6 Example (a). Evaluate Lim sin 36. a sin 39 _ 5, sin 30, - 30 we take a = 30in (1): sin 30 47; _-gin 30 _ ® bi HP = 3 ti = 9 Lest anyone should think that (1) justifies us in assigning a value to the nonsense symbol ain, we note that the ‘value suggested by (1) would be in conflict with (3); vos also Exs. 30, 33 below. tana @ Example (b). Evaluate Lim —— We proceed as follows: Lim #22 — Lim S02 Lim 2-2) (Lim L )atre]n a a0 COS a, 0 a a0 & COS 0 @& EXERCISES Evaluate the limits in Exs. 1-28. 1, Lim (* + 32 — 5). Ans. 23. 2. Lim (227+ 2+ 4). Ans. 5. = cat 3. Lim (? — 2y + 7). 4. Lim (y? + Sy — 1). 3 yo 2 7 . 2241 (t+ 1)? 3. Lim =~. oi eee 4 Lima yg | Ament 6 Lim sea Ans. $ . 3w?—40+2 3w? — 2w+7 1. Lim ian ero en 2 oS $n el __ sint @ sin 20 %. . Ane. 4. : Lim ee ep tant 8 ete by ae sin @ tan 6 ae i z , 2 11. Lim ————-_. i Ste z aie +3z Ae 6 om tees, ound. 22?*- 2-3 2 13. Lim —— ; «22% — 7x — 4 soni 32? + Se 42 Molin eee 15) Lim 2 oe = 2 we 2y! — Sy? + Sy — 67 Ans. $. 16. Lim 2 ay +12 ray? — My +15 Ans. +. 3 - = 11, Lim 2+ Fa 88 — 12 os BY — 48? — 38 + 18 Ans. No limit. 18, Lim —® — 78 ~ 6 . Lim o~3 26? — 118 + 128 +9 Ans. No limiti FUNCTIONS. LIMITS a _ 4x4 32+] Ans. 3 19. Lim pe tae 2a? — Sat — 4a + 12 Ans. j ae Sears wht me x4 5246 2 tin im Dt Set 6 oma +2 2. Lim yee = Pontus 00a 26 tan 6 Ans. 4. m. Lim Tg Ans, 0, ee ain 26. : erie sin? y 2%. Lim —— _ __sinta Ans. 4. 28 ie aa tan Ans. —2, 0 Use Theorem 4, page 16, to evaluate the li sin'a* 30. Ans. 0, 29. Lim 22. Ans. 1. ‘a : i im ——. . Lim ——- Ans. No limit, 31. Lin r Ans. 0. 32. fan int 8 i 33. Lim ae Ans.k. 34. Lim z eve 32. Ans. 4. =o 0 , sin az a 1 — cos 4z ‘35. Lim tan bz Ans. . 36. a T= cos 23 Ans. 4, 2 — yr)? 37. Lim 2—. Ans. 38. Lim O= 2)" Ana. 2. wie C08 y ; iw l—siny 39. Let a® denote the measure in degrees of an angle whose radian measure is a. Use the fact that sin a® = sin a, and that a? = 180° 4. together with Theorem 4, * Page 16, to show that _ sina og tm 7 ie" 40. Show that, if Piz) is a polynomial in a Lim P(x) = P(a). me 41. Show that, if Px(z) and P,(z) are polynontials, Puls) _ Pyle) Sw” Pyay Psa) 0. Ps maate, hat crcumstances may the limit in Ba. 41 exist when P,(o) «0? 48. Show, by means of ret a exist when P\(q) = Py(a) 7 example, that the limit in Ex. 41 does not alway’aa 12} 44. Prove that LIMIT OF SIN a/a AS @ APPROACHES ZERO Lim Vu= Viimu, u>0. (Put w= #* and apply Theorem 2, page 12.) 45. Prove that, if p and q are integers, 2 zg Lim (a?) = (Lim u)e, u>o. Evaluate the limits in Exs. 46-51. Ans. 0. Anz. 4 V6. Ans. 3. | 48. Lim ane. Bh _ (x — 429+ 52? — 42 4 4)t oo (— 3242) : _ (s+ 42 — 5)! . 51. Lim a 42 + 3) Ans. 5. Ans. 0.SaaS — (az + 3)2r — (24 + 104 is y (4x + 3)? aaa 4a? + 62 — 4 ™ “(Gz +3)? |. To differentiate rample () ' yu ve write yur, from which we obtsin dy ede oh dz 2 2x EXERCISES Differentiate the functions in Exs. 1-28. Ly =22!