehension. As they are proficient with the language they tend to grow as well in

reading.

According to Namanya (2017) English Language has been part of being a globally

competitive student and globally competitive professional in the global arena. English

Language has been part of being a globally competitive student and globally competitive

professional in the global arena. English Language has been part of being a globally

competitive student and globally competitive professional in the global arena. English

Language has been part of being a globally competitive student and globally competitive

professional in the global arena. English Language has been part of being a globally

competitive student and globally competitive professional in the global arena.

Globalization has changed the trend and became a vital point in education especially in

the Philippines. Filipinos are taught and adversely affected therefore the English literacy

in the Philippines continues to improve and take on the global stage. This study is

connected to reading comprehension because it states that learning English language is

a factor to be considered to be globally competitive. This means if you are proficient in

language then you are also a good reader. This is because the English language is a long

and difficult process to acquire.

 Writing

This study made by Mohan (ND), shows that English is used as a second

language and it has evolved ever since the colonial period. In Malaysia, the educational

system focuses on opening doors to the English language with the help of Information

Communications Technology (ICT) since globalization rapidly advances and the

priorities to use English language has become more significant as it is also used in

Science and Technology. This is connected to writing because it tackles the relationship

of mastering the English language and writing. If a student mastered the English

language, then he will also be good at writing because of his vocabulary. He has a lot of

terms to use in writing.

As studied by Sioco and De vera (2018), As a lingua franca, English has been

highly recognized as the most internationally used language. As the world continues to

evolve, and the global community continues to engage with modern technology, the

need to use the English language has become more apparent. The world has become

dependent on the use of technology. Adjacent to the use of technology, people are more

likely to be competent and likewise to hone the skills in writing and speaking English.

This is connected to writing because it emphasizes that in global commerce, the use of

English skills especially in business industries and education are widely used.

Synthesis
The researchers have a thorough understanding of the study. The researchers

studied the cited literature and studies and offered data to validate this study. The

studies and literature presented are relevant today since they are related to the English

Language Competency.
 According to Harefa (2022) the hybrid mode of learning features the new

transition of education style. In which, the mode of learning includes both online and

face to face classes as we are still in time of pandemic. This connects to attention since

students find it hard to focus in the classroom because of distraction caused by peers

and environment as it has been a while since face to face class resumed.

According to Malipot (2021), learners find difficulties in developing since there

have been a lot of school loads that need to be worked on. Attending 8 subjects and

assigning tasks for each subject made them unable to complete their sleeping routine

therefore their attention to focus is not achieved as they are not able to do well.

The academic strategies and activities the school needs to do so the students will

be better in studying must be aligned to the interest of the students (Magulod, 2019).

The socioeconomic status of the student also affects the balance of the student’s growth

in academics. If the instructional strategies and socioeconomic factors are both low

then the students won’t be able to focus on their study and may lead to poor academic

growth.

The significance of the English language in academic-related matters as it is

being used mostly as a mode of communication. This is not only in the Philippines, but

also globally. The teachers play a significant role in the process as they are the one who

will execute the guidelines in the classroom. They are the one that will guide students all

throughout their learning process.

In this study made by Nielsen (2010) performing routine assignments provides

an opportunity to obtain an understanding of the learning process.

 There are two main factors that affect the learning are the differences in culture

and the education system in the country; culture and tradition (Bernardo, 2010).

Factors such as culture and education system are needed for a proper and successful

execution of learning. Failure to acknowledge these factors led to poor academic growth

of the students.

In this study made by Dhanapala (2015), it shows the significance of having a

good learning environment in the learning process. This only means that in a classroom,

learners will participate in the process if it is organized. In order for the execution of

learning to be organized, it needs to have classroom management.

In the study conducted by (Dela Fuente, 2015) Learners are having difficulties in

making judgments and thorough understanding in the assessments they are required to

do and to apply it using their general knowledge.

