7001_ThomasET_ch10p550-627.

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10.2 Infinite Series 569

Exercises 10.2
Finding nth Partial Sums Using the nth-Term Test
In Exercises 1–6, find a formula for the nth partial sum of each series In Exercises 27–34, use the nth-Term Test for divergence to show that
and use it to find the series’ sum if the series converges. the series is divergent, or state that the test is inconclusive.
q q
2 2 2 2 n nsn + 1d
1. 2 + + + + Á + n-1 + Á 27. a 28. a
3 9 27 3 n = 1 n + 10 n = 1 sn + 2dsn + 3d

9 9 9 9 q
1
q
n
2.
100
+ + + Á +
100 n
+ Á 29. a 30. a 2
100 2 100 3 n=0 n + 4 n=1 n + 3
1 1 1 1 q q
en
3. 1 - + - + Á + s - 1dn - 1 n - 1 + Á 1
31. a cos n 32. a n
2 4 8 2 e + n
n=1 n=0
4. 1 - 2 + 4 - 8 + Á + s -1dn - 1 2n - 1 + Á q q
1
1 1 1 1 33. a ln n 34. a cos np
5. + # + # + Á + + Á n=1 n=0
2#3 3 4 4 5 sn + 1dsn + 2d
5 5 5 5 Telescoping Series
6. + # + # + Á + + Á In Exercises 35–40, find a formula for the nth partial sum of the series
1#2 2 3 3 4 nsn + 1d
and use it to determine if the series converges or diverges. If a series
converges, find its sum.
Series with Geometric Terms
35. a a n - b 36. a a 2 - b
q q
1 1 3 3
In Exercises 7–14, write out the first few terms of each series to show
n=1 n + 1 n=1 n sn + 1d2
how the series starts. Then find the sum of the series.
37. a A ln 2n + 1 - ln 2n B
q
q
s - 1dn q
1
7. a n 8. a n
n=0 4 n=2 4 n=1
q q q
7 5 38. a stan snd - tan sn - 1dd
9. a n 10. a s -1dn n
n=1 4 n=0 4 n=1

39. a acos-1 a b - cos-1 a bb

q
11. a a n + n b 12. a a n - n b
q q
5 1 5 1 1 1
n=0 2 3 n=0 2 3 n=1 n + 1 n + 2

40. a A 2n + 4 - 2n + 3 B
s - 1dn
13. a a n + b 14. a a n b
q q q
1 2n + 1
n=0 2 5n n=0 5 n=1

In Exercises 15–18, determine if the geometric series converges or di- Find the sum of each series in Exercises 41–48.
verges. If a series converges, find its sum. q
4
q
6
2 3 4 41. a 42. a
15. 1 + a b + a b + a b + a b + Á
2 2 2 2 n=1 s4n - 3ds4n + 1d n=1 s2n - 1ds2n + 1d
5 5 5 5 q q
40n 2n + 1
16. 1 + s - 3d + s - 3d2 + s - 3d3 + s - 3d4 + Á 43. a 2
44. a 2
n=1 s2n - 1d s2n + 1d2 n=1 n sn + 1d2
2 3 4 5
17. a b + a b + a b + a b + a b + Á
1 1 1 1 1
45. a a b 46. a a - 1>sn + 1d b
q q
1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 8 -
n=1 2n 2n + 1 n=1 21>n 2
2 3 4 5 6
18. a b + a b + a b + a b + a b + Á
-2 -2
47. a a b
-2 -2 -2 q
1 1
3 3 3 3 3 -
n = 1 ln sn + 2d ln sn + 1d
q
Repeating Decimals 48. a stan-1 snd - tan-1 sn + 1dd
n=1
Express each of the numbers in Exercises 19–26 as the ratio of two
integers.
Convergence or Divergence
19. 0.23 = 0.23 23 23 Á Which series in Exercises 49–68 converge, and which diverge? Give
20. 0.234 = 0.234 234 234 Á reasons for your answers. If a series converges, find its sum.

