CSIR NET QIP Series

06 Electronics and Experimental Method

Physics by fiziks

Practice Set – Electronics and Experimental Method

NET – JRF Physical Science Previous Year Question
(June - 2011 To June - 2021)
1. Network Analysis-no 0
2. Semiconductor Physics 5
3. Basics of pn junction diode and DC Analysis 7
4. Rectifier and Clipper Circuit,Clamper 3
5. Zener Diode, other diode 3
6. Basics of Transistors and DC Biasing 9
7. AC Analysis of Transistors-no 0
8. Basics of Op-Amp and Adder Circuit 7
9. Op-Amp Integrator, Differentiator, Rectifier 8
10. Op-Amp Comparator, Filter, Oscillator 10
11. Digital Electronics Basics and Combinational 14
Ciruit
12. Flip-Flop and their applications 8
13. Digital to Analog Converter 6
14. Error Analyis 9
15. Experimental Techniques 15
Total Number of Questions 104

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 GATE QIP Series Physics by fiziks
01 Mathematical Physics

2 Revised Edition-2022
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 CSIR NET QIP Series
Physics by fiziks
02 Electronics and Experimental Methods

1. Semiconductor Physics
Q1. A sample of Si has electron and hole mobilities of 0.13 and 0.05 m 2 /V- s respectively at

300 K. It is doped with P and Al with doping densities of 1.5  10 21 / m 3 and

2.5  10 21 / m 3 respectively. The conductivity of the doped Si sample at 300 K is

(a) 8  1 m 1 (b) 32  1 m 1 (c) 20.8  1 m 1 (d) 83.2  1 m 1

NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q2. The concentration of electrons, n and holes p , for an intrinsic semiconductor at a
3
 E 
temperature T can be expressed as n  p  AT 2 exp   g  , where Eg is the band
 2 k BT 
3
2
gap and A is a constant. If the mobility of both types of carrier is proportional to T ,

then the log of the conductivity is a linear function of T 1 , with slope

Eg Eg  Eg  Eg
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 2k B  kB  2k B  kB

NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)

Q3. The active medium in a blue LED (light emitting diode) is a Gax In1 x N alloy. The band

gaps of GaN and InN are 3.5eV and 1.5eV respectively. If the band gap of Gax In1 x N

varies approximately linearly with x , the value of x required for the emission of blue
light of wavelength 400 nm is (take hc  1200 eV -nm )

(a) 0.95 (b) 0.75 (c) 0.50 (d) 0.33

NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
Q4. A bound electron and hole pair interacting via Coulomb interaction in a semiconductor is

called an exciton. The effective masses of an electron and a hole are about 0.1 me and

0.5me respectively, where me is the rest mass of the electron. The dielectric constant of

the semiconductor is 10 . Assuming that the energy levels of the excitons are hydrogen-
like, the binding energy of an exciton (in units of the Rydberg constant) is closest to

(a) 2  103 (b) 2 104 (c) 8 104 (d) 3 103

NET/JRF (June-2019)

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 CSIR NET QIP Series
Physics by fiziks
02 Electronics and Experimental Methods
Q5. A silicon crystal is doped with phosphorus atoms. (The binding energy of a H atom
is 13.6 eV , the dielectric constant of silicon is 12 and the effective mass of electrons in
the crystal is 0.4 me ). The gap between the donor energy level and the bottom of the
conduction band is nearest to
(a) 0.01 eV (b) 0.08 eV (c) 0.02 eV (d) 0.04 eV
NET/JRF (DEC-2018)
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 CSIR NET QIP Series
Physics by fiziks
02 Electronics and Experimental Methods

1. Semiconductor Physics (Solution)

Ans. 1: (a)
Solution: Resulting doped crystal is p-type and p p  2.5  1.5  10 21 / m 3  1  10 21 / m 3

  en p  n  p p  p   ep p  p  1.6  10 19  1  10 21  0.05  8  1 m 1

Ans. 2: (c)
3
  Eg  23   Eg 
Solution:  i  ni e  e   p   T 2 exp    T   i  C exp  
 2 k BT   2k B T 
Eg  Eg
ln  i    ln C  slope is
2 k BT 2k B
Ans. 3: (b)
Solution: EgGaN  3.5eV and EgInN  1.5eV E  eV 

Band Gap energy of Gax In1 x N is E  x . 3.5

3.0
For blue light of wavelength 400nm , the band gap
hc 1200 eV .nm 1.5
energy is    3.0 eV .
 400nm x
Thus equating slopes we get;
0 x? 1

 3.5 1.5   3.0 1.5 

    2x  1.5  x  0.75
 1 0   x  0 
Ans. 4: (c)
 1
Solution: Binding energy of exciton is E  13.6 eV 
me  2
me  mn 0.1me  0.5 me 
where      0.0833
me  mn 0.1me  0.5me me
0.0833
 E  13.6 eV   13.6  8066 cm 1  8.33 104  9.14 cm
100
E 91.4 cm 1
 1
 8.33 104
RH 1.097  10 cm
5

Thus correct option is (c)

Ans. 5: (d)
13.6 M *
Solution: Ed    eV 
 2 Me
13.6
 Ed   0.4  0.04 eV
12 
2

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Revised Edition-2022 1
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 CSIR NET QIP Series
Physics by fiziks
02 Electronics and Experimental Methods

2. Basics of pn junction diode and DC Analysis

Q1. The dependence of current I on the voltage V of a certain device is given by

2
 V 
I  I 0 1  
 V0 
where I 0 and V0 are constants. In an experiment the current I is measured as the voltage

V applied across the device is increased. The parameters V0 and I 0 can be graphically

determined as
(a) The slope and the y -intercept of the I  V 2 graph
(b) The negative of the ratio of the y -intercept and the slope, and the y -intercept of

the I  V 2 graph
(c) The slope and the y -intercept of the I  V graph
(d) The negative of the ratio of the y -intercept and the slope, and the y -intercept of
the I  V graph
NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)

  aV  
Q2. The I  V characteristics of a device can be expressed as I  I s exp    1 , where T
  T  
is the temperature and a and I s are constants independent of T and V . Which one of
the following plots is correct for a fixed applied voltage V ?
3 2
1
(a) (b)
2
log I

0
log I

1
1
2
0 3 3
1 2 3 0 1 2
aV / T aV / T
4
2
3
1 2
log I

1
log I

0
(c) (d) 0
1
1
2 2
3 3 3
0 3 0 1 2
1 2
aV / T aV / T
NET/JRF (DEC-2016)

