INTRODUCTION OF

ENGINEERING
DRAWING

Drawing Tools, principles, and types of sketches,

types of lines and alphabets in Engineering Drawing
What is Drawing
Engineering Drawing
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Drawing Tools
Types of Lines
Types of Lines
 Types of Lines . . . CONSTRUCTION LINE

• Usually the first lines that you will use on a drawing are construction lines.
• These are the same lines that you used to lay out your drafting sheet.
• They will also be used to lay out the rest of your drawing.
• Line weight for construction lines is not important since they will not appear on your
finished drawing.
• They should be heavy enough to see, but light enough to erase easily. A 4H
to6H pencil with a sharp, conical point should be used.
• With the exception of light lettering guidelines, all construction lines must be erased
or darkened before a drawing is reproduced.

Construction Line
Types of Lines . . . CONSTRUCTION LINE
 Types of Lines . . . OBJECT LINE
• A thick, heavy line in construction drawings that outlines the structure or object.
• Used for the main outlines of walls, floors, elevations, details, or sections.

Object Line
 Types of Lines . . . HIDDEN LINE
• Hidden edge lines are drawn with short dashes
• And are used to show hidden features of an object.
• A hidden line should begin with a dash
in contact with the line from which it starts,
except when it is the continuation of an un broken
line. (See fig. 3-26.)
• To prevent confusion in the interpretation
of hidden edge lines, you must apply certain
standard techniques in drawing these lines.
Hidden Line
• A hidden edge line that is supposed to join a visible or another
hidden line must actually contact the line, as shown in the upper
views of figure 3-27;
Types of Lines . . . HIDDEN LINE

Hidden Line
 Types of Lines . . . CENTRE LINE
Centre Line
• Centre lines are used to indicate the centre
of a circle, arc, or any symmetrical object. (See fig. 3-24.)
• Centre lines are composed of long and short dashes, alternately
and evenly spaced, with a long dash at each end.
• They should extend at least one fourth in - out
side the object.
• At intersecting points, centre lines should be drawn as short
dashes.
• A very short centre line may be drawn as a single dash if
there is no possibility of confusing it with other lines.
• Centre lines may also be used to indicate the travel of a moving
centre, as shown in figure 3-24.
Types of Lines . . . CENTRE LINE

Centre Line
 Types of Lines . . . PLANE CUTTING LINE

• A line used to define the location of the imaginary cut that

creates the matching section view.
• Cutting plane lines consist of two short dashes alternating with a
longer dash.

Plane Cutting Line

Types of Lines . . . PLANE CUTTING LINE

Plane Cutting Line

Types of Lines . . . DIMENSIONAL LINES

Dimensional Line
 Types of Lines . . . SHORT BREAK LINE

• To indicate a short break in an object, use thick, solid, wavy

freehand lines.

Short Break Line

Types of Lines . . . SHORT BREAK LINE

Short Break Line

 Types of Lines . . . LONG BREAK LINE

• Long break lines are ruled lines with free hand zigzags that
reduce the size of the drawing required to delineate an object
and reduce detail.

Long Break Line

Types of Lines . . . LONG BREAK LINE

Long Break Line

 Types of Lines . . . PHANTOM LINE
• Lines that are made visible as dots or dashes to reveal the edges of objects currently
hidden from view.
Types of Lines . . . PHANTOM LINE
Types of Lines . . . PROJECTION LINE
• The straight line of the plane connecting the feet of the
perpendiculars let fall from the extremities of the given line.
Types of Lines . . . PROJECTION LINE
Line Drawing Methods
HORIZONTAL LINES DRAWING
METHOD
VERTICAL LINES DRAWING METHOD
DRAWING INCLINED LINES
DRAWING INCLINED LINES
DRAWING INCLINED LINES
DRAWING INCLINED LINES
DRAWING INCLINED LINES
DRAWING INCLINED LINES
DRAWING PARALLEL LINES

3
DRAWING PERPENDICULAR LINE

3
LETTERING
• Used to document a drawing
• Must be done without the use of ruler
• Each letter is written in uniform size, height, width and line thickness
• Continuous practice will help produce nice and uniform writing
 LETTERING STANDARD

• There are two types of lettering methods in engineering drawing :

STANDARD UPRIGHT LETTERS
• ALPHABETS AND NUMBERS ARE WRITTEN AT 90° ON THE GUIDE LINE

STANDARD INCLINED LETTERS

• ALPHABETS AND NUMBERS ARE WRITTEN ACCORDING TO A SLANT
RANGE OF BETWEEN 60° TO 75° ON THE GUIDE LINE.
 LETTERING TECHNIQUES

• SINGLE STROKE TECHNIQUE

The arrow shows the direction of the pencil point
while writing
Use the same pressure on the pencil
Write from top to bottom and left to right
Make sure the letter touches the guide lines
 LETTERING TECHNIQUES

• USING GUIDE LINES

Guide lines are used to set the height of the letters
Use the 2H pencil grade to draw the guide lines
No need to erase the guide lines after the lettering is done.
 LETTERING TECHNIQUES

• SPACE BETWEEN LETTERS AND WORDS

When writing letters to form words, space between
letters must be about the same.
 LETTERING TECHNIQUES

• SPACE BETWEEN LETTERS AND WORDS

To estimate distance between words, imagine the
letter ‘O’ in between the words.

The space between the lines is half the height of a

letter.
 LETTERING TECHNIQUES

• LETTERING UNIFORMITY
Uniformity is important in lettering to
produce good drawings.
You have to ensure the letters are
uniform in style, size, inclination,
weight and space.
 LETTERING TECHNIQUES

• LETTERING UNIFORMITY
ANGLES
• ACUTE ANGLE
An acute angle ("acute" meaning "sharp") is
an angle smaller than a right angle (it is less
than 90 degrees).
 ANGLES
• RIGHT ANGLE
An angle of 90°, as in a corner of a square or at the
intersection of two perpendicular straight lines.
 ANGLES
• OBTUSE ANGLE
An angle that measures more than 90 degrees but
less than 180 degrees.
ANGLES
• SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES
Either of two angles whose sum is 180°
ANGLES
• REFLEX ANGLE
A Reflex Angle is one which is more than 180° but
less than 360°
ANGLES
• COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES
Either of two angles whose sum is 90°
BASIC GEOMETRIC
TERMS &
CONSTRUCTION

Explain geometric
terms and apply
geometric construction
techniques
Geometry
• The study of the size and shape of things
• The relationship of straight and curved lines in drawing shapes
• It is essential to recognize geometry that exists within objects for
the purpose of creating solid models or multiview drawings
Angles

• Acute Angle
Measures less than 90°

• Obtuse Angle
Measures more than 90°

• Right Angle
Measures exactly 90°

• Vertex
Point at which two lines of an angle intersect
Vertex
Circle

• Radius
Distance from the center of a circle to its edge
• Diameter
Distance across a circle through its center
• Circumference
Distance around the edge of a circle
• Chord
Line across a circle that does not pass at the
circle’s center
Circle