50. a A 22 B
n
49. a a b
q q
21. 0.7 = 0.7777 Á 1 n

22. 0.d = 0.dddd Á , where d is a digit n=0 22 n=0

q q
23. 0.06 = 0.06666 Á 3
51. a s - 1dn + 1 n 52. a s - 1dn + 1n
24. 1.414 = 1.414 414 414 Á n=1 2 n=1
q q
25. 1.24123 = 1.24 123 123 123 Á cos np
53. a cos np 54. a
26. 3.142857 = 3.142857 142857 Á n=0 n=0 5n
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570 Chapter 10: Infinite Sequences and Series

q q
1 83. Show by example that gsan>bn d may diverge even though gan
55. a e -2n 56. a ln n and gbn converge and no bn equals 0.
n=0 n=1 3
q
2
q
1 84. Find convergent geometric series A = gan and B = g bn that
57. a n 58. a n , ƒxƒ 7 1 illustrate the fact that gan bn may converge without being equal
n = 1 10 n=0 x
to AB.
85. Show by example that g san>bn d may converge to something
n
60. a a1 - n b
q q
2n - 1 1
59. a
other than A> B even when A = gan, B = g bn Z 0 , and no bn
n=0 3n n=1
q q
n! nn equals 0.
61. a 62. a
86. If gan converges and an 7 0 for all n, can anything be said about
n
n = 0 1000 n = 1 n!
q
2n + 3n
q
2n + 4n gs1>an d ? Give reasons for your answer.
63. a 64. a n
n=1 4n n=1 3 + 4
n
87. What happens if you add a finite number of terms to a divergent
series or delete a finite number of terms from a divergent series?
65. a ln a b 66. a ln a b
q q
n n
Give reasons for your answer.
n=1 n + 1 n=1 2n + 1
n
88. If gan converges and gbn diverges, can anything be said about
67. a a p b
q q
e e np their term-by-term sum gsan + bn d ? Give reasons for your
68. a ne
n=0 n=0 p answer.
89. Make up a geometric series gar n - 1 that converges to the number
Geometric Series with a Variable x 5 if
In each of the geometric series in Exercises 69–72, write out the first
few terms of the series to find a and r, and find the sum of the series. a. a = 2 b. a = 13>2 .
Then express the inequality ƒ r ƒ 6 1 in terms of x and find the values 90. Find the value of b for which
of x for which the inequality holds and the series converges.
1 + e b + e 2b + e 3b + Á = 9 .
q q
69. a s - 1dnx n 70. a s -1dnx 2n 91. For what values of r does the infinite series
n=0 n=0
n s -1dn n
71. a 3 a b a b
q q
x - 1 1 1 + 2r + r 2 + 2r 3 + r 4 + 2r 5 + r 6 + Á
72. a
n=0 2 n=0 2 3 + sin x
converge? Find the sum of the series when it converges.
In Exercises 73–78, find the values of x for which the given geometric 92. Show that the error sL - sn d obtained by replacing a convergent
series converges. Also, find the sum of the series (as a function of x) geometric series with one of its partial sums sn is ar n>s1 - rd .
for those values of x. 93. The accompanying figure shows the first five of a sequence of
q q
squares. The outermost square has an area of 4 m2 . Each of the
73. a 2 x n n
74. a s -1d x n -2n
n=0 n=0 other squares is obtained by joining the midpoints of the sides of
n the squares before it. Find the sum of the areas of all the squares.
76. a a- b sx - 3dn
q q
1
75. a s - 1dnsx + 1dn
n=0 n=0 2
q q
77. a sinn x 78. a sln xdn
n=0 n=0

Theory and Examples

79. The series in Exercise 5 can also be written as
q q
1 1
a and a .
n = 1 sn + 1dsn + 2d n = -1 sn + 3dsn + 4d

Write it as a sum beginning with (a) n = - 2 , (b) n = 0 , 94. Helga von Koch’s snowflake curve Helga von Koch’s snow-
(c) n = 5 . flake is a curve of infinite length that encloses a region of finite
area. To see why this is so, suppose the curve is generated by
80. The series in Exercise 6 can also be written as
starting with an equilateral triangle whose sides have length 1.
q q
5 5 a. Find the length Ln of the nth curve Cn and show that
a and a sn + 1dsn + 2d .
n = 1 nsn + 1d n=0 limn: q Ln = q .
b. Find the area An of the region enclosed by Cn and show that
Write it as a sum beginning with (a) n = - 1 , (b) n = 3 ,
limn: q An = (8>5) A1 .
(c) n = 20 .
81. Make up an infinite series of nonzero terms whose sum is
a. 1 b. - 3 c. 0.
82. (Continuation of Exercise 81. ) Can you make an infinite series of
nonzero terms that converges to any number you want? Explain. C1 C2 C3 C4
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10.3 The Integral Test 575