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 CSIR NET QIP Series
Physics by fiziks
02 Electronics and Experimental Methods
Q3. Let I 0 be the saturation current,  the ideality factor and vF and vR the forward and

reverse potentials respectively, for a diode. The ratio RR / RF of its reverse and forward

resistances RR and RF , respectively, varies as (In the following k B is the Boltzmann

constant, T is the absolute temperature and q is the charge.)

vR  qv  vF  qv 
(a) exp  F  (b) exp  F 
vF   k BT  vR   k BT 
v  qv  v  qv 
(c) R exp   F  (d) F exp   F 
vF   k BT  vR   k BT 
NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q4. The forward diode current is given by I  kT  e
 E g / k BT
 exp  eV / k T   1 , where
B Eg is

the band gap of the semiconductor, V is the voltage drop across the diode, T is the
temperature of the diode operating near room temperature and,  and K are constants.
A diode is used as a thermal sensor in the circuit shown below.
V
I

If V is measured using an ideal voltmeter to estimate T , the variation of the voltage V

as a function of T is best approximated by (in the following a and b are constants)
(a) aT 2  b (b) aT  b (c) aT 3  b (d) aT  bT 2
NET/JRF (JUNE-2019)
Q5. In the circuit below, D1 and D2 are two silicon diodes with the same characteristics. If

the forward voltage drop of a silicon diode is 0.7 V then the value of the current I1  I D1
I1
is
1k I D1 ID2
10V D1 D2 Vo

(a) 18.6 mA (b) 9.3 mA (c) 13.95 mA (d) 14.65 mA

NET/JRF (DEC-2017)

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 CSIR NET QIP Series
Physics by fiziks
02 Electronics and Experimental Methods
Q6. A diode D as shown in the circuit has an i  v relation that can be approximated by
v D2  2v D , for v D  0
iD  
0, for v D  0 1

The value of v D in the circuit is iD



(a)  1  11 V  (b) 810
VV

D vD

(c) 5 V (d) 2 V
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q7. The I  V characteristics of the diode in the circuit below is given by
V  0.7  / 500 for V  0.7
I  
 0 for V  0.7
where V is measured in volts and I is measured in amperes.
1K I

10 V

The current I in the circuit is

(a) 10.0 mA (b) 9.3 mA (c) 6.2 mA (d) 6.7 mA
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
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 CSIR NET QIP Series
Physics by fiziks
02 Electronics and Experimental Methods
2. Basics of pn junction diode and DC Analysis (Solution)
Ans. 1: (d)
2
 V   V   I0 I
Solution: I  I 0 1    I  I 0 1    I  V  I0
 V0   V0  V0
 I0  I0
Slope    V0
V0  I0
V
V0
Intercept on y -axis  I 0
Ans. 2: (d)
av
Solution: Let  x For large x ; I  I s e x  log e I  log e Is  x  log e I  x
T
Ans. 3: (a)

Solution: I  I 0  eV /VT  1 , VT 
KT
q
RR VR / I R VR I F
  
RF VF / I F VF I R
RR VR I 0 eVF /VT VR  qV 
   exp  F 
RF VF I0 VF  KT 
Ans. 4: (b)
 E g / k BT  eV 
Solution: I  kT  e 1   1
 k BT 
T  e g T   Eg 
E / k BT
eV eV
 I  I 1  
k BT k k BT k  k BT 
 V  aT  1  bT  , where   0 ,  V  aT  b
Ans. 5: (c)
10  0.7
Solution: I1   9.3 mA
1k
I
2
 I
2 2
3

I D1  I D2  1  I1  I D1  I1  1  I1  13.95 mA

Ans. 6: (d)
 
Solution:  10  v D2  2v D  1  v D  0  v D  2V
Ans. 7: (c)
Solution: Applying K.V.L. 10  1000  I  V  0  10  1000  V  0.7  / 500  V  0
 10  2 V  0.7   V  0  3V  11.4  V  3.8 Volts
Thus I  V  0.7  / 500   3.8  0.7  / 500  3.1/ 500  6.2 mA
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 CSIR NET QIP Series
Physics by fiziks
02 Electronics and Experimental Methods

3. Rectifier and Clipper Circuit, Clamper

Q1. In the circuit below, D is an ideal diode, the source voltage VS  V0 sin t is a unit

amplitude sine wave and RS  RL

RS

D
VS RL VL

The average output voltage, VL , across the load resistor RL is

1 3
(a) V0 (b) V0 (c) 3V0 (d) V0
2 2
NET/JRF–(DEC-2019)
Q2. A sinusoidal voltage having a peak value of V p is an input to the following circuit, in

which the DC voltage is Vb

R
V
Vp
Input D Output
t
Vb

Assuming an ideal diode which of the following best describes the output waveform?

Vp
Vb
(a) (b)

t  0, 0  t
Vb

(c) Vb (d) Vb

 0, 0  t  0, 0  t
Vb
Vp

NET/JRF (DEC-2018)

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 CSIR NET QIP Series
Physics by fiziks
02 Electronics and Experimental Methods
Q3. A sinusoidal signal with a peak voltage V p and average value zero, is an input to the

following circuit.

Vp
Input voltage RL Output
voltage
C

Assuming ideal diodes, the peak value of the output voltage across the load resistor RL
is
Vp
(a) V p (b) (c) 2V p (d) 2V p
2
NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
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 CSIR NET QIP Series
Physics by fiziks
02 Electronics and Experimental Methods

3. Rectifier and Clipper Circuit, Clamper (Solution)

Ans. 1: (a)
Solution: Positive half cycle, diode is short circuited VL  VS  V0 sin t

VS V0
Negative half cycle, diode is open circuited VL   sin t
2 2
1   2 V0  1
Vav 
2  
0
V0 sin  d  
 2
sin  d  
 2
V0

Ans. 2: (c)
Ans. 3: (c)
Solution: It’s a voltage doubler circuit
Peak value  2V p

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02 Electronics and Experimental Methods

4. Zener Diode, other diode

Q1. The figure below shows a voltage regulator utilizing a Zener diode of breakdown voltage
5 V and a positive triangular wave input of amplitude 10 V.
500 12
Vi 10
i 8

i(mA)
6
1K 4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t ( s)
For Vi > 5V, the Zener regulates the output voltage by channeling the excess current
through itself. Which of the following waveforms shows the current i passing through the
Zener diode?
12 12
10 10
i(mA)

8 8
6
i(mA)

(a) (b) 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t ( s) t ( s)
12 12
10 10
8 8
i(mA)
i(mA)

(c) 6 (d) 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t ( s) t ( s)