Assessment is a tool that is being used to test the learners’ capabilities in a

specific subject area. It is important in the learning process because it helps the teachers

to identify the weaknesses and strengths of the students (Fuentealba, 2011).

According to Dr. Chuaungo (2021), Without language, it would be impossible for

us to understand or learn anything expressing what we know about something (The

Open University, 2021). When students are linguistically competent, their academic

performance is improved, and it also makes it easier for them to adjust to new learning

environments.

The emphasized use of Filipino and English language as the medium of

instruction to certain subjects that are necessary for the students to further understand
a subject matter. This will serve as their basis on which language they will be using as a

medium of instruction in various subject areas.

Based on the study of Buan (2018) Learners find it difficult to understand and

use the English language as it is not being implemented accordingly.

English language as a backbone of understanding and vital role to learners.

Communicative language instruction has been suggested for the English language

curriculum as a means of involving students in meaningful conversation and interaction.

The process of acquiring a language is, nevertheless, differentiated between university

and high school classrooms.

According to Santos, the Philippines is considered as one of the largest English

speakers in the world and yet it was observed that throughout the years that English

proficiency has deteriorated.

In the study conducted by a page titled Guro Tayo (2020), learning is a process

that requires meaning. In other words, understanding is one of the key steps in the

learning process.

Learners are scholastic in their own ways. But parents also play a significant role

in academic performance of learners (Pastorelli, ND).

As the world accepts English as a language that connects us, it provides

enormous opportunities, not just in terms of communication but also as a door for

improvement. This is associated with memory because if the students are familiar with

the English language as it is being used as a medium of instruction then they can have
good memory in remembering terms and phrases that they might use in meaningful

discussions.

According to Cabigon (2015), The Philippines is known as one of the largest

English-speaking countries in the world since most of its people gradually study, speak,

and listen to English almost every day. The English language varies in its use in terms of

business, law, media, newspapers, and also as a means of instruction in the classroom.

As cited by Juan Ma (2021) learning is not only the acquisition of a new language

but it is a long process to take. This is because learning the English language requires

the mastery of some factors such as proficiency, pronunciation, skills and knowledge.

Learning usually refers to things that happen in schools or classrooms, even

though every teacher can of course describe examples of learning that happen outside of

these places. The relationship of curriculum to teaching as it helps the teachers in

implementing the good instruction in a classroom. (Seifert and Sutton (ND).

This article made by Aguion (2022), explains how Filipinos are great English

speakers. Since the Philippines have two official languages- Filipino and English, it is a

matter of fact that Filipinos are great communicators and can speak fluently in both

languages.

As cited by Abao (2013), Effective communication takes the world in control. In

this article, it explained how effective communication takes place in the world such as

competitions wherein using one language is disadvantageous while promoting to other

cultures and/or communicating with a foreigner.

 Language learning proceeds on how oneself expresses in communicating (Separa,

2020).

Globalization has changed the trend and became a vital point in education

especially in the Philippines. English Language has been part of being a globally

competitive student and globally competitive professional in the global arena (Namanya,

2017).

As studied by Sioco and De vera (2018), As a lingua franca, English has been

highly recognized as the most internationally used language. As the world continues to

evolve, and the global community continues to engage with modern technology, the

need to use the English language has become more apparent.

According to study conducted by Mohan (ND) English is used as a second

language and it has evolved ever since the colonial period. The educational system

focuses on opening doors to the English language with the help of Information

Communications Technology (ICT) since globalization rapidly advances and the

priorities to use English language has become more significant as it is also used in

Science and Technology.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The study was anchored in the Theory of Universal Grammar by Noam Chomsky.

Stated simply, that this theory is used to explain how the student learns and

understands language quickly (Chomsky, 1957). Chomsky elaborates it as “adults do not

typically speak in grammatically complete sentences. In addition, what the student

hears is only a small sample of language”. (Chomsky, 1957). Language competency, as

defined by Chomsky, is the desired capacity to comprehend and understand words and

sentences (Belletti & Rizzi, 2003). Teachers can gain a general understanding of their

students' mistakes by performing a systematic research study to assess the student's

language proficiency (Xie & Jiang, 2007).