• Has 360°
• Quadrant
One fourth (quarter) of a circle
Measures 90°

• Concentric
Two or more circles of different siz es that share the
same center point
Triangles

• Equilateral
All three sides are of equal length and all three angles
are equal

• Isosceles
Two sides are of equal length

• Scalene
Sides of three different lengths and angles with three
different values
Triangles
• Right Triangle
One of the angles equals 90°

• Hypotenuse
The side of a right triangle that is opposite the 90° angle

HYPOTENUSE
Quadrilaterals

• Square
Four equal sides and all angles equal 90°

• Rectangle
Two sides equal lengths and all angles equal 90°

• Trapezoid
Only two sides are equal length
Quadrilaterals
• Rhombus
All sides are equal length and opposite angles are equal

• Rhomboid
Opposite sides are equal length and opposite angles are
equal
Regular Polygons
• Pentagon
Five sided polygon

• Hexagon
Six sided polygon

• Octagon
Eight sided polygon
Regular Polygons

• Distance across flats

Measurement across the parallel sides of a FLATS

polygon

• Distance across corners

Measurement across adjacent corners of a
polygon
CORNERS
Solids

• Prism

Right Rectangular

Right Triangular
Solids
• Cylinder

• Cone

• Sphere
Solids
• Pyramid

• Torus
Geometric Terms

• Circumscribe
Process of creating a polygon that fully encloses
a circle and is tangent to all of the polygons
sides

• Inscribe
Process of creating a polygon that is fully
enclosed by a circle at its corners
Geometric Terms
• Bisect
Divide into two equal parts
• Tangent
A line and arc, or two arcs
that touch each other at one
point only
Geometric Terms
• Parallel
Two or more lines that are
always the same distance apart

• Perpendicular
Two lines that are at a 90° angle
Geometric Symbols
Angle Parallel

Triangle Perpendicular

R Radius Square

Diameter CL Centerline
BASIC GEOMETRIC TERMS
& CONSTRUCTION

Demonstrate the procedures for drawing standard geometric

constructions
 Bisect a Line w/ a Compass
❑ Given line AB

❑ With points A & B as centers

and any radius greater than ½
of AB, draw arcs to intersect,
creating points C & D

❑ Draw line EF through

points C and D
Bisect a Line w/ a Triangle
❑ Given line AB H

F D
❑ Draw line CD from
endpoint A
C E
A B
❑ Draw line EF from
endpoint B G

❑ Draw line GH through intersection

MEMBINA GARISAN SERENJANG DARI SATU TITIK YANG TERLETAK DI
LUAR GARISAN LURUS
Construct a line through point P and perpendicular to line AB

C D
A B

E
MEMBINA GARISAN SERENJANG DARI SATU TITIK YANG TERLETAK DI GARISAN
LURUS
Construct a perpendicular line to AB from a given point

C D
A B
 MEMBINA GARISAN SELARI
Construct a parallel line to line AB

S R

P Q
A B
MEMBAHAGI DUA SAMA GARISAN LURUS
Bisect line AB into two equal parts.

A B
 Divide a Line into Equal Parts
❑ Given line AB
❑ Draw a line from endpoint A perpendicular to line AB
❑ Position scale, placing zero on line AC at
an angle so that the scale touches point B
❑ Keeping zero on line AC, adjust
A B
the angle of the scale until any
of the desired number of
divisions are included between
line AC and point B
❑ Mark the divisions
❑ Draw lines parallel to AC
through the division marks to C
intersect line AB
MEMBAHAGI GARISAN KEPADA BEBERAPA BAHAGIAN YANG SAMA
PANJANG
Divide a line into several equal parts

1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6'

A B
1
2
3
4
5
6 C
 Bisect an Angle
❑ Given angle AOB
❑ With point O as the center
and any convenient radius R,
draw an arc to intersect AO
and OB to located points C
and D
❑ With C and D as centers
and any radius R2 greater
than ½ the radius of arc
CD, draw two arcs to
intersect, locating point E
❑ Draw a line through points O
and E to bisect angle AOB
MEMBAHAGI DUA SAMA SUDUT ABC
Bisect an angle into two equal parts

A P B
 MEMINDAH SUDUT
Transfer an angle when the new line BC is as shown

C
C

Q Q

B
P
A P B
A
 MEMBINA SUDUT 60O
Constructing 60O angle

A P B
 MEMBINA SUDUT 30O
Constructing 30O angle

C
Q

A P B
 MEMBINA SUDUT 15O
Constructing 15O angle

C
R

A P B
MEMBINA SUDUT 90O
Constructing 90O angle

Q
R

A P B
MEMBINA SUDUT 45O
Constructing 45O angle

T
Q
R
C

A P B
MEMBINA SUDUT 75O
Constructing 75O angle

S C

T Q
R

A P B
 MEMBINA BULATAN
Constructing a circle

Menentukan Pusat Bulatan dan Lengkuk Dengan Kaedah Dua

Perentas
Determine the center of the circle using Two chord

B D
 MEMBINA BULATAN

Menentukan Pusat Lenkuk Dengan Kaedah Dua Perentas

Determine the center of the arc using Two chord

B D
 MEMBINA BULATAN

Membina Bulatan, Diberi Jejari, R Dan Dua Titik, A & B

Construc t a circle given radius R, and points A and B

R
R
 MEMBINA BULATAN

Membina Bulatan Diberi Tiga Titik A,B & C

Construct a circle given 3 points A, B & C

C
O

A
B
 MEMBINA BULATAN

Membina Bulatan Terlilit Di Segitiga.

Construct a circumscribed circle of triangle ABC.

C
O

A
B
 MEMBINA BULATAN

Membina Bulatan Terterap Di Luar Segitiga

Construct an external circle of the triangle.

P
B
A
 MEMBINA BULATAN

Membina Bulatan Terterap Di Dalam Segitiga

Construct an inscribed circle of the triangle.

B
A
 MEMBINA SEGITIGA
Constructing Triangle

JENIS DAN CIRI : TYPES and CHARACTERISTICS

Ada empat jenis segi tiga, iaitu:

There are four types if triangles:
a. Segi tiga sisi sama: Equaliteral Triangle :
▪ sisinya sama panjang
▪ three sides are equal in length.
▪ sudutnya sama besar, iaitu 60°
▪ Each of the equilateral triangle’s three angles measure 60º..

b. Segi tiga kaki sama: Isosceles Triangle:

▪ dua daripada sisinya sama panjang
▪ two equal sides.
c. Segi tiga tepat: Right Triangle :

▪ satu daripada sudutnya 90°

▪ One of the angle is 90° .

▪ sisi yang bertentangan dengan 90° adalah paling panjang

yang dinamakan hipotenus.
▪ side opposite to 90° angle is the longest side and known as
hypotenuse

d. Segi tiga kaki tak sama: Scalene Triangle:

• sisinya tidak sama panjang

• three sides have different measurements.