NET/JRF (DEC-2011)

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02 Electronics and Experimental Methods
Q2. Two identical Zener diodes are placed back to back in series and are connected to a
variable DC power supply. The best representation of the I-V characteristics of the circuit
is
I I

(a) (b)
V V

I I

(c) V (d) V

NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q3. If the reverse bias voltage of a silicon varactor is increased by a factor of 2 , the
corresponding transition capacitance
(a) Increases by a factor of 2 (b) Increases by a factor of 2
(c) Decreases by a factor of 2 (d) Decreases by a factor of 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2015)

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02 Electronics and Experimental Methods

4. Zener Diode, other diode (Solution)

Ans. 1: (a)
Solution: When zener is OFF zener current is zero when zener is ON zener current will flow.
Ans. 2: (d)
Ans. 3: (c)
1 CT V C V 1
Solution: CT     T   CT  CT
V CT V CT 2V 2
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02 Electronics and Experimental Methods

5. Basics of Transistors and DC Biasing

Q1. Consider the circuits shown in figures (a) and (b) below
2K 1K

10 K 10 K
10V 10V

10.7V 5V

(a) (b)

If the transistors in Figures (a) and (b) have current gain   dc  of 100 and 10

respectively, then they operate in the

(a) Active region and saturation region respectively
(b) Saturation region and active region respectively
(c) Saturation region in both cases
(d) Active region in both cases
NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)

Q2. A silicon transistor with built-in voltage 0.7 V is used in the

RC
circuit shown, with
V BB  9.7V , R B  300k, VCC  12V and RC  2k . Which of RB 
 
V CC
the following figures correctly represents the load line and V BB


quiescent Q point?

iC iC
   mA  
32 35 6 35
(a) 32 (b) 32
Q
30 Q
30
0 9.7 VCE V  0 12 VCE V 

iC iC
mA   A  
6 35 32 Q 35
(c) (d)
Q 32  32 
30  30 
0 12 VCE V 
0 9.7 VCE V 

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Q3. In the following circuit, the value of the common-
VCC 20.7 V
emitter forward current amplification factor  for
500 k R1 R2
the transistor is 100 and VBE is 0.7V . 5k
Ib Output
The base current I B is Input
(a) 40  A (b) 30  A Ik
(c) 44  A (d) 33  A
NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
Q4. A sinusoidal signal is an input to the following circuit
VCC

v R R
Input Vo
C
 0, 0  t C
R

Which of the following graphs best describes the output wave function?
V V
(a) (b)

 0, 0 t  0, 0 t

V V
(c) (d)
 0, 0 t  0, 0 t

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Physics by fiziks
02 Electronics and Experimental Methods

Q5. An npn -transistor is connected in a voltage divider configuration as shown in the figure
below.
20V

RC  5 k 
R1  80 k 
C
  50
B
R2  20 k  E
RE 1k 

If the resistor R2 is disconnected, the voltages VB at the base and VC at the collector
change as follows.
(a) both VB and VC increase (b) both VB and VC decrease

(c) VB decreases, but VC increases (d) VB increases, but VC decreases

NET/JRF (JUNE-2019)
Q6. In the circuit below the voltages VBB and VCC are kept fixed, the VCC
voltage measured at B is a constant, but that measured at A 9V
fluctuates between a few V to a few mV .
RC
From these measurements it may be inferred that the
B
(a) Base is open internally
VBB RB
(b) Emitter is open internally
3V A
(c) Collector resistor is open
(d) Base resistor is open

NET/JRF (DEC-2017)
Q7. In a collector feedback circuit shown in the figure below,
VCC  20.7 V
the base emitter voltage VBE  0.7V and current gain IC
IC 5k
  100 for the transistor 500 k
Output
IB
Input
The value of the base current I B is
IB
(a) 20  A (b) 40  A
(c) 10  A (d) 100  A
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Q8. The transistor in the given circuit has h fe  35 and VO
RL
hie  1000 . If the load resistance RL  1000 , the

voltage and current gain are, respectively. VI 
(a) 35 and 35 (b) 35 and 35

(c) 35 and 0.97 (d) 0.98 and 35

NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q9. In the n -channel JFET shown in figure below, Vi  2V , C  10 pF , VDD  16 V and

RD  2k  .

VDD
RD
D C
VO

Vi
G
S

If the drain D - source S saturation current I DSS is 10 mA and the pinch-off voltage VP

is 8V , then the voltage across points D and S is

(a) 11.125 V (b) 10.375 V (c) 5.75 V (d) 4.75 V

NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
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5. Basics of Transistors and DC Biasing (Solution)

Ans. 1: (b)
Solution: In both case input section is F.B.
10.7  0.7
For figure (a) I B   1 mA  I C  BI B  100 mA
10
Thus VCB  VC  VB  10  2 100   0.7  ve

 output section is F.B.

since both section are F.B. so it is in saturation region.
5  0.7
For Figure (b) I B   0.43 mA  I C  BI B  4.3 mA
10
Thus VCB  VC  VB  10  4.3  0.7)   ve

 out put section is R.B.

Thus it is in active region
Ans. 2: (b)
VBB  VBE 9.7  0.7 V 12
Solution: I B    30  A and I C , sat  CC   6mA
RB 300  10 3
RC 2  10 3
Ans. 3: (d)
Vcc  VBE 20.7  0.7 20 20 1000
Solution: I B      A  33.3 A
RB   RE 500  100 1 600 K 600
Ans. 4: (a)
Solution: In CE transistor output has phase charge of 
Ans. 5: (d)
VCC R2 VCC
Solution: VB   as R2 ,VB 
R1  R2 R1 / R2  1
VE
VE  VB  VBE and I E   IC .
RE

As VB ,VE  thus I E  I C 

VCC  VCC  I C RC , as I C ,VC 

Ans. 6: (d)

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Ans. 7: (a)
Solution: Apply K.V.L in input section
20V  BI B  5K  I B  500 K  0.7V  0

193
 IB   19.3  A
100  5K  500 K
Ans. 8: (a)
Ans. 9: (d)
Solution: VGSQ  VGG  2V
2
 V   2 
2

I DQ  I DSS 1  GS   10mA 1    5.63mA

 VP   8 

VDS  VDD  I D RD  16  5.63  z  4.8V

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6. Basics of Op-Amp and Adder Circuit

Q1. In the operational amplifier circuit below, the voltage at point A is
5V
1K A
1V 
1V 
1K
1K 5V