To explain this phenomenon, Noam Chomsky created the language acquisition

theory. Chomsky asserts that the capacity to learn languages is an innate talent. He

named it a language acquisition device, and it comes with children from birth. A

theoretical tool is a language acquisition device. If a child's language acquisition

mechanism depends solely on language input, according to Chomsky, they will never

develop the skills necessary to process an unlimited number of phrases.

Although Chomsky has developed an updated theory he calls universal grammar,

language acquisition theory is still widely used in the study of language. The concepts of

the LAD's existence are the foundation for universal grammar. It basically makes the

case that there are universal grammar norms that apply to all languages that people can

identify. As a result, he put out the theory of Universal Grammar, which is based on the

notion that there are innate, biological grammatical categories, such as a noun category

and a verb category, that enable both the full development of language in children and

the processing of language in adults. All the grammatical information required to

integrate various categories, such as noun and verb, into phrases is thought to be

contained in universal grammar. The child's only assignment is to learn the words in her

own tongue (Ambridge & Lieven, 2012).

 Figure 1. Theoretical Framework: Chomsky (1986) Universal Grammar Theory

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

English competencies refers to reading skills, writing skills, fluency in speaking

and execution of the language of the learner. College students are expected to master the

four variables as they have been exposed to the English language since primary years. It

is because English was introduced as the second language and according to the bilingual

education policy in the country. English has been used as a medium of instruction in

English-related subject areas. In accordance with the Second Language Acquisition of

Stephen Krashen, it stated in this theory that it is important for the learners to be

“ready” in acquiring a new language. They should not be forced to learn a second

language and must enjoy the process of acquisition. Learners find it difficult to learn the

English language as most of the time it is being used in a formal way such as medium of

instruction. They find the language boring and difficult to learn.

 Learning process refers to attention, memory, language, processing and higher

order of thinking. These variables are needed for the learner to have progress in

academic performance. Learning process means progress or development. In line with

the theory of Krashen the Second Language Acquisition. In which, he stated in one of his

five hypotheses named Acquisition Learning Hypotheses. It is explained here that

acquisition of language is a matter that a learner already has. He stated that learning is

less important in acquisition. This is because the learner should be exposed to the target

language, when he is already exposed then the learning will occur. It is significant for

the learner to be familiar with the new language he is acquiring with.

With this, English competencies and Learning process are interrelated with each

other as their variables are aiming for development and growth. The variables of English

competencies are (1) reading skills, (2) writing skills, (3) fluency in speaking and (4)

execution of the language of the learner. On the other hand, the variables of the learning

process are (1) attention, (2) memory, (3) language, (4) processing and higher order of

thinking.

The figure below shows the flow of this research paper of where it would go.

Based on the graphical representation, it shows the variables of the study based on their

profiles (1) gender, (2) major, and (3) general weighted average; their levels of English

competency (1) reading comprehension, (2) mastery, (3) pronunciation, and (4)

execution; levels of learning process (1) attention, (2) memory, (3) language, (4) process

and organizing, (5) writing, and (6) high order of thinking skills.
 In input we put the profiles of the participants, levels of English competency, and

the levels of learning process which are our variables and serves as our raw data. On the

other hand, in the process we put the methods on how we are going to collect the data of

our research, and to make our raw data meaningful, these are through survey-

questionnaires and interview. Lastly, in the output is the findings, conclusion and the

recommendation of the research.

Profiles of the
Participants Paradigm of the Study

 Gender
 Major
 General Weighted
Average
Levels of English
Competency of 3rd year
Students of UDM

•Execution

•Mastery

•Pronunciation

•Reading Comprehension

Levels of learning
process of 3rd year
Students of UDM

 Attention
 Memory
 Language
 Processing and
Organizing
 Writing
 Higher Order of
Thinking Skills
Figure 1. Research paradigm for English Competencies and Learning Process of 3rd year Students in College of Education of

Universidad de Manila: Proposed tool Enhancement

 DEFINITION OF TERMS

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined in the

context of this research.

