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Development of Musculoskeletal System

The document summarizes the development of the musculoskeletal system in humans. It describes how limb buds appear in the embryo and differentiate into the upper and lower limbs. Each limb bud contains mesoderm that gives rise to bones, muscles, tendons and other tissues. By week 5-6, the distal parts flatten to form hand/foot plates with digital rays. Between weeks 5-8, apoptosis occurs between the rays to separate the digits. Bones then develop through endochondral and intramembranous ossification. By birth, the diaphysis are ossified while the epiphyses remain cartilaginous.

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alnifeady9
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60 views

Development of Musculoskeletal System

The document summarizes the development of the musculoskeletal system in humans. It describes how limb buds appear in the embryo and differentiate into the upper and lower limbs. Each limb bud contains mesoderm that gives rise to bones, muscles, tendons and other tissues. By week 5-6, the distal parts flatten to form hand/foot plates with digital rays. Between weeks 5-8, apoptosis occurs between the rays to separate the digits. Bones then develop through endochondral and intramembranous ossification. By birth, the diaphysis are ossified while the epiphyses remain cartilaginous.

Uploaded by

alnifeady9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Development of

Musculoskeletal System
Limbs - appear as small projections on the ventrolateral body
wall towards the end of 4th week.
The upper limb buds appear 25th-27th day, the lower limb
buds appear ~2 days later

The upper limb bud is opposite C5-T1 segs.


The lower limb bud is opposite L4-S2 segs.
The Limb Buds
Each limb bud has a core of mesoderm derived from:
o somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm (the source of
skeletal elements – bones, ligaments and tendons)

Myotome Dermatome

Sclerotome
o myotomes of paraxial mesoderm (source of
muscular elements of the limbs) covered with
ectoderm
The Limb Buds

At the tip of each limb bud is a thickening of ectoderm


the Apical Ectodermal Ridge which initiates and
controls growth and differentiation of bones and
muscles
The Limbs
The limb buds elongate & the distal part flattens to form
the Hand / Foot Plate by week 5-6

The hand / foot plates show Digital Rays which


differentiate into digits. The mesenchyme between the
digits degenerates (apoptosis) by week 8 and the digits are
formed.

Bones develop from the core mesoderm by Endochondral


Ossification, except the Clavicle which is formed by
Intramembranous Ossification
Development of the limbs

o Hand plates (A) and


footplates (B) is
present by the 6th
week. A
o separated from the
proximal segment by a
circular constriction.
o second constriction B
divides the proximal
portion into two
segments
Hand plate formed

Week 5
35 days

Then, indentations
appear
o Notching between
digital rays
o 2ndry to apoptosis
of intervening
mesenchymal
tissues
o Five segments of
ridge ectoderm one
for each .
Digital ray
Notch between
digital rays

Digital rays appear


in hand plate

Week 6
44 days
Synovial joints appear between the
bones early 3rd month
Rotation of limbs- The upper limbs
rotate laterally 90 degrees: The lower
limbs rotate medially 90 degrees
o Precursor cell come
from lateral plate
mesoderm(somatic ).
o At the end of the 4th
week sclerotome cells
differentiate into
mesenchymal cells.
o They may differentiate
into fibroblasts,
chondroblasts, or
osteoblasts
o Mesenchyme in the
buds begins to
condense and these
cells differentiate
into chondrocytes.
o By the 6th week of
development the
first hyaline
cartilage model
appears.
Ossification of the bones of the extremities

o Endochondral
ossification
o begins by the end of the
embryonic period.
o Primary ossification
centers are present in
diaphysis of all long
bones of the limbs by the
12th week.
At birth

o diaphysis of the bone is


completely ossified.
o epiphyses, are still
cartilaginous.
o Shortly thereafter,
ossification centers arise in
the epiphyses.
o cartilage plate between the
diaphyseal and epiphyseal.
Ossification
o Intramembranous Ossification
Mesenchymal cells condense and form a
membranous sheath within which bone
develops
o Endochondral Ossification
Mesenchymal cells give rise to a cartilaginous
model, which subsequently ossifies
Clinical notes
oAbsence of a muscle – eg. pectoralis
major, palmaris longus, or quadriceps femoris
o Congenital torticollis (wry neck) due to birth
injury, the sterncleidomastoid undergoes contracture
& the neck is flexed to the same side and the face is
tilted to the opposite side.
oAccessory muscles - occur due to early splitting of
a pre muscle mass
Clinical notes
o Critical period in limb development (24-36)
days
oAmelia- complete absence of limb
oMeromelia- partial absence
oPhocomelia- absence of long bones

(Develop due to amniotic bands)


Thalidomide

Meromelia
Amelia
Syndactyly
Polydactyly
Cleft Hand and Foot
club foot (Talipes
Equinovarus)
Achondroplasia
Rickets Autosomal dominant disorder
Vitamin D deficiency Growth factor receptor (FGFR-3)
impaired calcium absorption mutation
Short limbs, bowed Early closue of epiphyseal plates

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