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Alternate Energy Sources

EE-71028

Mehboob Alam

Lecture 1

Outline
A man asked the Messenger: "Who is the most wise of people O
Messenger of Allah?" He replied: "The one who remembers death most
often and the one who is well-prepared to meet it; these are the wise;
honorable in this life and dignified in the Hereafter.“ Ibn Majah,Tabarani]
 Motivation: Energy harvesting using Plasmonics
 Introduction to Plasmonics
 Analytical Methods
 Nanocylinders / Nanorod
 Plane waves in terms of Cylindrical Wave Function
 Scattering by Nano-Circular Cylinders
 TM Plane wave incident on a lossless dielectric nanocylinder
 Expression for incident, scattering and transmitted wave
 Derivation of amplitude coefficients
 TE Plane wave incident on a lossless dielectric nanocylinder
 Expression for incident, scattering and transmitted wave
 Derivation of amplitude coefficients

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Energy Harvesting using Plasmonics

 Plasmonics allows extraordinary control of
light, making it attractive for application in solar
energy harvesting
 Plasmons can enhance photoconversion in the
semiconductor via three mechanisms
 Light trapping
 Hot electron/hole
transfer
 Plasmon-induced
resonance energy
transfer (PIRET)

Cushing, Scott K., and Nianqiang Wu. "Progress and perspectives of plasmon-enhanced
solar energy conversion." The journal of physical chemistry letters 7, no. 4 (2016): 666-675.

Energy Harvesting: Light Trapping

 Plasmonic light trapping via
metallic elements
 a. Plasmonic structure can be
placed on the top surface of a
solar cell
 b. Plasmonic nanoparticles can
be embedded inside the absorber
 c. Metallic nanoparticles or
corrugated metal films can be
placed at the back surface of a
cell
H. A. Atwater and A. Polman, "Plasmonics For Improved Photovoltaic Devices," Nature Mater. 9, 865 (2010).
Mandal, P., and S. Sharma. "Progress in plasmonic solar cell efficiency improvement: A status review." Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews 65 (2016): 537-552.

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Energy Harvesting: PIRET

 In Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), energy non-
radiatively transfers from a blue-shifted emitter to a red-
shifted absorber by dipole-dipole coupling.
 Plasmonics enables the opposite transfer direction,
transferring the plasmonic energy towards the short-
wavelength direction to induce charge separation in a
semiconductor.
 The system leads to a finite
linewidth in the absorption
and emission spectra, which
allows spectral overlap and
dipole-dipole interactions for
different central energies.
Li, Jiangtian, Scott K. Cushing, Fanke Meng, Tess R. Senty, Alan D. Bristow, and Nianqiang Wu. "Plasmon-
induced resonance energy transfer for solar energy conversion." Nature Photonics 9, no. 9 (2015): 601.

Introduction to Plasmonics
 Definition
 Plasmonics: Optics at the nanoscale

 It is a new branch of photonics, that deals with

the interaction of light with matter in metallic

nanostructures
 It is the study of the interaction between

electromagnetic field and free electrons in a

metal.
 It also studies how the electromagnetic (EM)

field can be confined over a dimension of the

order or smaller than the wavelength

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Introduction to Plasmonics
 Surface plasmons (SPs) are coherent delocalized
electron oscillations that exist at the interface between any two
materials where the real part of the dielectric function changes
sign across the interface (e.g. a metal-dielectric interface, such
as a metal sheet in air).
 A localized surface plasmon (LSP) is the result of the
confinement of a surface plasmon in a nanoparticle of size
comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of light used to
excite the plasmon.

Challenges of this Size Scale

 Too Small for direct
measurements
 Too large to be described
by current theoretical and
computational methods
 Too many fluctuations for
monolithically in time and
TEM (a, b, and c) images of prepared
space mesoporous silica nanoparticles with
mean outer diameter: (a) 20nm, (b)
 Too few to be described 45nm, and (c) 80nm. SEM (d) image
by Statistical ensemble corresponding to (b). The insets are a
high magnification of mesoporous
silica particle

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Dielectric Function
Real Part Imaginary Part

Johnson and Christy experimental data of Complex Permittivity of Gold

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Physics Review B, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 4370, 1972.

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Plasmon Resonance
 The LSP has two important effects
 Electric fields near the particle’s surface are greatly enhanced
 Optical absorption:
maximum at the
Cross-section Area Efficiencies

plasmon resonant
frequency.

E. Hutter and J. H. Fendler. "Exploitation of localized surface plasmon resonance." Advanced materials, vol. 16, no. 19,
pp. 1685-1706, 2004.

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Analytical Methods
 The most satisfactory solution of a field problem is an
exact mathematical one. Although in many practical
cases of nanostructures such an analytical solution
cannot be obtained and we must resort to numerical
approximate solution, analytical solution is useful in
checking solutions obtained from numerical methods.
 The most commonly used analytical methods in solving
EM related problems in nanotechnology include:
 Separation of variables
 Series expansion
 Integral methods

Solving Boundary Value Problems

 Convert incident wave in to
coordinate of interest
 Solve wave equation using
separation of variables
 Apply boundary conditions

 Calculate cross-sectional areas

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Plane waves in Terms of Cylindrical Wave Function

Plane waves in Terms of Cylindrical Wave Function

(1)

(2)

(3)

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Plane waves in Terms of Cylindrical Wave Function

(3)
HW

(4)

HW

Scattering by Circular NanoCylinders

nanocylinders and nanorods,

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TMZ Plane wave incident on a lossless Dielectric Nanocylinder

TMZ Plane wave incident on a lossless Dielectric Nanocylinder

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TMZ Plane wave incident on a lossless Dielectric Nanocylinder

TMZ Plane wave incident on a lossless Dielectric Nanocylinder

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TEZ Plane wave incident on a lossless Dielectric Nanocylinder

TEZ Plane wave incident on a lossless Dielectric Nanocylinder

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TEZ Plane wave incident on a lossless Dielectric Nanocylinder

Going through same steps as in TM Case

Plasmonic Nanocylinder (Analytical Model)

 The cross sectional areas of scattering and extinction for

TE mode can be derived as

▪ where an and bn are coefficients

C. Bohren and D. Huffman, Absorption and scattering of light by small particles. New York: Wiley, 1983.
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Plasmonic Nanocylinder (Analytical Model)

 The cross sectional areas of scattering and extinction for

TM mode can be derived as

C. Bohren and D. Huffman, Absorption and scattering of light by small particles. New York: Wiley, 1983.
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Plasmonic Nanocylinder (Analytical Model)

Graphical representation of scattering, extinction and absorption in TE mode.

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Plasmonic Nanocylinder (Analytical Model)

Graphical representation of scattering, extinction and absorption in TM mode.

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Scattering by Nano-Cylinders with Polarized Wave

(General case)

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Scattering by Nano-Cylinders with Polarized Wave

(General case)

Scattering by Nano-Cylinders with Polarized Wave

(General case)

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Scattering by Nano-Cylinders with Polarized Wave

Scattering by Nano-Cylinders with Polarized Wave

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Scattering by Nano-Cylinders with Polarized Wave

Scattering by Nano-Cylinders with Polarized Wave

boundary

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Scattering by Nano-Cylinders with Polarized Wave

before

Conclusion

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