Attention- According to John Ratey (2001), attention is more than just noticing

incoming stimuli. Learning anything requires paying attention initially. Most people

find it challenging to focus on things that do not pique their interest.

English Competencies. Based on the study of Murray (2016), It is the ability to

successfully master the use of the English language.

Execution. According to Merriam Webster, it is the act of using the language or to

perform a certain language.

Fluency. As cited in Cambridge Dictionary, it is the ability to speak a language easily

and articulately.

Higher Order of Thinking Skills- As studied by UNC Learning Center, Higher order

thinking is thinking at a level above memorization of information or repeating back to

someone what you have been told in exact detail.

Language. As indicated in Collins Dictionary, it is a system of communication used by

a particular country or community.

Learning Process- According to (Center for Development and Learning, 2019) Aids

in reaching the goals of instruction. With learning, we anticipate that people's behaviors

will change. The growth of information, insight, interest, abilities, and attitudes causes

this shift.
Memory- The ability to reuse all previous and present events, as well as the ability to

maintain continuity between what was and what was going to be, are all key aspects of

memory's role in life. (“What Is Memory?” 2022)

Processing and Organizing- We primarily organize and process information in two

ways: simultaneously and successively. The brain organizes or processes information in

two ways: simultaneously and sequentially. (“Organizing and Processing | Resources |

Center for Development and Learning,” 2021)

Reading. According to brainly.ph It is the action or skill of reading written or printed

matter silently or aloud.

Skills. It means the ability to do something well; expertise. (Skill Vs. Expertise - What’s

the Difference? | Ask Difference, n.d.)

Writing- Writing is a process that calls for coordinated brain, visual, and muscle

activity. Writing is a Process - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University. (n.d.).

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the research design that shall be used to carry out this study is

explained. The respondents for which this study will be carried out is described. The

instruments that the researcher will use is explained as well as how the data shall be

collected from the respondents. Afterwards, the manner for which the collected data will

be statistically treated is also discussed and clarified.

Research Design

According to Kothari (2004), “research design is the conceptual structure within

which research is conducted.” It indicates that a researcher's plan to find the solution to

a question or a statement problem is called a research design.

In this study, the researchers used descriptive correlational research design as

the design because this was aimed to investigate the correlation between students’

English Competency and Learning Process. Creswell (2012) states that “a correlation is a

statistical test to determine the tendency or pattern for two (or more) variables or two

sets of data to vary consistently.” Moreover, correlational research according to Fraenkel

and Wallen (2009), is a type of study whose goal is to determine the connection between

two or more variables and their causes and effects. In line with Fraenkel and Wallen,

Ary, et. Al (2010) goes on to say that descriptive correlational research design seeks out

relationships or correlations between variables, whether positive or negative, and that

the coefficient of correlation establishes the degree of correlation. One could say that the

discovery of the correlation coefficient determines how closely two variables are related.
 For the aforementioned description above, It may be said that this study is

descriptive correlational research design, which is a type of non-experimental

quantitative research. research, since it aims to determine the connection between two

variables and is based on numerical data with no variable modification, specifically

English Competency and Learning Process.

Research Locale

The locale of the study was in Universidad de Manila. Universidad de Manila is

located at 659-A Cecilia Muñoz St. Ermita, Manila, 1000 Metro Manila. According to the

research, the City Ordinance 7885 was enacted on April 17, 1995, establishing the

Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Maynila formerly known as the City College of Manila or

CCM and it was headed by former Hon. Mayor Alfredo S. Lim, he was known as the

father and founder of the CCM with the support and aid of former Hon. Vice Mayor Jose

L. Atienza, Jr. together with the City Council Hon. Nestor C. Ponce, Jr.. Hon. Humberto

Basco and Hon. Bernardito C. Ang as principal sponsors.

