Senior High School

READING &
WRITING SKILLS
SECOND SEMESTER
Quarter 4 Week 1
Module 1: Text and Context Connections in
Critical Reading

Image Source: www.wikipedia.org

 Day 1

Pretest
Directions: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true about critical reading?
A. Critical reading is thinking critically when reading.
B. Critical reading makes the reader recognizes biases.
C. Critical reading involves recognizing the writer’s purpose.
D. Critical reading is just about extracting information from a text.
2. This refers to the way where writers shaped and influenced their text.
A. Context
B. Purpose
C. Intertextuality
D. Hypertextuality
3. Context refers to the ____________.
A. portrayal of reality
B. irrelevant ideas included in the text
C. occasion, or situation that informs the reader about the text
D. All of the above
4. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Intertextuality?
A. A text with embedded links intertextuality.
B. Intertextuality depends on the schema or prior knowledge of the
reader.
C. Intertextuality allows the reader to jump from the original text to another
connected text using a link.
D. Intertextuality does not refer to other culture, themes, characters, and
topics within the same text.
5. The following are the essential ways in developing the text, EXCEPT:
A. Content and Meaning C. Audience
B. Cohesion D. Purpose
6. What makes hypertext unique? A hypertext can ________.
A. widen our knowledge.
B. hypertext speeds up reading for this can easily shift them to different
texts.
C. hypertext can make the readers make meaning of the material that
they are reading.
D. hypertext draws origin from literature and asserts that texts can only be
understood in relevance to the other texts.
7. This creates a network of materials linked because of various connections.
A. Context C. Intertext
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink

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8. This refers to the occasion or situation that informs the reader about why a
document was written and how it was written.
A. Intertext C. Hypertext
B. Hyperlink D. Context
9. It is the complex interrelationship between a text and other texts.
A. Academic Texts C. Intertext
B. Context Clues D. Context
10. This is the modeling of a text’s meaning by another text.
A. Hypertext C. Context
B. Intertext D. Text - change
11. Which of the following is the best way in reading the whole context of a text
that will make your research more credible?
A. Intertext C. Google Scholar
B. Hypertext D. Internet
12. It is the important foundation for the author in constructing his/her written
language.
A. Hypertext C. Academic Text
B. Intertext D. Context
13. It connects the topic on a screen to related information, graphics, and videos
that are related to text.
A. Hypertext C. Hyperlink
B. Intertext D. Context
14. This helps the reader get a better understanding of the whole story.
A. Intertext C. Academic Text
B. Context D. Hypertext
15. It helps the readers appreciate the text’s message more deeply.
A. Currency of the Text
B. Authors’ Qualifications
C. Knowledge of the text’s context
D. Knowledge of the text’s publication

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 Text and Context
Connections in Critical
Reading
What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

a. define the context of a text;
b. distinguish between the intertext from a hypertext;
c. identify the context in which a text was developed:
• Hypertext
• Intertext; and
d. determine the ways of text development.

What’s In
TASK
Directions: Think of the differences between these two ways in identifying the
context of text development. Try to fill the table below with your ideas
by writing phrases/clauses.

INTERTEXT HYPERTEXT

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 Day 2

Text and Context Connections:

THE CONTEXT

What’s New
Critical Reading involves understanding that texts are always developed with a
specific context. A text is neither written nor read in a deeper way of thinking; its
meaning and interpretation are littered with a given set of circumstances. Thus, there
is a requirement to spot the context of text development.

What is CONTEXT?
✓Context is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related
circumstances that surround the texts and form the terms from which it can be
better understood and evaluated.

✓Context, according to Moxley (2015), refers to the occasion, or situation that

informs the reader about why a document was written and how it was written. The
structure, organization and purpose of a written text is heavily influenced by its
context.

The way writers shape their texts is dramatically influenced by their CONTEXT.
Writers decide the way to shape their sentences by considering these contexts.

Context is important, it serves as a foundation for the author in constructing

his/her written language. This includes how the author has researched the subject and
the way he/she organized the content.

Context is the background, environment, setting, framework, or surroundings

of events or occurrences. Simply, context means circumstances forming a background
of an event, idea, or statement, in such a way as to enable readers to understand
the narrative or a literary piece. It is necessary in writing to provide information, new
concepts, and words to develop thoughts.