-7z41. 2. y = 2! — 2z4 — 3z'. Sy=e5 —424 Tz? — zt 4a y = 28+ 2+ Sz — 8. 3. y = 327) — 4273. Ans. y' = —3z7? + 8273. 6 y = Szt + zt Ans. y' = —10z7-* — 3x44. 0 ty=3 3 See ke 5, Nee ee eee ; ates as eae “dy 25.8) By ae ge See Ex. 5. _ Ae ae ee aut gh 1 2 evi Sweep _Y ge ee aus Sy sen Ae ess a a esas Ana Ht = BE ay Meyn A ~ ter, 1 y = 227d + det, 1B. 2 1 ‘ Mi = Wee atvi+ + By eG t vi 1 at 5 ty x 16. y = 6x) — rt ray z*)(3 — 22). zi $M &MGyALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS “ = 4 Ant, So aes aye IR ym 4 3) — 9 1), “do ten, wo 1 , An, & 18. y= A Ue 0, §27, oo 8 An. 2. __~6 Py = oe Une 49, a7, = FR 3 » Sw aan aS ae 4 Ans, = meet. “a oe =a An Zo at yy ee dz @ x An, 2, 4, a ee @+i¥ i =~ Sf EAL Ana. f'(2) aay se 26. Fo +s Ans, moa See aint a (0) = Pt ey 2. (0) Te ee Q+oF 2. gfe) HE +) Ans. of(2) m= 2822 — 1 22] Ca 7 Tn Exe, 29.36, fing the slope at the point indicated EBT 8 +400, 0) Ana, ~2, Meta sear eC 2) Ans. 14, z Wye FavUed. Ans. 0, yelite a) Ans. =3, 15 EET we he care ee og Ana. 15, Inara Leer Ans, 3; 5.95, et agg Peper eee standard form. Sym tdce yy My = dst aay, Se + Ge — ay ag og Bt ttt tr eg tren ennai EFC hoe, Ans, —1, 8), (—3, 2). Tasers We +6, ne 1p y™ bat Fate + 820 4g, Ans. (3, 1, ~24), (2, ~24). IST eae beet me Gh AB), (Ly 24), ( yet + eas Ans. (1, 0), (2; 1), (, 0). Ana, (1, ~8), (2, =13) twice. Ans. (¥. 4) threo times.48 THE CHAIN RULE —8). a pt —9)- 48. y nxt — Ast = M6e + 24 10: Ans. M6. ym st — bat + Bat + 322 + TY pest ab. z-1 me ‘Ans. None. etd, ym GENE +4) ee tthe 49. The force between two magnetic poles at @ distance r Apart i 7 i ith tor, when r = 3. v she ate a leh F chan the radium of apere increases am the VOLUME : dr i Ly (4)-WBV). Ans. av (4x) $1. A body of gas is contained in a vessel of volume 2; the pressure is given by the formula p = x Find the rate at which pressure increases with decreasing volume, . « the instant when 9 = 4. ' ao wr NSE. Suppose the container of Ex. 51 is a cube with its edge ¢ units in leagth. Find the rate at which the pressure p varies with varying edge length, when ¢ = units. k dn Pa de 27 58. Use (4!) of § 27 to prove that (1)'of § 28 holds for negative integral values of n- 29. The Chain Rule Given y as a function of z, it is frequently convenient to think of y as « function of an auxiliary variable u, where u in turn is a function of =. For example, the formula of § 28 would fail entirely to find the derivative of such a function as ya Ver; it wil eppeer presently that the difficulty may be overcome by merely putting y = ~/u, where u = 2% + 1, Let y = f(u), where u = (x). Assign to z an increment Ax, and denote b: i 0 5 y Au and Ay th changes in u and y, Then pre dy _ Ay Au dz ~ Au’ Bz’ and when Az 4 ene nae approaches zero, we find (assuming that the limits of all, three Lim 4 = Lim 4Y . rim 44 anode” ma im