• sudutnya tidak sama besar

• all of the angles are different.
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA YANG DIBERI PANJANG SISINYA A, B DAN C UNIT
Construct a triangle give sides, a=10, b=4 and c=7 unit

c b

A a B
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA TEPAT YANG DIBERI PANJANG DUA SISINYA A DAN B UNIT
Construct a right triangle given two side a=5 and b=7 unit

c
b

A a B
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA YANG DIBERI PANJANG DUA DARIPADA SISINYA A DAN
B UNIT DAN SUDUT KANDUNG XO
Construct a triangle given two sides a=10 and b=7 unit, and base angle XO =45

A a B
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA YANG DIBERI PANJANG TAPAK A UNIT, SATU SISI LAIN C UNIT,
DAN SUDUT TAPAK XO
Construct a triangle given base length a=10 unit, one side c=5 unit and
base angle XO= 45

C’ c

A a B
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA YANG DIBERI PANJANG TAPAK A UNIT DAN DUA SUDUT
TAPAK XO DAN YO
Construct a triangle given base line a=10 unit and two base angles

A a B
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA YANG DIBERI PANJANG TAPAK A UNIT DAN SUDUT TAPAK XO
DAN TINGGI H UNIT
Construct a triangle given base line a=10 unit, base angle xO = 45 and height h=10unit

A a B
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA YANG DIBERI TINGGI H UNIT, SUDUT TAPAKNYA XO DAN YO
Construct a triangle given height h=10 unit, and base angles xO and YO

A a B
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA YANG DIBERI TINGGI H UNIT DAN PANJANG KEDUA-DUA
SISINYA A DAN B UNIT
Construct a triangle given height h=7 unit, and two sides a=10 unit and b=8 unit

a
b
h

B C
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA TEPAT YANG DIBERI PANJANG HIPOTENUS s UNIT DAN
PANJANG SATU SISI a UNIT
Construct a triangle given hypotenuse s=10 unit, and one side a=5 unit

A s B
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA YANG DIBERI PANJANG TAPAK A UNIT; SATU SISI LAIN C
UNIT DAN SUDUT PUNCAK X0
Construct a triangle given base line a=5 unit, one side c=7 unit and apex angle xO=45

c O

B a C

P
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA YANG DIBERI PANJANG TAPAK A UNIT, TINGGI H UNIT
DAN SUDUT PUNCAK XO
Construct a triangle given base line a=10 unit, height h=7 unit and apex angle
xO=45

O
h

B a C

P
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA YANG DIBERI PANJANG TAPAK A UNIT, SUDUT PUNCAK XO
DAN SUDUT TAPAK YO
Construct a triangle given base line “a=10” unit, two base angle (45) xO and yO

B a C

P
MEMBINA SEGI TIGA YANG DIBERI PANJANG DIAMETER PERIMETER DAN
NISBAH SISINYA 2:3:4
Construct a triangle when given a perimeter and ratio 2:3:4

PQ=10
C Verify
Sum of all triangle sides = PQ
Justify
AB=BQ
P Q AC=PA
A B

3
4
5
6
7
8

9
 MEMBINA SEGIEMPAT
Constructing Quadrilateral

JENIS DAN CIRI Types and characteristic:

a. Segi empat sama :

- sisinya sama panjang. All side are equal length
- sisinya bersetentangan selari. Opposite sides are parallel
- sudut dalamnya sudut tepat ( 90° ). Every angle is a right angle (90°).

b. Segi empat tepat :

- sisi bersetentangan sama panjang. Opposite sides are equal length
- sisi bersetentangan selari. Opposite sides are parallel
- sudut dalamnya sudut tepat ( 90° ). Every angle is a right angle (90°).
 c. Rombus Rhombus :
- sisinya sama panjang.
Sides are equal length
- sisinya bersetentangan selari.
Opposite side are parallel
- sudut dalam yang bersetentangan adalah sama.
Opposite angles are equal
- nama lain bagi rombus adalah berlian.
Other name of rhombus is diamond

d. Segi empat selari parallelogram

- sisi yang bersetentangan sama panjang.
Opposite sides are equal and parallel
- sudut yang bertentangan adalah sama.
Opposite angles are equal
- jumlah mana-mana dua sudut dalam yang bersebelahan ialah 180°.
Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180°
e. Trapezium :
- dua sisinya selari.
Only one pair of opposite sides are parallel to each other

f. Lelayang :
- dua pasang sisi sama panjang. (sisi yang sama panjang terletak bersebelahan).
Each pair is made of two equal-length sides that join up
- pepenjurunya bersilang dengan sudut tepat ( 90° )
MEMBINA SEGI EMPAT SAMA YANG DIBERI PANJANG SISINYA A UNIT
Construct a square given sides a=10 unit

D C

A a B
MEMBINA SEGI EMPAT SAMA YANG DIBERI PANJANG PEPENJURUNYA P UNIT
Construct a quadrilateral with given diagonal P=10 unit.

p O
A C

B
MEMBINA SEGI EMPAT SAMA YANG DIBERI PANJANG SISINYA A UNIT, KEDUDUKAN
SATU PEPENJURUNYA MENGUFUK DAN KEDUDUKAN PUSATNYA DITETAPKAN
Construct a square when given the side a=10 units, diagonal line =45 and a center.

P
a
2
O
C A

D
MEMBINA SEGI EMPAT TEPAT YANG DIBERI PANJANG SISINYA A DAN B UNIT
Construct a rectangle whan given the side a=10 unit and b=5 unit

D C

A a B
MEMBINA SEGI EMPAT TEPAT YANG DIBERI PANJANG PEPENJURUNYA P UNIT
DAN PANJANG SATU SISINYA A UNIT
Construct a rectangle when given diagonal p=10 unit, and side a=5 unit

a
p O
A C

B
MEMBINA SEGI EMPAT SELARI YANG DIBERI PANJANG DUA SISI BERSEBELAHAN
A UNIT DAN B UNIT DAN SUDUT KANDUNG ANTARA SISINYA XO
Construct a parallelogram when given length of two adjacent side a and b =10 unit
and the angle between them are XO =45

D C

A B
a
MEMBINA SEGI EMPAT SELARI YANG DIBERI TINGGINYA H UNIT DAN PANJANG
DUA SISI BERSEBELAHAN A DAN B UNIT
Construct a parallelogram when given height h=7 unit, length of two adjacent side a
and b =10unit

D' D C' C

h b

A B
a
MEMBINA ROMBUS YANG DIBERI PANJANG SISI A UNIT DAN SATU SUDUTNYA XO
Construct a rhombus when given side a=10 unit and included angle xO=60

D C

A B
a
MEMBINA ROMBUS YANG DIBERI PANJANG KEDUA-DUA PEPENJURU P
DAN Q
Construct a rhombus when given two diagonal p and q =10

q
2
p O
A C
q
2

B
MEMBINA TRAPEZIUM YANG DIBERI PANJANG SISI YANG SELARI M DAN N UNIT,
JARAK SERENJANG DI ANTARA KEDUA-DUA SISI TERSEBUT H UNIT DAN SATU
DARIPADA SUDUTNYA XO
Construct a trapezium when given the length of parallel side m =10 unit and n =7
unit, a perpendicular distance of the two side is h =5 unit and angle XO=60

D n C

A B
m
 MEMBINA POLIGON SEKATA
Constructing a regular Polygon
PENGENALAN INTRODUCTION

• Jika panjang tiap-tiap sisi poligon sama dan sudut dalamnya sama, maka
poligon itu dinamakan poligon sekata.
• A "Regular Polygon" has all sides equal and all angles equal.
• Bagi satu poligon, jumlah sudut peluaran bagi poligon itu ialah 360°.
• All the Exterior Angles of a polygon add up to 360°
• The "outside" circle is called a circumcircle, and it connects all vertices
(corner points) of the polygon.
• The radius of the circumcircle is also the radius of the polygon.