Whenever writers use a quote or a fact from some source, it becomes

necessary to provide their readers some information about the source, to give context

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 to its use. This piece of information is called context. Context illuminates the meaning
and relevance of the text, and may be something cultural, historical, social, or political.

Knowledge of the text’s context helps in appreciating the text’s message more
deeply. In discovering a reading context, you will ask questions like:
• When was the work written?
• What were the circumstances that produced it?
• What issues does it deal with?

Moxley (2015) posed the subsequent questions on the analysis of context:

1. What is occurring within the world of readers that may influence the reader’s
thoughts and feelings about the document?
2. Does the intellectual content of the document rest on the shoulders of other authors?
Will readers expect the author to say scholars or researchers who did the initial,
ground-breaking work on the topic you are exploring?
3. What background information are you able to assume your reader is already familiar
with?

Read the example Social and Historical Context in the play entitled “Romeo and Juliet”.

SOCIAL and HISTORICAL CONTEXT

OF THE PLAY ROMEO AND JULIET
By
Professor Regina Buccola of Roosevelt University (2016)

Romeo and Juliet was performed during the Renaissance, a time of considerable
cultural, religious, political, scientific, and artistic change across Europe. The movement
centered on the concept of humanism, which sought to use education to empower citizens—
and not just their rulers—to be virtuous and to influence others' virtue.

Shakespeare's audiences lived within a strong patriarchal, or male-controlled,

community with strict moral values that often conflicted with the individual's wills and desires.
The patriarchal structure meant that the father was the lord of his household with legal
authority over everyone in it. Children were considered property and were often given in
marriage as part of a political or financial transaction. Indeed, Lord Capulet's arrangement
with Paris is partially a business deal in which the marriage will enhance both men's prestige.

Women, whether wife, mother, daughter, or servant, were powerless outside of their
household roles. The roles of female characters in Romeo and Juliet reflect the boundaries of
their historical setting. Lady Capulet's influence, for example, is restricted to how much she
can affect her husband's thoughts and behaviors. Lady Montague has little visible impact and
dies parenthetically offstage in the final act. Her character can be seen as a comment on the
powerlessness of women. A young daughter like Juliet, her family's wealth and prestige
notwithstanding, would have had no direct authority over others and only minimal control of
her own life.

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 Text and Context Connections:
INTERTEXTUALITY
➢ When reading, the readers try to make meaning of the material that they are
absorbing through many different processes. Unintentionally, sometimes, the
patterns in the materials read are apparent in another text. Theorists term this as
intertextuality.
➢ Intertextuality is also the modelling of a text’s meaning by another text.
➢ It is defined as the connections between language, images, characters, themes,
or subjects depending on their similarities in language, genre, and discourse.

Intertextuality, as defined by Tiongson (2016), is the modeling of a text’s meaning

by another text. Intertext is the relationship between texts and the way culture and other
writers influence a text. This can be often seen on works wherein the author borrows and
transforms an existing text or when another person references a text on his own written
work. The text will then contain a large accumulation of cultural, historical, and social
knowledge.

Intertextuality, as a literary device, ―is the complex interrelationship between a

text and other texts taken as fundamental to the creation and interpretation of the text
(Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2015). Intertextuality draws origin from literature and
asserts that texts can only be understood in relevancy other texts.

Intertext excludes irrelevant data. It underscores the most point/s of the text by
making clear those data that are only implied or presupposed within the text, thus
defining their relevance. Spurred by this context, a healthy dialogue among different
texts and interpretations, audience, is born. As readers, the power to make connections
among various texts enhances the meaning of the written language. For example

While intertextuality has remained researched largely within the field of literature, it
is an application for educational and technical reading (academic is for school; technical
is for work). allow us to look how we can take pleasure in intertextuality:

❖ We can widen our knowledge. Reading more results in knowing more, which can
help broaden what you recognize about the subject.
❖ We can view different texts and different perspectives. relating different texts and
authors helps offer you other perspectives about the identical topic, preventing you
from having a fundamentalist view of things.

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❖ We are more certain of what we all know. sorting out that your ideas match the ideas
of the previous authors helps validate the items you recognize. It likewise increases
the credibility of the knowledge.