(a) 1.0V (b) 0.5V (c) 0V (d) 5.0V

NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q2. In the op-amp circuit shown in the figure below, the input voltage is 1V. The value of the
output V0 is
1K

1K
 1K Vo
Vi  1V

1K

(a) -0.33 V (b) -0.50 V (c) -1.00 V (d) -0.25 V

NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q3. In the circuit below, the input voltage Vi is 2V ,Vcc  16 V , R2  2k  and RL  10 k 

VCC




Vi  R1
R2 RL

The value of R1 required to deliver 10 mW of power across RL is

(a) 12k (b) 4k (c) 8k (d) 14 k

NET/JRF (DEC-2016)

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Q4. In the circuit given below, the thermistor has a resistance 3 k at 250 C . Its resistance

decreases by 150 per 0 C upon heating. The output voltage of the circuit at 300 C is
T

1V

1K
 Vout

(a) 3.75 V (b) 2.25 V (c) 2.25 V (d) 3.75 V

NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q5. Given the input voltage Vi , which of the following waveforms correctly represents the

output voltage V0 in the circuit shown below?

0.5 10 K

5K
Vi 0 t
Vi 
V0
0.5V 
5K 10 K
0.5
0

3.0 3.0
(a) 2.5 (b) 2.5
2.0 t V0 2.0
V0
1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0 t
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
0 0

3.0 3.0
(c) 2.5 (d) 2.5
2.0 2.0 t
V0 1.5 V0 1.5
1.0 t 1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.00
0
NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)

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Q6. An op-amp based voltage follower
(a) Is useful for converting a low impedance source into a high impedance source.
(b) Is useful for converting a high impedance source into a low impedance source.
(c) Has infinitely high closed loop output impedance
(d) Has infinitely high closed loop gain
NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q7. Consider the amplifier circuit comprising of the two op-amps A1 and A2 as shown in the
figure.
1M
R
 10 K

 r
A1  V0
A2

If the input ac signal source has an impedance of 50 k  , which of the following

statements is true?
(a) A1 is required in the circuit because the source impedance is much greater than r
(b) A1 is required in the circuit because the source impedance is much less than R
(c) A1 Can be eliminated from the circuit without affecting the overall gain
(d) A1 is required in the circuit if the output has to follow the phase of the input signal
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
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6. Basics of Op-Amp and Adder Circuit (Solution)

Ans. 1: (b)
1
Solution: V A   1  0.5V .
11
Ans. 2: (b)
RF Vin 1 11 1
Solution: V0     V  0.05 where R F   K and R1  1K .
R1 2 11 2
Ans. 3: (c)
0  vi vi  v0 v0  0 
Solution: Apply kCL ; I 2  I1  I L    Vo
R2 R1 RL 
Vi I1
v2 Vi
pL  0  10mW  v0  10V R1 RL
RL I2 R2
IL
0  2 2  10 10V
  
2 R1 10k
8
 1   R1  8 k 
R1
Ans. 4: (c)
Solution: At 300 C , Resistance  3000  150  5  2250 
RF 2250
 V0   vi   1  V0  2.25 volts
R1 1000
Ans. 5: (b)
 10  10 10
Solution: V0   1     0.5   Vi  V0  1  2Vi
 5  15 5
When Vi  0  V0  1V , when Vi  0.1V  V0  0.8 V , when Vi  0.5V  V0  0V

Ans. 6: (b)
Ans. 7: (a)
Solution: A1 is required in the circuit because the source impedance is much greater than r
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7. Op-Amp Integrator, Differentiator, Rectifier

Q1. In the op-amp circuit shown in the figure, Vi is a 0.01F

sinusoidal input signal of frequency 10 Hz and V0 is the
output signal. The magnitude of the gain and the phase
10 K
shift, respectively, close to the values 1K
Vi 
Vo
(a) 5 2 and  / 2 
(b) 5 2 and   / 2
(c) 10 and zero
(d) 10 and π
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q2. Consider the op-amp circuit shown in the figure. 1 F
If the input is a sinusoidal wave Vi  5 sin 1000t  , then the

amplitude of the output V0 is 1K

1K
Vi  Vo
5
(a) (b) 5 
2
5 2
(c) (d) 5 2
2
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q3. The gain of the circuit given below is 1/  RC .
C

R V
Vin 
a Vout
 b
V

ground
The modification in the circuit required to introduce a dc feedback is to add a resistor
(a) Between a and b
(b) Between positive terminal of the op-amp and ground
(c) In series with C
(d) Parallel to C
NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)

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Q4. In the following operational amplifier circuit Cin  10 nF , Rin  20 k , RF  200 k  and

CF  100 pF .

RF

CF

Ri Ci

Vin
Vout


The magnitude of the gain at a input signal frequency of 16 kHz is

(a) 67 (b) 0.15 (c) 0.3 (d) 3.5
NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q5. The input Vi to the following circuit is a square wave as shown in the following figure

Vi
T /2 T C R
 0, 0  t 
V


Which of the waveforms V0 best describes the output?

Vo Vo
T /2 T
(a)
 0, 0  t
(b)
 0, 0  T
T /2 t

Vo Vo
T /2 T T /2 T

(c)  0, 0  (d)  0, 0  t
t

NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)

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Q6. In the circuit shown below, the gain of the op-amp in the middle of its bandwidth is 105 .
A sinusoidal voltage with angular frequency   100 rad/s is applied to the input of the
op--amp.
R2  4 k 

C5F
vin 
R1  2 k  vout


The phase difference between the input and the output voltage is
(a) 5 / 4 (b) 3 / 4 (c)  / 2 (d) 
NET/JRF (JUNE-2020)
Q7. If the parameters y and x are related by y  log  x  , then the circuit that can be used to

produce an output voltage V0 varying linearly with x is

(a) y (b) y
 
Vo Vo
 

(c) (d)
y  y 
Vo Vo
 

NET/JRF (DEC-2015)

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Q8. The I -V characteristics of the diode D in the circuit below is given by
 kqVT 
I  I s  e B  1
 
 
where I s is the reverse saturation current, V is the voltage across the diode and T is the
absolute temperature.
D

R
Vin 
Vout


If the input voltage is Vin , then the output voltage Vout is

 qV  1  q Vin  I S R  
(a) I S R ln  in  1 (b) k B T ln  
 k BT  q  kBT 

1 V  1 V 
(c) k B T ln  in  1 (d)  k B T ln  in  1
q  IS R  q  IS R 
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7. Op-Amp Integrator, Differentiator, Rectifier (Solution)