April 26 of the same year, the City Ordinance 7885 was passed into law and

became operational with its main objective of providing a high quality of education and

excellence to those students who are less privileged but intellectually deserving

graduates from public schools of Manila.

On June 6, 2006, the City Ordinance No. 8120 was enacted by the Manila City

Council elevating the Dalubhasaan ng Maynila or the City College of Manila (CCM) into

university and renaming it as Universidad de Manila also known by its acronym (UDM)

to attune it with its present campus site 24, 000 square meter Mehan, Gardens at
Arroceros, now Cecilia Muñoz-Palma cor. Hospital Street (Antonio Villegas) Streets,

Ermita, Manila. The new University was inaugurated by former Hon. Mayor Jose L.

Atienza, Jr. and former Hon. Juan Miguel T. Cuna on June 19, 2006.

The following year, on June 28, 2006, his Honor passed City Ordinance No. 8120.

Mayor Jose L. Atienza Jr.; as such, he will continue to carry out his duties in line with

the law, within the boundaries of his mandated authority, and as a corporation with the

same name. In accordance with CMO 30, the University's College Programs were

approved by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) in 2015. 2006 - Guidelines

for Running Colleges and Universities.

The Learning Management System (LMS) that served as the foundation of a

remote blended learning platform or enriched virtual was institutionalized by UDM in

January 2020. In order to develop a new sort of learning environment where students

and teachers do not need to interact on a daily basis, the Moodle App was adopted as a

learning platform in February 2020.

UDM has conducted training on the Moodle App, video tutorials via the

WorkPlace App, as well as serving as a channel of communication between faculty and

administration, prior to the Enhanced Community Quarantine on March 16, 2020. The

learning and teaching relationship between UDM students and faculty members

continued throughout the quarantine period, and students were able to satisfactorily

complete the various academic requirements. There hasn't been any interruption of

instruction or learning at UdM since the lockdown began.

On April 27, 2020, City Ordinance No. 8635, titled "An Ordinance Amending

Specific Provisions of Ordinance No. 7885, Otherwise Known As "An Ordinance

Authorizing the City Government of Manila to Operate the Dalubhasaan ng Maynila

(City College of Manila) and for Such Other Purpose", Enacted on April 17, 1995, was

enacted to amend the provisions of Ordinance No. 7885 as amended by Ordinance No. 8

The UDM was viewed under this Ordinance as a separate institutional department of the

City of Manila.

The University has added new program offerings in addition to tertiary courses,

including the Senior High School, the Center for Micro Credentialing and Industry

Training, the College of Law, and the Institute of Graduate and Professional Studies

(SHS).

Since its founding in 1995, the Education Department, now known as the College

of Education, has been one of the Universidad de Manila's ground-breaking board-

based programs. It consistently offers top-notch pre-service training, provides curricula

that emphasize values, and instills Filipino values in aspirational teachers. It has been

managed by a number of chairpersons who have shown outstanding leadership. Prof.

Francia G. Sierra served as the organization's first chair from 1995 to 1997. Dr. Ma and

other notable Deans. Rita R. Aranda, Jose M. Aranda, Susan S. Aguilos, and Virginia I.

de Leon, Dr. Ma. Berganio Dr. Ma. and Jacqueline B. Patarata Dr. Antonio A. Taringting,

Prof. Alistair B. Selorio, and Victoria I. Crisostomo. Dr. Amalfi B. Tabin, Jr., a

pioneering professor, was appointed dean of the college on August 1, 2022.