Below is an example of intertextuality of two genres (play and movie) of Romeo

and Juliet. This is an intertextuality of the Introduction Scene of the Play written by
William Shakespeare compared to the movie adapted from Shakespeare's Romeo
and Juliet by Craig Pearce and Baz Luhrmann.

EXPOSITION/INTRODUCTION OF ROMEO AND JULIET

Image Source: www.stageandcinema.com Image Source: www.reelrundown.com

The play of Romeo and The movie Romeo + Juliet—

Juliet by William Shakespeare opens adapted from Shakespeare's Romeo
with a swordfight in the streets of and Juliet by Craig Pearce and Baz
Verona, Italy between servants and Luhrmann, directed by Baz Lurhmann,
family members of Capulets and the and starring Leonardo DiCaprio and
Montagues that occurs at some time Claire Danes—is set at about the time
in the thirteenth or fourteen century. the movie was released in 1996 and
opens with a gunfight between the
Capulets and the Montagues. The
fight begins at a gas station near a
highway off-ramp in Verona Beach, a
fictional city resembling Miami,
Florida, and ends in downtown Verona
Beach.

Although the openings of the play and of the movie serve the same purpose—
to introduce many of the major characters (except for Romeo and Juliet) and establish
the underlying conflict between the feuding families—the differences between the
stage version and the movie version reflect the different art forms and the different
frames of reference for each type of presentation.

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 Both opening sequences effectively draw the audience into the play and the
movie, as they are intended to do, but whereas it takes several minutes of car chases,
gunfights, and hovering police helicopters to establish the background of the story in
the movie, Shakespeare does it in the first eleven lines of the prologue. This is not to
say that one way of presenting the information to the audience is better than the other
way, only that the differences between the art forms are clearly demonstrated in the
comparison of Shakespeare's original play with the Romeo + Juliet movie version.

The Importance of Intertextuality

Recognizing and understanding intertextuality leads to a much richer reading
experience which invites new interpretations as it brings another context, idea, story
into the text at hand.
As new layers of meaning are introduced, there is pleasure in the sense of
connection and the continuity of texts and of cultures. These connections mean that a
responder or you as a reader is engaging with a broader literary heritage than just a
discrete text. Intertextuality also invites us to revisit the earlier text, often with new
insights into its meaning for our time.
Intertextuality also raises questions about nature of authorship and originality
as texts may be seen as ‘composed’ from pre-existing elements rather than ‘created’.
It also provides one way for you to compose your own texts drawn from the knowledge
of others.

Text and Context Connections:

HYPERTEXTUALITY

Hypertextuality according to Amaral, 2010 is simply a non-linear way of

presenting information. Rather than reading or learning about things in the order that
an author, or editor, or publisher sets out for us, readers of hypertext may follow their
own path, create their own order – their own meaning out the material.

➢ Typically, a text is written in a linear fashion. This linear progression only

enables the reader to read the material the way the author designed it from the
beginning to end. HYPERTEXTUALITY allows readers to study a text in a
different manner.
➢ In a hypertext, pieces of information are connected semantically. There is an
undefined beginning, middle and end.
➢ Hypertext creates a network of materials linked because of various connections
they share. This encourages and, at times, requires readers to go through the
material at their pace.

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 This is accomplished by creating links between information. These links are
provided so that the readers may ―jump to further information about a specific topic
being discussed (which may have more links, leading each reader off into a different
direction).

Image Source: www.wikipedia.org

Instead of reading or learning about things in the order predefined by an author, an

editor or a publisher, the readers of a hypertext can follow their own path, create their
own order – their own meaning out of the material. Hypertext is text which contains
links to other texts. The term was coined by Ted Nelson around 1965. It is when you
type a word and attach a link to that word so that upon clicking on that word, the reader
is sent to the site attached.

Hypertext is the foundation of the World Wide Web enabling users to click on link to
obtain more information on a subsequent page on the same site or from website
anywhere in the world. Hypertext materials include pictures, video materials animated
and audio illustrations. All those possibilities make hypertext materials content high
and suitable for educational purposes. Hypertext connects topic on a screen to related
information, graphics, videos, and music – information is not simply related to text.
This information appears as links and is usually accessed by clicking.

The reader can jump to more information about a topic, which in turn may have more
links. This opens the reader wider horizon of information to a new direction. A reader
can skim through sections of a text, freely jumping from one part to another depending
on what aspect of the text interests him/her. Thus, in reading with hypertext, you are
given more flexibility and personalization because you get to select the order in which
you read the text and focus on information that is relevant to your background and
interests.