Exercises 10.3
Applying the Integral Test Theory and Examples
Use the Integral Test to determine if the series in Exercises 1–10 con- For what values of a, if any, do the series in Exercises 41 and 42
verge or diverge. Be sure to check that the conditions of the Integral converge?
Test are satisfied.
41. a a b 42. a a b
q q
a 1 1 2a
q q - -
1 1 n=1 n + 2 n + 4 n=3 n - 1 n + 1
1. a 2 2. a 0.2
n=1 n n=1 n 43. a. Draw illustrations like those in Figures 10.7 and 10.8 to
q
1
q
1 show that the partial sums of the harmonic series satisfy the
3. a 2 4. a inequalities
n=1 n + 4 n=1 n + 4
n+1
q q
1 1 1 Á + 1
5. a e -2n
6. a ln sn + 1d = x dx … 1 + 2 + n
n=1 n=2 nsln nd2 L1
n
q
ln (n 2)
q 1
n … 1 + x dx = 1 + ln n.
7. a 2 8. a n L1
n=1 n + 4 n=2
q 2 q T b. There is absolutely no empirical evidence for the divergence
n n - 4
9. a n>3
10. a 2 of the harmonic series even though we know it diverges. The
n=1 e n = 2 n - 2n + 1
partial sums just grow too slowly. To see what we mean, sup-
pose you had started with s1 = 1 the day the universe was
Determining Convergence or Divergence formed, 13 billion years ago, and added a new term every
Which of the series in Exercises 11–40 converge, and which diverge? second. About how large would the partial sum sn be today,
Give reasons for your answers. (When you check an answer, remem- assuming a 365-day year?
44. Are there any values of x for which g n = 1s1>snxdd converges?
q
ber that there may be more than one way to determine the series’ con-
vergence or divergence.) Give reasons for your answer.
45. Is it true that if g n = 1 an is a divergent series of positive numbers,
q q q q
1 n
11. a n 12. a e -n 13. a
then there is also a divergent series g n = 1 bn of positive numbers
q
n = 1 10 n=1 n=1 n + 1
q q q with bn 6 an for every n? Is there a “smallest” divergent series of
5 3 -2
14. a 15. a 16. a positive numbers? Give reasons for your answers.
n=1 n + 1 n=1 2n n=1 n2n 46. (Continuation of Exercise 45.) Is there a “largest” convergent se-
q q q
1 -8 ln n ries of positive numbers? Explain.
47. g n  1 A 1/ A 2n  1 B B diverges
17. a - n 18. a n 19. a n ˆ
n=1 8 n=1 n=2
q
ln n
q
2n
q
5n a. Use the accompanying graph to show that the partial sum
20. a 21. a n 22. a n
s50 = g n = 1 A 1> A 2n + 1 B B satisfies
n=2 2n n=1 3 n=1 4 + 3 50
q q q n
-2 1 2
23. a 24. a 25. a 51 50
n=0 n + 1 n = 1 2n - 1 n=1 n + 1 1 1
dx 6 s50 6 dx.
n L1 2x + 1 L0 2x + 1
2n
28. a a1 + n b
q q q
1 1
26. a 27. a
n = 1 2n A 2n + 1 B n=2 ln n n=1 Conclude that 11.5 6 s50 6 12.3.
q q
1 1
29. a n 30. a n y
n = 1 sln 2d n = 1 sln 3d
1
q
s1>nd q
1
31. a 32. a
n=3 sln nd 2ln2 n - 1 n=1 ns1 + ln2 nd
q q 1
1 1 f (x) 5
33. a n sin n 34. a n tan n 兹x 1 1
n=1 n=1
q
en
q
2 ···
35. a 36. a x
n=1 1 + e 2n n=1 1 + en 0 1 2 3 4 5 ··· 48 49 50 51
q q
8 tan-1 n n
37. a 2
38. a 2
n=1 1 + n n=1 n + 1 b. What should n be in order that the partial sum
q q

sn = g i = 1 A 1> A 2i + 1 B B satisfy sn 7 1000?