Ans. 1: (d)
v0 X C RF v
Solution:   0  10
vin R1 R1  RF  vin

Ans. 2: (c)
vo X RF X C 10 3 1
Solution:   F , XF   where R F  1  10 3 , X C 
vin R1 RF  X C 1  j  j  10  10 6
3

vo 10 3 1 1 5 5 2
  3   vo  sin t  sin t
vin 2 10 2 2 2

Ans. 3: (d)
Ans. 4: (d)
1  1 
RF  /  RF  
Vo z RF  X CF J  cF  J  cF 
Solution:  F  
Vin zi Ri  X Ci  1 
 Ri  
 J  ci 

Vo  RF /  J  cF RF  1  RF j ci
  
Vin  jci Ri  1 / jci  jcF RF  1 1  j Ri ci 
Vo  ci RF
  ,   2 f
Vin 1   cF RF  1   Ri ci 
2 2


V0

 2 16 103 10 109  200 103 
Vln 1  4 2 16  103   200  103  100  1012  1  4 2 16  103   20 103  10 109 
2 2 2 2 2 2

V0 64
   4.45
Vln 2.4  20.12

Ans. 5: (b)
Solution: It’s a differentiator circuit
Ans. 6: (a)
v0  R2 v 4  103 4 4
Solution:   0      2e j / 4
vm R1  X C vm 2 103  1 22 j 4  4e  j / 4

j  100  5  106
v0
  2e j e j / 4  2e j 5 / 4
vm
5
 Input lags output by
4
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Ans. 7: (c)
Solution: (1) Integrator
(2) Logarithmic Ampere V0  log y 


(3) Anti-log V0  e y  x 
(4) Differentiator
Ans. 8: (c)
0   Vin 
Solution:  I  I R 
 I S eeVD / kBT  1   R
Vin V k T V 
 eeVD / kBT  1    eeVD / kBT  in  1  VD  B ln  in  1
IS R IS R e  IS R 
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8. Op-Amp Comparator, Filter, Oscillator

Q1. Band-pass and band-reject filters can be implemented by combining a low pass and a
high pass filter in series and in parallel, respectively. If the cut-off frequencies of the low
pass and high pass filters are  0LP and  0HP , respectively, the condition required to

implement the band-pass and band-reject filters are, respectively,

(a)  0HP   0LP and  0HP   0LP (b) 0HP  0LP and  0HP   0LP
(c)  0HP   0LP and 0HP  0LP (d)  0HP   0LP and 0HP  0LP

NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q2. The input to a lock-in amplifier has the form Vi t   Vi sin  t   i  where Vi ,  , i are the
amplitude, frequency and phase of the input signal respectively. This signal is multiplied
by a reference signal of the same frequency  , amplitude Vr and phase  r . If the
multiplied signal is fed to a low pass filter of cut-off frequency  , then the final output
signal is
 1 
ViVr cos i   r  (b) ViVr cos i   r   cos  t   i   r 
1
(a)
2  2 
 1 
(c) ViVr sin  i   r  (d) ViVr cos i   r   cos  t   i   r 
 2 
NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q3. Consider a Low Pass (LP) and a High Pass (HP) filter with cut-off frequencies f LP and
f HP , respectively, connected in series or in parallel configurations as shown in the
Figures A and B below.
(A) (B)

fHP
Input  L Output Input Output
fHP fLP
L
fLP

Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) For f HP  f LP , A acts as a Band Pass filter and B acts as a band Reject filter
(b) For f HP  f LP , A stops the signal from passing through and B passes the signal
without filtering
(c) For f HP  f LP , A acts as a Band Pass filter and B passes the signal without filtering
(d) For f HP  f LP , A passes the signal without filtering and B acts as a Band Reject filter
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02 Electronics and Experimental Methods
Q4. In the circuit diagram of a band pass filter shown below, R  10 k  .

R1 RF R1 RF

Input R Output
C1 C2
R

In order to get a lower cut-off frequency of 150 Hz and an upper cut-off frequency of

10kHz , the appropriate values of C1 and C2 respectively are

(a) 0.1  F and 1.5nF (b) 0.3  F and 5.0nF

(c) 1.5 nF and 0.1 F (d) 5.0 nF and 0.3 F

NET/JRF–(DEC-2019)

Q5. Two sinusoidal signals are sent to an analog multiplier of scale factor 1V 1 followed by a
V1  5cos 100t 
low pass filter (LPF).

LPF
Multiplier fC  5Hz
Vout

V2  20 cos 100t   / 3

If the roll-off frequency of the LPF is f c  5 Hz , the output voltage Vout is

(a) 5V (b) 25V (c) 100V (d) 50V

NET/JRF (DEC-2016)

Q6. Two signals A1 sin  t  and A2 cos t  are fed into the input and the reference channels,

respectively, of a lock-in amplifier. The amplitude of each signal is1 V . The time

constant of the lock-in amplifier is such that any signal of frequency larger than  is
filtered out. The output of the lock-in amplifier is
(a) 2 V (b) 1 V (c) 0.5 V (d) 0 V

NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)

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10 K
Q7. A time varying signal Vin is fed to an op-amp

circuit with output signal Vo as shown in the

1K
figure below. 
Vo
The circuit implements a V in 
1K 10 K
(a) High pass filter with cutoff frequency 10 K
1 F
16 Hz

(b) High pass filter with cutoff frequency

100 Hz

(c) Low pass filter with cutoff frequency 16 Hz

(d) Low pass filter with cutoff frequency 100 Hz

NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
Q8. An RC network produces a phase-shift of 30 o . How many such RC networks should be
cascaded together and connected to a Common Emitter amplifier so that the final circuit
behaves as an oscillator?
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 9 (d) 3
NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q9. A circuit constructed using op-amp, resistor R1  1 k  and capacitors C1  1  F and

C2  0.1  F is shown in the figure below.