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Look at this example:

Image Source: www.wikipedia.org

What makes hypertext unique is the speed at which you can shift to different
texts. When the first text mentions the concept that is also discussed in another text,
all you must do is to click the hyperlink and the other page will load.

One good thing that hypertext does is allowing readers to shift to different web
pages almost instantly. When you get to navigate around the internet and view several
web pages in a matter of seconds or minutes, you have a greater chance of getting a
better picture of the entire scenario in a fast manner.

There are now so many news websites and applications that are accessible via
the internet. Often, when you read a news article – especially one that belongs to a
series – you will see hyperlinks that will bring you to other related news stories. This
helps the reader get a better understanding of the whole story.

Always remember that true comprehension is being able to understand the

whole picture.

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Process of Hypertextuality
Below is a diagram that shows the process of Hypertextuality.

Step 1:
Open a Browser.

Step 2:
Type the topic that you want to
search/look for and click it.

Step 3:
You will be routed on the page
where there is the information
about the topic that you have
searched.

Step 4:
Click on this hyperlink that is highlighted with color
blue for you to be routed to another information
about the topic.

Step 5:
This is now the new page of the hyperlink you
clicked which is all about “computer display”. This
information is still connected to the main topic that
you searched in steps 2 & 3.

Step 6:
You will be routed to another page after clicking
another highlighted term in which the information is
still incorporated to the main topic.
Screenshots Source: Castrodes, Andrew (2021)
Images Source: www.wikipedia.org

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 What I Can Do

Directions: Read the following essay and identify the context with which the text
was written by answering the questions that follow. Your answers must
consist of 2 -3 sentences. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper

DIGITAL BAYANIHAN AMID COVID-19

Experts all over the world believe that to mitigate the effects and
end the spread of the Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), all
sectors of the society must work hand in hand to fight the deadly
virus.
It is not the sole responsibility of the government to stop the global
pandemic, and it is imperative for people to join in the efforts and
collectively stop the virus from further infecting anyone.
This rings true in the Philippines, where the spirit of bayanihan is
slowly being revived amid the onslaught of natural and man-made
catastrophes that struck the whole country during the first three
months of 2020.
Various non-government organizations and even individuals have
started calling on Filipinos to help in the war against the pandemic,
whether it is through volunteerism or through monetary donations.
Donations drives have been launched by various groups to help
protect frontline healthcare workers from the virus. These came
amid the reported scarcity of personal protective equipment (PPEs)
in hospitals.
Likewise, groups and individuals are seeking support to fund relief
goods for the families that need food and personal hygiene kits, as
major cities and provinces and provinces impose in their own
community quarantine protocols.

There are hundreds of more donations drives that are hundreds of

more donations that are happening across the Philippines today,
signaling the strong revival of the Filipino culture of Bayanihan—
only that with the strict implementation of community quarantines
and social distancing protocols, donations are facilitated through
mobile phones.

Source: globalnation.inquirer.net (posted March 2019)

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1. What is going on in the Philippines while this text was written?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. What is meant by BAYANIHAN?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. How is bayanihan during the pre-colonial Philippines different from bayanihan

during the pandemic?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. How are things different in the Philippines during the pandemic?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the said essay?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Directions: Express what you have learned by completing the sentences. The words
inside the box below are your choices. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
Context non-linear Intertext similarities occasion Hypertext

(1) ___________ refers to the (2) __________, or situation that informs the
reader about why a document was written and how it was written. (3) ___________ is
a (4) __________ way of presenting information. Instead of reading or learning about
things in the order predefined by an author, an editor or a publisher, the readers of a
hypertext can follow their own path. (5) ___________ on the other hand, is defined as
the connections between language, images, characters, themes, or subjects
depending on their (6) __________ in language, genre, or discourse.