• The "inside" circle is called an incircle and it just touches each side of
the polygon at its midpoint.
• The radius of the incircle is the apothem of the polygon.
 JENIS DAN CIRI :

POLIGON POLYGON BILANGAN SISI NO

OF SIDES
Pentagon 5

Heksagon 6

Heptagon 7

Oktagon 8

Nonagon 9

Dekagon 10
MEMBINA PENTAGON SEKATA YANG DIBERI PANJANG SISINYA
Construct a pentagon give length of side a unit

E C

A B
MEMBINA PENTAGON SEKATA YANG DIBERI BULATAN TERTERAP LILIT
Construct a regular pentagon in the given circle.

1 2 3 4 5
A N

B
MEMBINA HEKSAGON SEKATA YANG DIBERI PANJANG SISINYA
Construct a regular hexagon PQRSTU with the given side AB

E D

O
F C

A B
 Construct a Hexagon
given distance Across Corners (Inscribed)

❑ Given distance AB across the corners, draw a

circle with AB as the diameter
C D
❑ With A and B as centers
and the same radius,
draw arcs to intersect the
A B
circle at points C, D, E,
and F
❑ Connect the points to
complete the hexagon F E
MEMBINA HEKSAGON SEKATA YANG DIBERI JARAK ANTARA SISI
Construct a regular hexagon with the given distance across flat side
E

4 3

F D

P Q
O

A C

1 2

B
MEMBINA OKTAGON SEKATA YANG DIBERI PANJANG SISINYA AB
Construct a regular octagon with the given side length AB.

F E

G
D

H C

A B
MEMBINA OKTAGON SEKATA DALAM SATU SEGI EMPAT SAMA
Construct a regular octagon the given a square

4 F E 3

G D

H C

1 A B 2
MEMBINA OKTAGON SEKATA YANG DIBERI BULATAN TERTERAP LILIT
Construct a regular octagon within the given circle.

H F

A O E

B D

C
 PEMBINAAN ELIPS
Elips
• Elips – satu londar satu titik yang bergerak supaya jumlah jarak
titik dari dua titik tetap (fokus)adalah sama
• Elips mempunyai paksi minor dan paksi major dan titik fokus.
 PEMBINAAN ELIPS
Constructing Ellips
Construct an ellipse using two circle method
-Given minor axes a and major axes b
Langkah Kerja:

1. Construct two concentric circles equal in diameter to the

major “a” and minor “b” axes of the required ellipse ½
2. Divide each quadrant of a circle into 3 sections. (use 30 b
and 60 degree angle) ½a
3. The radial lines now cross the inner and outer circles.
4. Where the radial lines cross the outer circle, draw short
lines parallel to the minor axis CD.
5. Where the radial lines cross the inner circle, draw
lines parallel to major axis to intersect with those drawn
from the outer circle.
6. The points of intersection lie on the ellipse. Draw a smooth
connecting curve.
 ELLIPSE
Problem 1 :- BY CONCENTRIC CIRCLE METHOD
Draw ellipse by concentric circle method.
Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long.
3
Steps: 2 4
1. Draw both axes as perpendicular bisectors
of each other & name their ends as shown. C
2. Taking their intersecting point as a center,
draw two concentric circles considering both 1 5
3
2 4
as respective diameters.
3. Divide both circles in 12 equal parts &
1 5
name as shown.
4. From all points of outer circle draw vertical
A B
lines downwards and upwards respectively.
5.From all points of inner circle draw
horizontal lines to intersect those vertical 10 6
lines.
6. Mark all intersecting points properly as 10 9 7 6
those are the points on ellipse. 8
7. Join all these points along with the ends of D
both axes in smooth possible curve. It is
required ellipse. 9 7
8
 ELLIPSE
BY RECTANGLE METHOD

Problem 2
Draw ellipse by Rectangle method.
Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long.
Steps:
1 Draw a rectangle taking major and minor axes as sides.
2. In this rectangle draw both axes as perpendicular D
bisectors of each other.. 4 4
3. For construction, select upper left part of rectangle.
3 3
Divide vertical small side and horizontal long side into
same number of equal parts.( here divided in four parts) 2 2
4. Name those as shown..
5. Now join all vertical points 1,2,3,4, to the upper end of 1 1
minor axis. And all horizontal points i.e.1,2,3,4 to the
lower end of minor axis. A B
6. Then extend C-1 line upto D-1 and mark that point.
Similarly extend C-2, C-3, C-4 lines up to D-2, D-3, & D-
4 lines.
7. Mark all these points properly and join all along with
ends A and D in smooth possible curve. Do similar
construction in right side part.along with lower half of the
rectangle.Join all points in smooth curve.
It is required ellipse. C
PROBLEM 7: A BALL THROWN IN AIR ATTAINS 100 M HIEGHT
AND COVERS HORIZONTAL DISTANCE 150 M ON GROUND. PARABOLA
Draw the path of the ball (projectile)- RECTANGLE METHOD

STEPS: 6 6
1.Draw rectangle of above size and
divide it in two equal vertical parts
2.Consider left part for construction. 5 5
Divide height and length in equal
number of parts and name those
1,2,3,4,5& 6 4 4
3.Join vertical 1,2,3,4,5 & 6 to the
top center of rectangle
4.Similarly draw upward vertical
3 3
lines from horizontal1,2,3,4,5
And wherever these lines intersect
previously drawn inclined lines in
sequence Mark those points and 2 2
further join in smooth possible curve.
5.Repeat the construction on right side
rectangle also.Join all in sequence. 1 1
This locus is Parabola.
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
Problem no.8: Draw an isosceles triangle of 100 mm long base and
110 mm long altitude.Inscribe a parabola in it by method of tangents. PARABOLA
METHOD OF TANGENTS
Solution Steps: C
1. Construct triangle as per the given
dimensions.
2. Divide it’s both sides in to same no.of
equal parts.
3. Name the parts in ascending and
descending manner, as shown.
4. Join 1-1, 2-2,3-3 and so on.
5. Draw the curve as shown i.e.tangent to
all these lines. The above all lines being
tangents to the curve, it is called method
of tangents.