39. a sech n 40. a sech2 n n
n=1 n=1
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580 Chapter 10: Infinite Sequences and Series

Exercises 10.4
Comparison Test q
1
q
3n - 1 + 1
37. a n - 1 38. a
In Exercises 1–8, use the Comparison Test to determine if each series n=1 3 + 1 n=1 3n
converges or diverges. q q
n + 1 # 1 2n + 3n
q
1
q
n - 1 39. a 2 40. a n n
1. a 2 2. a 4 n=1 n + 3n 5n n=1 3 + 4
n = 1 n + 30 n=1 n + 2
42. a ln a b
q q
2n - n n
q
1
q
n + 2 41. a n
3. a 4. a 2 n = 1 n2 n=1 n + 1
n=2 2n - 1 n=2 n - n q
1
43. a
q q
cos2 n 1
5. a 3>2 6. a n n = 2 n!
n=1 n n = 1 n3
(Hint: First show that s1>n!d … s1>nsn - 1dd for n Ú 2.)
2n + 1
q q
n + 4
7. a 8. a q
sn - 1d! q q
n=1 A n + 4 1 1
4
n=1 2n 2 + 3 44. a 45. a sin n 46. a tan n
n = 1 sn + 2d! n=1 n=1
Limit Comparison Test q q q
-1 -1
In Exercises 9–16, use the Limit Comparison Test to determine if each tan n sec n coth n
47. a 48. a 49. a
series converges or diverges. n=1 n 1.1 n=1 n 1.3 n=1 n2
n
2n
q q q q
n - 2 tanh n 1
9. a 3 50. a 51. a 52. a 2
2
n=1 n - n + 3 n=1 n2 n=1
n
n2n n=1 n

(Hint: Limit Comparison with g n = 1 s1>n 2 dd

q q q
1 1
53. a 54. a
n=1 1 + 2 + 3 +
q Á + n 2 2 2
n + 1 n=1 1 + 2 + 3 + Á + n
10. a
n=1 A n + 2
2

A Hint: Limit Comparison with g n = 1 A 1> 2n B B

q
Theory and Examples
q
nsn + 1d q n 55. Prove (a) Part 2 and (b) Part 3 of the Limit Comparison Test.
2
11. a 2 12. a
56. If g n = 1 an is a convergent series of nonnegative numbers, can
n q
n = 2 sn + 1dsn - 1d n=1 3 + 4
anything be said about g n = 1san>nd ? Explain.
q
n
14. a a b
q q
5n 2n + 3
13. a
2n 4n n = 1 5n + 4 57. Suppose that an 7 0 and bn 7 0 for n Ú N (N an integer). If
lim n: q san>bn d = q and gan converges, can anything be said
n=1
q
1
15. a about g bn ? Give reasons for your answer.
n = 2 ln n