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 Day 3
What’s More
TASK I (INTERTEXT)

Directions: Discuss both movies that show intertextuality in terms of their theme and
social issues. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Visit these links to read their synopsis:
Dead Poets Society:
https://www.litcharts.com/lit/dead-poetssociety/summary
Freedom Writers:
https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-freedom-writers-diary/summary

Image Source: en.wikipedia.org Image Source: en.wikipedia.org

DISCUSSION:

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TASK II (HYPERTEXT)

Directions: Below are the suggested topics/issues that you wish to know more about.
You can start searching/looking at any search engine, then click on the
hyperlinks on the article and see what sites the hyperlinks sent you. List
the word/phrase that you want to research or read further about including
the sites that you were able to explore. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

Suggested topics: COVID 19, K-12 Curriculum, LGBTQ+, BAYANIHAN ACTS 1 & 2

SITES THAT YOU WERE ABLE TO VISIT BY CLICKING THE HYPERLINKS:

Day 4
Post Test
Directions: Using a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the correct answer
for each item. Label your paper as Post Test- Module 1 in Reading and
Writing Skills.

1. The person who coined the term hypertext.

A. Ted Nelson C. James Amaral
B. Alvin Tiongson D. Cris Moxley
2. It is the foundation of the World Wide Web enabling users to click on link to
obtain more information.
A. Context C. Hypertext
B. Intertext D. Internet

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3. It draws the origin from literature and asserts that texts can only be understood
in relevance to other texts.
A. Hypertextuality C. Contextuality
B. Intertextuality D. Textuality
4. It is when you type a word and attach a link to that word so that upon clicking
on that word, the reader is sent to the site attached.
A. Hyperlink C. Intertext
B. Interlink D. Hypertext
5. It underscores the most point/s of the text by making clear that those data are
only implied or presupposed within the text.
A. Intertext C. Context
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink
6. Ana is comparing the two trilogies entitled Harry Potter and The Lord of the
Rings. She wants to know the differences and similarities of the two Fiction
Trilogies.
A. Intertext C. Context
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink
7. Kris was given a task to look for different marketing strategies. She searched
on google and clicked each link to gather more credible information to support
her assigned topic.
A. Intertext C. Context
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink
8. Kim is fond of reading. He reads a lot of fiction and non-fiction stories and
explicitly compares the entire book and its synopsis that can also be read on
the internet.
A. Intertext C. Context
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink
9. Sheila is reading the story entitled “The Gift of the Magi”. She also identifies its
elements so that she can write an analysis of the said story.
A. Intertext C. Context
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink
10. James is looking for the related studies and literatures for his research paper,
he searches on google on the topics that are related to his research focus. He
keeps on clicking different links to look for valid sources.
A. Intertext C. Context
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink
11. This creates a network of materials linked because of various connections.
A. Intertext C. Context
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink
12. It is the complex interrelationship between a text and other texts.
A. Intertext C. Context
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink

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13. This refers to the occasion or situation that informs the reader about why a
document was written and how it was written.
A. Intertext C. Context
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink
14. This is the modeling of a text’s meaning by another text.
A. Intertext C. Context
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink
15. It is a non-linear way of presenting information.
A. Intertext C. Context
B. Hypertext D. Hyperlink

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References
Internet Sources:
Elcomblus Staff. Context, Hypertext, and Intertext Lesson Guide. (11 April 2019). Retrieved

from https://www.elcomblus.com/context-hypertext-and-intertext/ accessed on January 8,

2021.

Inquirer.Net. Digital Bayanihan amid Covid-19. (24 March 2020) Retrieved from

https://globalnation.inquirer.net/186282/digital-bayanihan-amid-covid-19 accessed on January

11, 2021. Literary Theory. (1 February 2020). Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_(literary_theory) accessed on January 20, 2021.

Landich, K. C. Properties of a well written text. (17 February 2018). Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/KatrinaClaireLandich/ accessed on January 21, 2021.

Books Source/s:

Dayagbil, Felomina, et. Al. (2016). Critical Reading and Writing for the Senior High School.

Lorimar Publishing, Inc., Quezon City.

Acknowledgements:
Reading and Writing Skills – SHS (Core Subject)
Quarter 4-Module 1: Text and Context Connections in Critical Reading

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 Development Team of the Self Learning Module

Contextualizer: Andrew Leo A. Castrodes, TI, Zapatera National High School

Editors: Angelique B. Villafuerte, TIII, Mabolo National High School

Rowena A. Diputado, TIII, Pardo National High School
Evaluator/s:
Evelyn R. Pielago, Principal IV, Abellana National School

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City

Telephone Nos.: (032) 255-1516 / (032) 253-9095
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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