This circuit will act as a
R1

C2
C1
Vi 
 Vo

(a) High pass filter

(b) Low pass filter
(c) Band pass filter
(d) Band reject filter
NET/JRF (JUNE-2019)

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Q10. The pressure of a gas in a vessel needs be maintained between 1.5 bar to 2.5 bar in an
experiment. The vessel is fitted with a pressure transducer that generates 4 mA to 20 mA
current for pressure in the range 1 bar to 5 bar. The current output of the transducer has a
linear dependence on the pressure. The reference voltages V1 and V2 in the comparators
in the circuit (shown in figure above) suitable for the desired operating conditions are
respectively
500


  Overpressure
V2 indicator

P


  Pressure
Ready
V1
(a) 2V and 10V (b) 2V and 5V (c) 3V and 10V (d) 3V and 5V
NET/JRF (June 2021)
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8. Op-Amp Comparator, Filter, Oscillator (Solution)

Ans. 1: (b)
Ans. 2: (a)

Solution: V  Vr sin  t   r   Vi sin  t   i  

Vi V r
cos i   r   cos2 t   i   r 
2
Vi V r
Output of low pass filter= cos i   r 
2
Ans. 3: (c)
Ans. 4: (a)
1
Solution: Lower cut –off frequency of H .P.F   10 Hz
2 RC1
1
 C1   0.1 F
2 10  103 10
1
Higher cut-off frequency of L.P.F   10 103 Hz
2 RC2
1
 C2   1.5 nF
2 10 103 10 4
Ans. 5: (b)
Solution: After multiplying
  1      
5cos 100t   20 cos 100t    1V 1  100  cos  200t    cos  
 3 2  3  3 

    1
 50 cos  200t    
  3  2
1
After pass L.P.F. v0  50   25V
2
Ans. 6: (d)
A1 A2
Solution: v  A1 sin t. A2 cos t  sin t  t   sin t  t  
2 
A1 A2
v sin 2t
2
This signal will be filtered out, so output is 0V .
Ans. 7: (c)
Solution: Since circuit has R and C combination, its a Low Pass filter and cutoff frequency
1
  16 Hz.
2RC

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Ans. 8: (a)
Solution: Total phase shift must be 0 or 3600. Common Emitter amplifier has phase change of
1800 so we need 6 RC network for next 1800 phase shift.
Ans. 9: (a)
R1 X C2
v0 Z R1  X C2 R1 1
Solution:  F   
vi Z1 X C1 R1 / X C2  1 1/ J C1

v0 R1 jC1 R1C1 e  j1 v R1C1 R1C1

   j 2
 0  
vi R1  jC2  1 1  R1  C2 e
2 2 2 vi 1  R1  C2
2 2 2
1/  2  R12C22

v0 v C
If   0,  0 and If   , 0  1
vi vi C2

Ans. 10: (d)

Solution: 4 mA to 20 mA current for pressure in the range 1 bar to 5 bar.
So 1 bar corresponds to 4 mA .
So 1.5 bar  6 mA  V1  6 mA  500  3.0 V

and 2.5 bar  10 mA  V2  10 mA  500  5.0 V

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9. Digital Electronics Basics and Combinational Ciruit

Q1. Let Y denote the output in the following logical Circuit.

A
G1
B

G2 Y
C
D

If Y  AB  C D , the gates G1 and G2 must, respectively, be

(a) OR and NAND (b) NOR and OR

(c) AND and NAND (d) NAND and OR
NET/JRF (JUNE-2019)
Q2. Which of the following gates can be used as a parity checker?
(a) an OR gate (b) a NOR gate
(c) an exclusive OR (XOR) gate (d) an AND gate
NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)

Q3. The Boolean equation Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC is to be implemented using only
two-input NAND gates. The minimum number of gates required is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
NET/JRF (JUNE-2020)

Q4. The truth table below gives the value Y  A, B, C  where A, B and C are binary variables.

The output Y can be represented by A B C Y

0 0 0 1
(a) Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC
0 0 1 0
(b) Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
(c) Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC
1 0 0 1
(d) Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

NET/JRF (DEC-2018)

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Q5. A 4-variable switching function is given by f   5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15  d 0, 1, 2  , where

d is the do-not-care-condition. The minimized form of f in sum of products (SOP) form

is

(a) A C  B D (b) AB  CD (c) AD  BC (d) B D  BD

NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q6. Consider the digital circuit shown below in which the input C is always high (1).
A
B Z

C
(high)
The truth table for the circuit can be written as
A B Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 1

The entries in the Z column (vertically) are

(a) 1010 (b) 0100 (c) 1111 (d) 1011
NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
Q7. The output, O, of the given circuit in cases I and II, where
Case I: A, B = 1; C, D = 0; E, F = 1 and G = 0
Case II: A, B = 0; C, D = 0: E, F = 0

and G = 1 
are respectively
C
(a) 1, 0 D
(b) 0, 1
(c) 0, 0
O
(d) 1, 1
E F
G
NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)

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Q8. The logic circuit shown in the figure below Implements the Boolean expression
A

HIGH y

(a) y  A  B (b) y  A  B (c) y  A  B (d) y  A  B

NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q9. In the figures below, X and Y are one bit inputs. The circuit which corresponds to a one
bit comparator is
X
X Y
Y
(a)
X Y

X Y

X
X Y

(b) X Y

Y X Y

X
X Y

X Y
(c)

Y X Y

X
X Y
Y
X Y
(d)
Y X Y NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)

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Q10. Four digital outputs V , P, T and H monitor the speed v , tyre pressure p , temperature t
and relative humidity h of a car. These outputs switch from 0 to 1 when the values of the
parameters exceed 85 km/hr, 2 bar, 40 0 C and 50%, respectively. A logic circuit that is
used to switch ON a lamp at the output E is shown below.
Which of the following condition will not switch the lamp ON?
V

P
E

(a) v  85km / hr , p  2 bar , t  40 0 C , h  50%

(b) v  85km / hr , p  2 bar , t  40 0 C , h  50%

(c) v  85km / hr , p  2 bar , t  40 0 C , h  50%

(d) v  85km / hr , p  2 bar , t  400 C , h  50%

NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q11. For the logic circuit shown in the below

X
B

A simplified equivalent circuit is A

(a) A (b) B
B X X
C
C

A A
(c) (d)
B B
X X
C C
NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)

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Q12. The door of an X -ray machine room is fitted with a sensor D ( 0 is open and 1 is
closed). It is also equipped with three fire sensors F1 , F2 and F3 (each is 0 when disabled
and 1 when enabled). The X -ray machine can operate only if the door is closed and at
least 2 fire sensors are enabled. The logic circuit to ensure that the machine can be
operated is
(a) F1
F2

F1 Y
F3

F2
F3
D
(b) F1
F2

F1 Y
F3

F2
F3
D
(c) F1
F2

F1 Y
F3

F2
F3 D

(d) F1
F2

F1 Y
F3

F2
F3 D

NET/JRF (June-2021)
Q13. A 2  4 decoder with an enable input can function as a
(a) 4  1 multiplexer (b) 1 4 demultiplexer
(c) 4  2 encoder (d) 4  2 priority encoder
NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)

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Q14. Which of the following circuits implements the Boolean function
F  A, B, C    1, 2, 4, 6  ?