A four-year undergraduate degree program and board course called "Bachelor in

Secondary Education" is designed to prepare future teachers and mentors who plan to

instruct at the secondary junior and/or senior high school basic education level. Under

this program, there are four majors or specializations, namely:

 BSED Mathematics is a four-year undergraduate degree program that will
prepare Pre-Service Teachers to teach Mathematics in Basic Education, primarily in
Secondary schools. The curriculum is designed to provide graduates with the knowledge
of the interests and abilities of students at different levels of Mathematics achievement.
Moreover, BSED English is also a four-year undergraduate degree program, the
courses under the program stress connections between the advance English language
and literacy demands of Basic Education Curriculum particularly in Secondary
Education and the similarities and differences in the literacies necessary to excel in the
21st century.
Furthermore, BSED Social Studies emphasizes critical thinking about Social
Studies curriculum frameworks and materials; curriculum development grounded in
research; and sensitivity around controversial areas such as history, culture, race
relations, gender issues, war, peace, equality of economic and social opportunities, and
global interdependence.
In addition, BSED General Science engage students using technology and
research-oriented curriculum. Science education allow students to discover and acquire
new knowledge that will greatly impact in a diverse and inclusive environment.
Lastly, the BPE or Bachelor or Physical Education is an undergraduate degree
course which prepares and trains pre-service teachers to teach music, arts, physical
education and health as a curricular subject in the school setting and providing equal
opportunities for developing physical activity habits through programs of recreational
activities, competitive and organized sports.
Respondents

The respondents of this study are 3rd year college students of the College of

Education in Universidad de Manila. The researchers involved a total of 100

respondents in every major. The researcher used a survey-questionnaire to answer by

the respondents.
 Survey-Questionnaire

The survey-questionnaire was used to gather the data for this research. The

researchers disseminated the survey-questionnaire by the use of google form to easily

access and to make it convenient for the respondents as well. The questionnaires were

made using a checklist wherein the respondents chose one of the choices given as their

response to a specific question. Our questionnaire has two surveys, these are the English

competencies and Learning process, the first part of the two survey-questionnaires

indicates the personal profile of our respondents which includes their name, age, city in

which they reside, major, and general weighted average. The second part takes a specific

factor on finding out their English competency and Learning process on the other hand.

The respondents answered the questionnaire by the use of a checklist. In this type of

questionnaire, respondents were given choices as their answer.

Data Gathering Procedure

The research adviser helped the researchers come up with the title before the

study was conducted. Survey questions were utilized by the researchers to gather

important data needed to finish their work. Prior to receiving the survey questionnaire,

respondents were required to read and sign a consent form indicating their agreement

to participate in the study. The researchers were requested to read the instructions

carefully and provide the most thorough and truthful responses they could. The

respondents were thanked for participating and notified that the data would be kept

entirely confidential after submitting their surveys in full. The survey forms were located,

and the responses were totaled.

The researchers seeks permission to the college dean as well as to the teachers.

We also include our consent form in the survey-questionnaire that we will disseminate
to students of five majors (English, Mathematics, General Science, Social Science, and

Physical Education). The researchers schedules the gathering of data from each student

in their free time, to avoid any uncertain circumstances.

Data Analysis

According to Karl Pearson (1994), a cross tabulation table (also known as a

“contingency table”) basically captures the frequency distribution of multiple variables

and their interrelations (if any).

The researchers will use cross tabulation analysis to analyze and interpret the

data that we gathered in our survey. Also known as contingency tables or cross tabs,

cross tabulation groups variables to understand the correlation between different

variables. It also shows how correlations change from one variable grouping to another.

Cross tabulation analysis will be used to analyze and interpret the English

competency and learning process of 3rd year students of College of Education in

Universidad de Manila.

Ethical Consideration

The data that will be gathered in this study will be kept private and highly

confidential, we will assure that this will be used for solely academic purposes only. The

researcher will treat each potential respondent with the utmost respect and will

maintain the strictest confidentiality regarding their identity and specific responses. No

portion of this study may be printed, copied, or transferred without the consent of the

institution for whom it was undertaken. Additionally, a permission form would be used

to ensure that anyone who participates does so voluntarily and without being coerced or

threatened.
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