A B
 PEMBINAAN ELIPS
Constructing Ellips
Construct an ellipse using Rectangle method
-Given minor axes a and major axes b
Langkah Kerja:

1. Draw your Major and Minor Axes.

2. Now draw a rectangle around the Major and Minor Axes as shown.
3. Divide both halves of the Major Axis into an equal number of parts. Here we have
used four parts. Now divide the each half of the edges of the light blue rectangle,
corresponding to the Minor Axis, into the same number of parts. Label all of these
points as you see in the diagram. (blue dots)
4. Next you have to join the ends of the Minor Axis to the divisions on the edge on the
rectangle. Then from the opposite end of the Minor Axis draw lines through the
divisions on the Major Axis until they intersect the first set of lines you have drawn.
Here we have only shown half of the lines for clarity. (red lines)
5. Join up all of the points of intersection and the points labeled '0' to form your Ellipse.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6g3vJEjc0M
 BULATAN (CIRCLE)

• Lokus titik yang bergerak dengan jarak yang sama daripada

satu titik.
Circle is the locus of points equidistant from a given point

• Jarak titik yang bergerak dengan titik tetap dinamai jejari.

The comman distance from the center of the circle to its points is called
radius
 TANGEN (TANGENT)
• Garisan lurus yang bersentuhan dengan bulatan atau
lengkok pada satu titik, titik tersebut dipanggil titik tangen
A straight line or plane that touches a curve or curved surface at a point,
the pint is called as tangents
• Garisan yang menyambungkan pusat bulatan dengan titik
tangen dipanggil garisan normal
Line that connect the center of a circle with tangen points is call as
normal line
• Garisan normal berserenjang dengan garisan tangen.
The normal line is perpendicular with tangen line
 Rajah 1: Tangen dan Titik Sentuhan

Angle between
Radius radius and tangents line
N
Tangents line O is 90
R
M
A
L

Tangent points
• Tangen boleh juga berlaku di antara dua lengkok atau dua bulatan seperti yang ditunjukkan
dalam rajah 2 dan rajah 3 atau antara lengkok dan bulatan. Titik sentuhannya, iaitu P
dinamakan titik tangen.
Tangent can also happen between two arcs or two circle as in Figure 2 and 3. The touching
point is called tangents points
• Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua bulatan yang menyentuh di sebelah luar. Titik sentuhannya terletak
pada garisan yang menyambungkan pusat bagi bulatan itu. Jarak di antara pusat bulatan ialah
(R+r).
Figure 2 shows two circle touch externally. The touching point is located on a line that
connected the center of the circles. The distance between the center of the circles is (R+r)

R r

Rajah 2
Rajah 3 menunjukkan dua bulatan yang menyentuh di sebelah dalam. Jarak di antara
pusat bulatan ialah (R-r).
Figure 3 shows two circle touch internally. The distance between the center of the circle is
(R-r)

Rajah 3
Membina Bulatan yang Diberi Jejari r unit dan Bertangen Kepada Satu Garisan di Titik P
Construct a circle with the radius r and tangent to line at point P.

A P B
Membina Bulatan yang Diberi Jejari r unit dan Bertangen kepada Dua Garisan
Construct a circle with the radius r and tangent to line AB and BC.

O
Q R
r

B P C
Membina Garisan Tangen Kepada Satu Bulatan Pada Titik Yang Terletak Di Lilitan Bulatan
Construct a tangent line to given circle at point P

Langkah-langkah Steps:
• Lukiskan bulatan pusatnya O dan tandakan titik P yang diberi.
Draw a circle with center O and mark point P

• Dari O lukiskan garisan lurus yang melalui P. Panjangkan garisan itu supaya
panjangnya melebihi panjang diameter bulatan.
From O, draw a straight line through P. Extend the lenght of the line.

• Dengan menggunakan P sebagai pusat dan OP sebagai jejari, lukiskan lengkok

supaya menyilang garisan lurus pada Q.
With P as the center of a circle and OP as the radius, draw an arc that intersects
with point Q

• Bahagi dua sama jarak OQ. Pembahagi dua sama serenjang AB ialah garisan
tangen yang dikehendaki.
Bisect OQ. The bisector line is the tangent line.
 Membina Garisan Bertangen kepada Satu Bulatan pada Titik yang Terletak di Lilitan
Bulatan
Construct a tangent line to given circle at point P

Langkah-langkah Steps:
• Lukiskan bulatan pusatnya O dan tandakan titik P yang diberi.
Draw a circle with center O and mark point P

• Dari O lukiskan garisan lurus yang melalui P. Panjangkan garisan itu

Q supaya panjangnya melebihi panjang diameter bulatan.
From O, draw a straight line through P. Extend the lenght of the line.
P
O • Dengan menggunakan P sebagai pusat dan OP sebagai jejari, lukiskan
lengkok supaya menyilang garisan lurus pada Q.
With P as the center of a circle and OP as the radius, draw an arc that
intersects with point Q

• Bahagi dua sama jarak OQ. Pembahagi dua sama serenjang AB ialah
garisan tangen yang dikehendaki.
Bisect OQ. The bisector line is the tangent line.
Membina Garisan Bertangen Kepada Satu Bulatan dari Titik P yang Terletak di Luar Bulatan
Construct a line from point P (outside the circle) and tangent to given circle.

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan bulatan pusatnya O dan titik P yang diberi.
Draw a circle with center O and mark point P
• Lukiskan garisan lurus OP.
Draw line OP
• Dengan OP sebagai diameter, bina separuh bulatan supaya menyilang bulatan
yang diberi pada Q.
With OP as the diameter, draw semicircle until it intersect with the circle at point Q.
• Dari P, lukiskan garisan lurus PQR.
From P, draw line PQR
• PQR ialah garisan tangen yang dikehendaki.
PQR is the tangent line.
 Membina Garisan Bertangen kepada Satu Bulatan dari Titik P yang Terletak di Luar Bulatan
Construct a line from point P (outside the circle) and tangent to given circle.

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan bulatan pusatnya O dan titik P yang diberi.
Q Draw a circle with center O and mark point P
• Lukiskan garisan lurus OP.
Draw line OP
P • Dengan OP sebagai diameter, bina separuh bulatan supaya
menyilang bulatan yang diberi pada Q.
With OP as the diameter, draw semicircle until it intersect with
O the circle at point Q.
• Dari P, lukiskan garisan lurus PQR.
From P, draw line PQR
• PQR ialah garisan tangen yang dikehendaki.
PQR is the tangent line.
Membina Garisan Tangen Sepunya Yang Menyentuh Sebelah Luar Dua Bulatan tidak sama besar
Construct tangent line to two unequal circles touching externally.