(Hint: Limit Comparison with g n = 2 s1>ndd

q 58. Prove that if gan is a convergent series of nonnegative terms,
then ga n2 converges.
16. a ln a1 + 2 b
q
1
n=1 n 59. Suppose that an 7 0 and lim an = q . Prove that gan diverges.
n: q
(Hint: Limit Comparison with g n = 1 s1>n 2 dd 60. Suppose that an 7 0 and lim n 2an = 0. Prove that g an con-
q
n: q
verges.
Determining Convergence or Divergence
61. Show that g n = 2 ssln ndq>n p d converges for - q 6 q 6 q and
q
Which of the series in Exercises 17–54 converge, and which diverge?
Use any method, and give reasons for your answers. p 7 1.
(Hint: Limit Comparison with g n = 2 1>n r for 1 6 r 6 p.)
q q q q
1 3 sin2 n
17. a 18. a 19. a
62. (Continuation of Exercise 61.) Show that g n = 2 ssln ndq>n p d di-
n
n=1 2
q
n=1 2 2n + 2 3
n n=1 n + 2n
q
1 + cos n
q
2n
q
n + 1 verges for - q 6 q 6 q and 0 6 p … 1.
20. a 21. a 22. a
n=1 n2 n=1 3n - 1 n 2 2n
n=1 (Hint: Limit Comparison with an appropriate p-series.)
q q 3
10n + 1 5n - 3n
23. a 24. a 2 2
n = 1 nsn + 1dsn + 2d n = 3 n sn - 2dsn + 5d
n
In Exercises 63–68, use the results of Exercises 61 and 62 to deter-
25. a a b
q q q
n 1 1 mine if each series converges or diverges.
26. a 27. a
n = 1 3n + 1 n=1 2n 3 + 2 n = 3 ln sln nd
2
q
sln nd3 q
ln n
q
sln nd q
1
q
sln nd2 63. a 64. a n
28. a 29. a 30. a n=2 n 4
n=2 A
n=1 n3 n=2 2n ln n n=1 n 3>2
q
1
q
ln sn + 1d q
1
q
sln nd1000 q
sln nd1>5
31. a 32. a 33. a 65. a 1.001
66. a
n = 1 1 + ln n n + 1 n=2 n n=2 n 0.99
n=2 n2n 2 - 1
n=2

2n
q q q q q
1 - n n + 2n 1 1
34. a 2 35. a n 36. a 2 n
67. a 1.1 3
68. a
n=1 n + 1 n = 1 n2 n=1 n 2 n = 2 n sln nd n=2 2n # ln n
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10.5 The Ratio and Root Tests 585

Exercises 10.5
Using the Ratio Test q
sn + 3d! q
n2nsn + 1d!
35. a n 36. a
In Exercises 1–8, use the Ratio Test to determine if each series con- n = 1 3!n!3 n=1 3nn!
verges or diverges. q q
n! n!
q
2n
q
n + 2 37. a 38. a n
1. a 2. a n = 1 s2n + 1d! n=1 n
n = 1 n! n=1 3n q q
n n
q
sn - 1d! q n+1
2 39. a n 40. a
3. a 2
4. a n - 1 n = 2 sln nd n=2 sln ndsn>2d
n = 1 sn + 1d n = 1 n3 q q
n! ln n 3n
q
n 4 q n+2
3 41. a 42. a 3 n
5. a n 6. a n=1 nsn + 2d! n=1 n 2
n=1 4 n = 2 ln n q
sn!d2 q
s2n + 3ds2n + 3d
q
n 2sn + 2d! q
n5n 43. a 44. a
7. a 8. a n = 1 s2nd! n=1 3n + 2
n=1 n! 32n n = 1 s2n + 3d ln sn + 1d
Recursively Defined Terms Which of the series g n = 1 an defined
q

Using the Root Test by the formulas in Exercises 45–54 converge, and which diverge?
In Exercises 9–16, use the Root Test to determine if each series con- Give reasons for your answers.
verges or diverges. 1 + sin n
q q 45. a1 = 2, an + 1 = n an
7 4n
9. a n 10. a n
n = 1 s2n + 5d n = 1 s3nd
1 + tan-1 n
n n+1 46. a1 = 1, an + 1 = an
11. a a b 12. a aln ae 2 + n b b
q q
4n + 3 1 n
n = 1 3n - 5 n=1
1 3n - 1
47. a1 = , an + 1 = a
14. a sin a b
q q
13. a
8 n 1 3 2n + 5 n
2n
n=1 (3 + (1>n)) n=1 2n
n
n2 48. a1 = 3, an + 1 = a
15. a a1 - n b
n + 1 n
q
1
n=1
2
(Hint: lim s1 + x>ndn = e x) 49. a1 = 2, an + 1 = n an
n: q
n
q
1 2n
16. a 1 + n 50. a1 = 5, an + 1 =
2 n
a
n=2 n