C I0 C I0
(a) (b)
I1 4  1 I1 4  1

I MUX
2
F I MUX
2
F

I 3 S1 S0 I 3 S1 S0

A B A B
C I0 0 I0
(c) I1 4  1 (d) I1 4  1
1
I MUX
2
F I MUX
2
F

I 3 S1 S0 C I 3 S1 S0

A B A B

NET/JRF (DEC-2016)

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9. Digital Electronics Basics and Combinational Ciruit (Solution)

Ans. 1: (b)

    
Solution: 1. Y  A  B  C  D  A  B  C  D  AB  CD   
 
2. Y   A  B   C  D  AB  C D

     
3. Y  A  B  C  D  AB  C  D   A  B    C  D 

 
4. Y  AB  C  D  A  B  C D

Ans. 2: (c)
Ans. 3: (b)
Solution: Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC  Y  AB  C  C   AB  C  C 

 Y  AB  AB  Ex  OR 
Implementing Ex-OR Gate

A  
A AB

AB
Y

B
 
B AB

    B  AB   A  AB   B  AB  Y  A  A  B   B  A  B 
 Y  A AB

Y  AB  AB
So minimum 4 number of gates are required.
Ans. 4: (b)
Solution: Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC
Ans. 5: (d)

CD CD CD CD
AB    BD

AB 1 1 BD
AB 1 1

AB 1 1

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Ans. 6: (d)
Solution: Z  A.B  B  1
Ans. 7: (d)


Solution: O  AB  CD E  F G  
Ans. 8: (a)

Solution: Output of each Ex-OR gate is A and B . Thus y  A  B  A  B

Ans. 9: (c)
Solution: (a) 01  XY , 02  XY , 03  0

(b). 01  XY , 02  XY , 03  Y

(c) 01  XY , 02  XY , 03  XY  XY  X  Y (Equality comparator)

(d) 01  XY , 02  X  Y , 03  XY

Ans. 10: (d)

Ans. 11: (d)
Solution:

A A
A.B  A  B  AC
B X
B

C
C
ABC

X   A  B  AC  ABC  AC  ABC  ABC  AC  AB  A  B  C 

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Ans. 12: option (a), (b) and (d) are possible
Solution.:
F1 F2
(a) F1
F2
F1 F3 L Y
F1
F3
F2 F3
F2
F3
D
L  F1 F2  F1 F3  F2 F3 , D  1 , Y  L.D  L  D  F1 F2  F1 F3  F2 F3  1  F1 F2  F1 F3  F2 F3

F1 F2
(b) F1
F2
F1 F3 L Y
F1
F3

F2 F2 F3
F3
D
 
L  F1 F2  F1 F3  F2 F3 , D  1 , Y  L  D  LD  F1 F2  F1 F3  F2 F3 1  F1 F2  F1 F3  F2 F3

(c) F1 A
F2
B L Y
F1
F3
C
F2
F3 D


L  A  B  C , D  1 , Y  L.D  L  D  A  B  C  0  A  B  C 
     
Y  F1  F2  F1  F3  F2  F3  F1 F2  F1 F3  F2 F3

(d)
F1 A
F2

F1 B L Y
F3

F2 C
F3 D

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
L  A  B  C , D  1 Y  L.D  L  D  A  B  C  0  A  B  C 
    
Y  F1  F2  F1  F3  F2  F3  F1  F2    F  F  F  F 
1 3 2 3

 Y   F1  F2  F1  F3  F2  F3 

Ans. 13: (b)

Ans. 14: (b)
Solution:
A B C F
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 F C
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 F C
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 F C
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 F C

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10. Flip-Flop and their applications

Q1. Consider the following circuit, consisting of an RS flip-flop and two AND gates.

J 1 A S Q
CLK
K 2 B R Q

Which of the following connections will allow the entire circuit to act as a JK flip-flop?

(a) Connect Q to pin 1 and Q to pin 2

(b) Connect Q to pin 2 and Q to pin 1

(c) Connect Q to K input and Q to J input

(d) Connect Q to J input and Q to K input

NET/JRF (DEC-2018)
Q2. If one of the inputs of a J-K flip flop is high and the other is low, then the outputs Q and

(a) Oscillate between low and high in race around condition

(b) Toggle and the circuit acts like a T flip flop
(c) Are opposite to the inputs
(d) Follow the inputs and the circuit acts like an R  S flip flop
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)

Q3. In the following JK flip-flop circuit, J and K inputs are tied together to VCC . If the

input is a clock signal of frequency f , the frequency of the output Q is

VCC
I Q

Clock signal
K Q

f
(a) f (b) 2 f (c) 4 f (d)
2
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Q4. A counter consists of four flip-flops connected as shown in the figure:
A0 A1 A2 A3

J Q J Q J Q J Q
CLK
K Q K Q K Q K Q

If the counter is initialized as A0 A1 A2 A3  0110 , the state after the next clock pulse is

(a) 1000 (b) 0001 (c) 0011 (d) 1100

NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q5. The circuit below comprises of D -flip flops. The output is taken from Q3 , Q2,Q1 and Q0 as
shown in the figure.

LSB Q Q1 Q2 MSB Q
0 3

D Q D Q D Q D Q

CLR CLR CLR CLR

CLK

RST
the binary number given by the string Q3 , Q2,Q1Q0 changes for every clock pulse that is

applied to the CLK input. If the output is initialized at 0000 , the the corresponding
sequence of decimal numbers that repeats itself, is
(a) 3, 2,1, 0 (b) 1,3, 7,14,12,8
(c) 1,3, 7,15,12,14, 0 (d) 1,3, 7,15,14,12,8, 0
NET/JRF (DEC-2017)

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Q6. In the 3-bit register shown below, Q1 and Q3 are the least and the most significant bits of
the output, respectively.
Q3 Q2 Q1
Din  1
Q3 D3 Q2 D2 Q1 D1

CLK

If Q1 , Q2 and Q3 are set to zero initially, then the output after the arrival of the second
falling clock (CLK) edge is
(a) 001 (b) 100 (c) 011 (d) 110
NET/JRF (JUNE-2020)
Q7. The state diagram corresponding to the following circuit is

x D A
y
CLOCK

Flip Flop

00, 01,10 01,11

00 00,10 00,10
(a) 11 (b)
0 1 0 1

01,10,11 01,11

(c) (d)

00,11 00, 01,10

01,10 00,10 11 11
0 1 0 1

00,11 00, 01,10

NET/JRF (DEC-2015)

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Q8. In the following circuit the input voltage Vin is such that Vin  Vsat where Vsat is the

saturation voltage of the op-amp (Assume that the diode is an ideal one and RL C is much
larger than the duration of the measurement.)