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan kedua-dua bulatan yang diberi, pusat masing-masing O dan Q.
Draw two circles, with O dan Q as the centers
• Di titik O, lukis bulatan (R-r)
At point O, draw a circle with radius (R-r)
• Sambungkan O dan Q. Bahagikan garisan OQ kepada 2.
Join point O and Q. Bisect OQ
• P sebagai pusat bulatan, bina separuh bulatan yang bulatan radius (R-r) dititik T
With P as the center, draw a semicircle that intersect circle (R-r) at T.
• Lukis garisan lurus yang OT, panjangkan garisan tersebut sehingga bersilang di
titik A.
Draw a line through point OT, extend the line until it interset at point A.
• Dipusat bulatan Q lukis garisan yang selari dengan OA, menyentuh bulatan kecil di
titik B
At center Q draw a line parallel to OA to touch the smaller circle at B.
• AB ialah garisan tangen yang dikehendaki.
 Membina Garisan Tangen Sepunya yang Menyentuh Sebelah Luar Dua Bulatan yang Tidak
Sama Besar
Construct tangent line to two unequal circles touching externally.
Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan kedua-dua bulatan yang diberi, pusat masing-
masing O dan Q.
Draw two circles, with O dan Q as the centers
A
• Di titik O, lukis bulatan (R-r)
At point O, draw a circle with radius (R-r)
B • Sambungkan O dan Q. Bahagikan garisan OQ kepada 2.
R T Join point O and Q. Bisect OQ
• P sebagai pusat bulatan, bina separuh bulatan yang bulatan
r
radius (R-r) dititik T
O P Q With P as the center, draw a semicircle that intersect circle
(R-r) at T.

(R - r) • Lukis garisan lurus yang OT, panjangkan garisan tersebut

sehingga bersilang di titik A.
Draw a line through point OT, extend the line until it interset
at point A.
• Dipusat bulatan Q lukis garisan yang selari dengan OA,
menyentuh bulatan kecil di titik B
At center Q draw a line parallel to OA to touch the smaller
circle at B.
• AB ialah garisan tangen yang dikehendaki.
AB is the tangent line that touch two unequal circles.
Membina Garisan Tangen Sepunya Yang Menyentuh Sebelah Dalam Dua Bulatan
Construct tangent line to two unequal circles touching internally.

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan kedua-dua bulatan yang diberi, pusat masing-masing O dan Q.
Draw two circles, with O dan Q as the centers
• Di titik Q, lukis bulatan (R+r)
At point Q, draw a circle with radius (R+r)
• Sambungkan O dan Q. Bahagikan garisan OQ kepada 2.
Join point O and Q. Bisect OQ
• P sebagai pusat bulatan, bina separuh bulatan yang bulatan radius (R+r) di titik T
With P as the center, draw a semicircle that intersect circle (R+r) at T.
• Lukis garisan lurus yang QT, garisan akan bersilang di titik B.
Draw a line through point QT, the line will interset at point B.
• Dipusat bulatan O lukis garisan yang selari dengan OB, menyentuh bulatan O di
titik A
At center O draw a line parallel to OB to touch circle O at A.
• AB ialah garisan tangen yang dikehendaki.
AB is the tangent line that touch two unequal circles internally.
 Membina Garisan Tangen Sepunya yang Menyentuh Sebelah dalam Dua Bulatan
Construct tangent line to two unequal circles touching internally.
Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan kedua-dua bulatan yang diberi, pusat masing-
masing O dan Q.
Draw two circles, with O dan Q as the centers
• Di titik Q, lukis bulatan (R+r)
T
At point Q, draw a circle with radius (R+r)
• Sambungkan O dan Q. Bahagikan garisan OQ kepada 2.
Join point O and Q. Bisect OQ
B • P sebagai pusat bulatan, bina separuh bulatan yang bulatan
radius (R+r) di titik T
r With P as the center, draw a semicircle that intersect circle
O (R+r) at T.
P Q
• Lukis garisan lurus yang QT, garisan akan bersilang di titik
R B.
Draw a line through point QT, the line will interset at point
B.
A
• Dipusat bulatan O lukis garisan yang selari dengan OB,
menyentuh bulatan O di titik A
At center O draw a line parallel to OB to touch circle O at A.
• AB ialah garisan tangen yang dikehendaki.
AB is the tangent line that touch two unequal circles
internally.
Membina Dua Bulatan, Diberi Jejari Masing-Masing r Unit, Supaya Kedua-Dua Bulatan Bertangen Kepada
Satu Garisan Lurus
Construct two circles with radius r unit that tangents to the given straight line

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan garisan lurus AB yang diberi.
Draw line AB

• Lukiskan garisan OQ yang selari dengan AB, dan jarak di antara kedua-duanya
ialah r unit.
Draw line OQ parallel to AB with r unit as the distance between the lines

• Dengan menggunakan O dan kemudian Q sebagai pusat bulatan dan jejarinya r

unit, lukiskan kedua-dua bulatan tangen yang dikehendaki.
With O and Q as the center, draw two circles with radius r
 Membina Dua Bulatan, Diberi Jejari Masing-masing r unit, supaya kedua-
dua Bulatan Bertangen Kepada Satu Garisan Lurus
Construct two circles with radius r unit that tangents to the given
straight line

O Q
r r
r

A B
Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan garisan lurus AB yang diberi.
Draw line AB

• Lukiskan garisan OQ yang selari dengan AB, dan jarak di antara kedua-duanya ialah r
unit.
Draw line OQ parallel to AB with r unit as the distance between the lines

• Dengan menggunakan O dan kemudian Q sebagai pusat bulatan dan jejarinya r unit,
lukiskan kedua-dua bulatan tangen yang dikehendaki.
With O and Q as the center, draw two circles with radius r
Membina Bulatan Yang Melalui Titik P Dan Bertangen Kepada Satu Garisan Pada Titik Q
Construct a circle with the circumference that touch point P and tangent to a line at point Q

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan garisan lurus AQB dan tandakan titik P yang diberikan. Sambungkan PQ.
Draw line straight line AQB and mark point P. Draw a line that join PQ
• Bina garisan serenjang QR.
Draw perpendicular line QR
• Bina garisan pembahagi dua sama serenjang bagi garisan PQ supaya menyilang
QR di O.
Bisect PQ. Draw the bisector line until it intersect QR at O
• Dengan menggunakan O sebagai pusat dan OQ sebagai jejari, lukiskan bulatan
tangen yang dikehendaki.
O as the circle center and OQ as the radius, draw a circle
 Membina Bulatan yang Melalui Titik P dan Bertangen kepada Satu Garisan pada Titik Q
Construct a circle with the circumference that touch point P and tangent to a line at point Q

R Langkah-langkah:
P • Lukiskan garisan lurus AQB dan tandakan titik P yang diberikan.
Sambungkan PQ.
O
Draw line straight line AQB and mark point P. Draw a line that
join PQ
• Bina garisan serenjang QR.
Draw perpendicular line QR
A Q B • Bina garisan pembahagi dua sama serenjang bagi garisan PQ
supaya menyilang QR di O.
Bisect PQ. Draw the bisector line until it intersect QR at O
• Dengan menggunakan O sebagai pusat dan OQ sebagai jejari,
lukiskan bulatan tangen yang dikehendaki.
O as the circle center and OQ as the radius, draw a circle
Membina Bulatan Jejarinya r Unit, Yang Menyentuh Sebelah Luar Satu Bulatan Lain, Jejarinya R
Unit, Pada Titik P Di Lilitan Bulatan
Construct a circle with radius r units that touching other circle (radius R) externally

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan bulatan yang diberi, pusatnya O.
Draw a circle with O as the center.