Determining Convergence or Divergence 1 + ln n

51. a1 = 1, an + 1 = n an
In Exercises 17–44, use any method to determine if the series con-
verges or diverges. Give reasons for your answer. 1 n + ln n
52. a1 = , an + 1 = a
q
n 22
q 2 n + 10 n
17. a n 18. a n 2e -n
n=1 2 n=1 1 n
53. a1 = , an + 1 = 2an
q q
n! 3
19. a n!e -n 20. a n
n=1 n = 1 10 1
n 54. a1 = , an + 1 = san dn + 1
22. a a n b
q q
n 10 n - 2 2
21. a n
n=1 10 n=1
Convergence or Divergence
q
2 + s - 1dn q
s -2dn Which of the series in Exercises 55–62 converge, and which diverge?
23. a 24. a
n=1 1.25n n=1 3n Give reasons for your answers.
n n
25. a a1 - n b 26. a a1 - b
q q
3 1 q
2nn!n!
q
s3nd!
3n 55. a 56. a
n=1 n=1 n = 1 s2nd! n = 1 n!sn + 1d!sn + 2d!
q
ln n
q
sln ndn q
sn!dn q
sn!dn
27. a 3 28. a 57. a n 2 58. a
n=1 n n=1 nn n = 1 sn d n=1
2
n sn d
n
29. a a n - 2 b 30. a a n - 2 b
q q
1 1 1 1 q
nn
q
nn
n n 59. a 60. a n 2
n=1 n=1 sn2d n = 1 s2 d
n=1 2
q q
ln n n ln n q
1 # 3 # Á # s2n - 1d
31. a n 32. a n 61. a
n=1 n=1 2 4n2nn!
n=1
q
sn + 1dsn + 2d q
33. a 34. a e -nsn 3 d
q
1 # 3 # Á # s2n - 1d
n! 62. a # # Á #
n=1 n=1
n = 1 [2 4 s2nd]s3n + 1d
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586 Chapter 10: Infinite Sequences and Series

n>2n,
65. Let an = e
Theory and Examples if n is a prime number
63. Neither the Ratio Test nor the Root Test helps with p-series. Try 1>2n, otherwise.
them on
Does gan converge? Give reasons for your answer.
66. Show that g n = 1 2(n )>n! diverges. Recall from the Laws of Expo-
q
1 q 2

a p
n=1 n 2
nents that 2(n ) = s2n dn.
and show that both tests fail to provide information about conver-
gence.
64. Show that neither the Ratio Test nor the Root Test provides infor-
mation about the convergence of
q
1
a p s p constantd .
n = 2 sln nd

Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence

10.6
A series in which the terms are alternately positive and negative is an alternating series.
Here are three examples:
1 1 1 1 s -1dn + 1
1 - + - + - Á + n + Á (1)
2 3 4 5
1 1 1 s -1dn4
-2 + 1 - + - + Á + + Á (2)
2 4 8 2n
1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 - 6 + Á + s -1dn + 1n + Á (3)
We see from these examples that the nth term of an alternating series is of the form
an = s -1dn + 1un or an = s -1dnun
where un = ƒ an ƒ is a positive number.
Series (1), called the alternating harmonic series, converges, as we will see in a moment.
Series (2), a geometric series with ratio r = - 1>2, converges to - 2>[1 + s1>2d] = -4>3.
Series (3) diverges because the nth term does not approach zero.
We prove the convergence of the alternating harmonic series by applying the Alternating
Series Test. The Test is for convergence of an alternating series and cannot be used to con-
clude that such a series diverges.

THEOREM 14—The Alternating Series Test (Leibniz’s Test) The series

q

a s - 1d
n+1
un = u1 - u2 + u3 - u4 + Á
n=1

converges if all three of the following conditions are satisfied:

1. The un’s are all positive.
2. The positive un’s are (eventually) nonincreasing: un Ú un + 1 for all n Ú N, for
some integer N.
3. un : 0.

Proof Assume N = 1. If n is an even integer, say n = 2m, then the sum of the first n
terms is
s2m = su1 - u2 d + su3 - u4 d + Á + su2m - 1 - u2m d
= u1 - su2 - u3 d - su4 - u5 d - Á - su2m - 2 - u2m - 1 d - u2m .