• Tandakan titik P. Sambungkan OP dan panjangkan ke A.

Mark point P. Join OP and extend the line to point A

• Dengan menggunakan O sebagai pusat dan (R+r) sebagai jejari, lukiskan

lengkok supaya menyilang OA pada S.
O as a circle center and (R+r) as the radius draw an arc that intersect line OA
at S

• Dengan menggunakan S sebagai pusat dan jejari r unit, lukiskan bulatan yang
dikehendaki.
With S as the center and r as the radius draw a circle.
 Membina Bulatan Jejarinya r unit yang menyentuh sebelah luar satu bulatan lain,
jejarinya R unit pada titik P di lilitan bulatan
Construct a circle with radius r units that touching other circle (radius R) externally

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan bulatan yang diberi, pusatnya O.
Draw a circle with O as the center.
R r • Tandakan titik P. Sambungkan OP dan panjangkan ke
P A.
O S A
Mark point P. Join OP and extend the line to point A

• Dengan menggunakan O sebagai pusat dan (R+r)

sebagai jejari, lukiskan lengkok supaya menyilang OA
pada S.
O as a circle center and (R+r) as the radius draw an
arc that intersect line OA at S

• Dengan menggunakan S sebagai pusat dan jejari r unit,

lukiskan bulatan yang dikehendaki.
With S as the center and r as the radius draw a circle.
Membina Bulatan Jejarinya r unit yang menyentuh sebelah dalam dua bulatan lain,
jejarinya R dan S unit
Construct a circle with the radius r unit touching internally two other circles with radius
R and S unit
Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan dua bulatan berpusat A dan B
Draw two circles with center A and B

• Dengan A sebagai pusat bulatan dan R-s sebagai jejari bina satu lengkuk
A as a center and radius R-s draw and arc.

• Dengan B sebagai pusat bulatan dan R-s sebagai jejari bina lengkuk kedua.
Persilangan kedua-dua lengkuk menghasilkan titik O
B as a center and radius R-s draw the second arc. Both arcs will intersect at point O

• Dengan O sebagai pusat bulatan dan r sebagai jejari bina bulatan yang menyentuh
secara dalam dua bulatan lain
O as a center and r as the radius draw a circle that touch internally two other
circles.
 Membina Bulatan Jejarinya r unit yang menyentuh sebelah dalam dua bulatan lain,
jejarinya R unit dan S unit
Construct a circle with the radius r unit touching internally two other circles with radius
R unit and S unit
P

Langkah-langkah:
A • Lukiskan dua bulatan berpusat A dan B
Q
Draw two circles with center A and B

B • Dengan A sebagai pusat bulatan dan R-s sebagai jejari bina satu
lengkuk
A as a center and radius R-s draw and arc.

O
• Dengan B sebagai pusat bulatan dan R-s sebagai jejari bina lengkuk
kedua. Persilangan kedua-dua lengkuk menghasilkan titik O
B as a center and radius R-s draw the second arc. Both arcs will
intersect at point O

• Dengan O sebagai pusat bulatan dan r sebagai jejari bina bulatan yang
menyentuh secara dalam dua bulatan lain
O as a center and r as the radius draw a circle that touch internally two
other circles.
Membina Bulatan Jejarinya r Unit, Yang Menyentuh Sebelah Dalam Satu Bulatan Lain, Jejarinya R
Unit, Pada Titik P Di Lilitan Bulatan
Construct a circle with radius r unit that touch other circle (radius R) internally

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan bulatan yang diberi, pusatnya O.
Draw a circle with O as the center.

• Tandakan titik P dan kemudian sambungkan OP.

Mark point P and draw a line connecting OP

• Dengan menggunakan O sebagai pusat dan jejari (R-r), lukiskan lengkok supaya
menyilang OP pada S.
O as the center and (R-r) as the radius draw an arc that intersect OP at Q

• Dengan menggunakan S sebagai pusat dan jejari r unit, lukiskan bulatan yang
dikehendaki.
Q as the center and r as the radius draw a circle.
 Membina Bulatan jejarinya r unit yang menyentuh sebelah dalam satu bulatan lain
jejarinya R unit pada titik P di lilitan bulatan

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan bulatan yang diberi, pusatnya O.
Draw a circle with O as the center.

• Tandakan titik P dan kemudian sambungkan OP.

Mark point P and draw a line connecting OP
R
• Dengan menggunakan O sebagai pusat dan jejari (R-r), lukiskan
S P
O lengkok supaya menyilang OP pada S.
r O as the center and (R-r) as the radius draw an arc that intersect OP at
Q

• Dengan menggunakan S sebagai pusat dan jejari r unit, lukiskan

bulatan yang dikehendaki.
Q as the center and r as the radius draw a circle.
Membina Bulatan Jejarinya r unit yang menyentuh sebelah luar dua bulatan lain,
jejarinya R dan S unit
Construct a circle with the radius r unit touching externally two other circles with
radius R and S unit
Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan dua bulatan berpusat A dan B
Draw two circles with center A and B

• Dengan A sebagai pusat bulatan dan r+R sebagai jejari bina satu lengkuk
A as a center and radius R+r draw and arc.

• Dengan B sebagai pusat bulatan dan r+S sebagai jejari bina lengkuk kedua.
Persilangan kedua-dua lengkuk menghasilkan titik O
B as a center and radius r+S draw the second arc. Both arcs will intersect at point O

• Dengan O sebagai pusat bulatan dan r sebagai jejari bina bulatan yang menyentuh
secara dalam dua bulatan lain
O as a center and r as the radius draw a circle that touch internally two other circles.
 Membina Bulatan Jejarinya r unit yang menyentuh sebelah luar dua bulatan lain,
jejarinya R unit dan S unit
Construct a circle with the radius r unit touching externally two other circles with radius
R unit and S unit
Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan dua bulatan berpusat A dan B
Draw two circles with center A and B

• Dengan A sebagai pusat bulatan dan r+R sebagai jejari bina satu
B lengkuk
A A as a center and radius R+r draw and arc.

Q • Dengan B sebagai pusat bulatan dan r+S sebagai jejari bina

P
lengkuk kedua. Persilangan kedua-dua lengkuk menghasilkan titik
O
O B as a center and radius r+S draw the second arc. Both arcs will
intersect at point O

• Dengan O sebagai pusat bulatan dan r sebagai jejari bina bulatan

yang menyentuh secara dalam dua bulatan lain
O as a center and r as the radius draw a circle that touch internally
two other circles.
Membina Bulatan Tangen Yang Menyentuh Sebelah Luar Satu Bulatan Lain Pada T Dan Melalui
Titik P Di Luar Bulatan (Rx)
Construct a circle, tangent to other circle externally at point T and the circumference of the circle
intersect with point P

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan bulatan yang diberi, pusatnya O.
Draw a circle with center O

• Tandakan titik T dan P. Sambungkan PT.

Mark Point T and P. Join Point PT

• Bina garisan yang membahagi dua sama serenjang garisan PT.

Draw perpendicular bisector at line PT

• Sambungkan OT dan panjangkan sehingga garisan itu menyilang garisan

pembahagi dua sama serenjang pada Q.
Join OT and extend the line until it intersect with the peperdicular bisector at Q

• Dengan menggunakan Q sebagai pusat dan jejari QT, lukiskan bulatan yang
dikehendaki.
Q as the center and QT as the radius draw a circle
 Membina Bulatan Tangen yang menyentuh sebelah luar satu bulatan lain pada T dan melalui titik P
di luar bulatan (Rx)
Construct a circle, tangent to other circle externally at point T and the circumference of the circle
intersect with point P
Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan bulatan yang diberi, pusatnya O.
Draw a circle with center O

• Tandakan titik T dan P. Sambungkan PT.

Q
Mark Point T and P. Join Point PT
T • Bina garisan yang membahagi dua sama serenjang garisan PT.
Draw perpendicular bisector at line PT
O
P • Sambungkan OT dan panjangkan sehingga garisan itu
menyilang garisan pembahagi dua sama serenjang pada Q.
Join OT and extend the line until it intersect with the
peperdicular bisector at Q

• Dengan menggunakan Q sebagai pusat dan jejari QT, lukiskan

bulatan yang dikehendaki.
Q as the center and QT as the radius draw a circle
Membina Bulatan yang menyentuh satu bulatan yang diberi serta menyentuh garisan lurus di titik
P (Rx)
Construct a circle tangent to a given circle and tangent to a line at point P

Langkah-langkah:
• Lukiskan bulatan pusatnya O dan garisan lurus AB yang diberi. Tandakan titik P.
Draw a circle with center O and draw a straight line AB. Mark Point P
• Dari P lukiskan garisan PC yang serenjang kepada AB.
At P draw a perpendicular line
• Lukis garisan selari dengan garisan PC dititik O supaya supaya menyilang bulatan
yang diberi pada E.
Though O, draw a parallel line of line PC intercept at E
• Sambungkan PE untuk mendapatkan titik persilangan F.
Join PE to get interception at point F
• Dari O lukiskan garisan yang melalui F dan menyilang PC pada Q.
From O draw a line through F and intercept PC at Q
• Dengan menggunakan Q sebagai pusat dan jejari QP, lukiskan bulatan yang
dikehendaki.
With Q as the center and QP as the radius, draw a cicle
Membina Bulatan yang menyentuh satu bulatan yang diberi serta menyentuh garisan lurus di
titik P
Construct a circle tangent to a given circle and tangent to a line at point P
E
Langkah-langkah:

• Lukiskan bulatan yang diberi, pusatnya O.

Draw a circle with center O
C
O • Dengan menggunakan O sebagai pusat dan jejari (R + r)
unit, lukiskan satu lengkok.
With O as a center and (R+r) as a radius draw an arc
F
• Dengan menggunakan P sebagai pusat dan jejari r unit,
Q
lukiskan lengkok supaya menyilang lengkok yang pertama
pada Q.
With P as center and r as radiu sdraw an arc that intercept
the first arc at point Q

A P B • Dengan menggunakan Q sebagai pusat dan jejari r unit,

lukiskan bulatan yang dikehendaki.
With P as center and r as radius, draw a circle.
Membina Bulatan Tangen Jejarinya r unit, yang Menyentuh Sebelah Luar Satu Bulatan Lain,
Jejarinya R unit dan melalui titik P yang terletak di luar bulatan
Construct a circle with radius r unit that touch other circle externally and intercept with point P
located outside the given circle.

Langkah-langkah:

• Lukiskan bulatan yang diberi, pusatnya O.

Draw a circle with center O

• Dengan menggunakan O sebagai pusat dan jejari (R + r) unit, lukiskan satu

lengkok.
With O as a center and (R+r) as a radius draw an arc

• Dengan menggunakan P sebagai pusat dan jejari r unit, lukiskan lengkok supaya
menyilang lengkok yang pertama pada Q.
With P as center and r as radiu sdraw an arc that intercept the first arc at point Q

• Dengan menggunakan Q sebagai pusat dan jejari r unit, lukiskan bulatan yang
dikehendaki.
With P as center and r as radius, draw a circle.
 Membina Bulatan Tangen jejarinya r unit yang menyentuh sebelah luar satu
bulatan lain jejarinya R unit dan melalui titik P yang terletak di luar bulatan
Langkah-langkah:

• Lukiskan bulatan yang diberi, pusatnya O.

Draw a circle with center O
Q • Dengan menggunakan O sebagai pusat dan jejari (R + r)
R unit, lukiskan satu lengkok.
r r With O as a center and (R+r) as a radius draw an arc

O • Dengan menggunakan P sebagai pusat dan jejari r unit,

lukiskan lengkok supaya menyilang lengkok yang pertama
P pada Q.
With P as center and r as radiu sdraw an arc that intercept
the first arc at point Q
Q'
• Dengan menggunakan Q sebagai pusat dan jejari r unit,
lukiskan bulatan yang dikehendaki.
With P as center and r as radius, draw a circle.
 Construct an Arc Tangent to Two
Lines at an Acute Angle
❑ Given lines AB and CD
A
❑ Construct parallel lines
at distance R

❑ Construct the
B
perpendiculars to locate O
points of tangency

❑ With O as the point, C

construct the tangent arc D
using distance R
 Construct an Arc Tangent to Two Lines
at an Obtuse Angle

❑ Given lines AB and CD

A
❑ Construct parallel lines
at distance R

❑ Construct the
perpendiculars to locate O
points of tangency
B
❑ With O as the point,
construct the tangent arc C
using distance R D
 Construct an Arc Tangent to Two Lines
at Right Angles
❑ Given angle ABC
❑ With B as the point,
strike arc R1 equal
A
to given radius
❑ With D and E as the
D O
points, strike arcs R2
equal to given radius
❑ With O as the point,
strike arc R equal to
given radius
B C
E
 Construct an Arc Tangent to a Line
and an Arc

❑ Given line AB and arc CD

❑ Strike arcs R1 (given radius)
❑ Draw construction arc parallel to
given arc, with center O
❑ Draw construction line parallel to
given line AB C
❑ From intersection E, draw EO to
get tangent point T1, and drop
perpendicular to given line to get E
point of tangency T2 T1
❑ Draw tangent arc R from R1
T1 to T2 with center E
O A B
T2
D
 Construct an Arc Tangent to Two Arcs

❑ Given arc AB with

center O and arc CD
with center S
❑ Strike arcs R1 = radius R A

❑ Draw construction arcs

parallel to given arcs, T E

using centers O and S O

BC
❑ Join E to O and E to S to get T
tangent points T
❑ Draw tangent arc R from T to T,
with center E S D
THANK YOU