Vin

12
 D
10
OPAMP
Vin  8
C RL Vout 6
4
2 t
1 2 3 4
Ground
For the input voltage as shown in the figure above the output voltage Vout is best
represented by
Vout
Vout
(a) (b) 12
12 10
10 8
8 6
6 4
4 2
2 t
t 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4

(c) Vout (d)

Vout
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2 t 2 t
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

NET/JRF (JUNE-2021)

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10. Flip-Flop and their applications

Ans. 1: (b)
Ans. 2: (d)
Ans. 3: (d)
Solution: It divides clock frequency by 2
Ans. 4: (b)
Solution:
A 0 0 A1 1 A 2 1 A 3 0

0 J Q J Q 0 J Q J Q
CLK
1 K Q K Q 0 1 K Q K Q
1 0 1

Ans. 5: (d)
Solution:

Clock Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
2 0 0 1 1 3
3 0 1 1 1 7
4 1 1 1 1 15
5 1 1 1 0 14
6 1 1 0 0 12
7 1 0 0 0 8
8 0 0 0 0 0

Ans. 6: (c)
Solution:
Q3 Q3 Q1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1  2

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Ans. 7: (d)
Solution: DA  xy  A

Input Present Flip-Flop Next State

x y State A Input DA A

0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
Ans. 8: (a)
Solution: It’s a peak detector circuit so options (a) is correct.

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11. Digital to Analog Converter

Q1. The full scale voltage of an n -bit Digital-to-Analog Convener is V . The resolution that
can be achieved in it is
V V V V
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 
2n  1  
2n  1 22 n n
NET/JRF (DEC-2017)
Q2. The full scale of a 3 -bit digital-to-analog (DAC) converter is 7V . Which of the following
tables represents the output voltage of this 3 -bit DAC for the given set of input bits?

Input bits Output voltage Input bits Output voltage

(a) 000 0 (b) 000 0
001 1 001 1.25
010 2 010 2.5
011 3 011 3.75

Input bits Output voltage Input bits Output voltage

000 1.25 000 1
(c) 001 2.5 (d) 001 2
010 3.75 010 3
011 5 011 4

NET/JRF (JUNE-2018)
Q3. The figure below shows a 2-bit
3V0 Coding
simultaneous analog-to-digital (A/D) C3 network
Analog 4 +
1st bit
converter operating in the voltage range 0 Input Read
V0
C2 Gates
to V0 . The output of the comparators are 2 + 2 nd bit
V0 Flipflops
C1 , C2 and C3 with the reference inputs C1
4
V0 / 4, V0 / 2 and 3V0 / 4 , respectively. The
logic expression for the output corresponding to the less significant bit is
(a) C1C2C3
(b) C2C3  C1
(c) C1C2  C3
(d) C2 C3  C2
NET/JRF–(DEC-2019)

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Q4. A signal of frequency 10 k Hz is being digitalized by an A/D converter. A possible
sampling time which can be used is
(a) 100  s (b) 40  s (c) 60  s (d) 200  s
NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
Q5. If the analog input to an 8-bit successive approximation ADC is increased from 1.0 V to
2.0 V, then the conversion time will
(a) Remain unchanged (b) Double
(c) Decrease to half its original value (d) Increase four times
NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
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11. Digital to Analog Converter (Solution)

Ans. 1: (a)
Ans. 2: (a)
Solution: (111)  7V ,  001  1V ,  010   2V ,  011  3V , 100   4V
Ans. 3: (c)
Solution: Least significant bit is  0,1 i.e. C1 will be selected and C2  0, C3  0

So output  C1C2  C3  C1  0  0  C1

Ans. 4: (b)
1 1
Solution: f S  2 f  TS    50 s  TS  50 s
2 f 20  103
Ans. 5: (a)
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12. Error Analysis

Q1. The standard deviation of the following set of data

10.0,10.0,9.9,9.9,9.8,9.9,9.9,9.9,9.8,9.9 is nearest to
(a) 0.10 (b) 0.07 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.04
NET/JRF (DEC-2018)
Q2. A student measures the displacement x from the equilibrium of a stretched spring and
reports it be 100  m with a 1% error. The spring constant k is known to be 10 N / m

1 2
with 0.5% error. The percentage error in the estimate of the potential energy V  kx
2
is
(a) 0.8% (b) 2.5% (c) 1.5% (d) 3.0 %

NET/JRF–(DEC-2019)
Q3. In an experiment to measure the acceleration due to gravity g using a simple pendulum,

the length and time period of the pendulum are measured to three significant figures. The
mean value of g and the uncertainty  g of the measurements are then estimated using a

calculator from a large number of measurements and found to be 9.82147 m / s 2 and

0.02357m / s 2 , respectively. Which of the following is the most accurate way of

presenting the experimentally determined value of g ?

(a) 9.82  0.02 m / s 2 (b) 9.8215  0.02 m / s 2

(c) 9.82147  0.02357 m / s 2 (d) 9.82  0.02357 m / s 2

NET/JRF (JUNE-2019)
Q4. In a measurement of the viscous drag force experienced by spherical particles in a liquid,

the force is found to be proportional to V 1 / 3 where V is the measured volume of each

particle. If V is measured to be 30 mm 3 , with an uncertainty of 2.7 mm 3 , the resulting

relative percentage uncertainty in the measured force is

(a) 2.08 (b) 0.09 (c) 6 (d) 3
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)

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 Pa 4
Q5. The viscosity  of a liquid is given by Poiseuille’s formula   . Assume that
8lV
l and V can be measured very accurately, but the pressure P has an rms error of 1% and
the radius a has an independent rms error of 3%. The rms error of the viscosity is closest
to
(a) 2% (b) 4% (c) 12% (d) 13%
NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q6. The decay constants f p of the heavy pseudo-scalar mesons, in the heavy quark limit, are

a
related to their masses m p by the relation f p  , where a is an empirical parameter
mp

to be determined. The values m p   6400  160  MeV and f p  180  15  MeV

correspond to uncorrelated measurements of a meson. The error on the estimate of a is

3 3 3 3
(a) 175  MeV  2 (b) 900  MeV  2 (c) 1200  MeV  2 (d) 2400  MeV  2

NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
Q7. The experimentally measured values of the variables x and y are 2.00  0.05 and
3.00  0.02 respectively. What is the error in the calculated value of z  3 y  2 x from the
measurements?
(a) 0.12 (b) 0.05 (c) 0.03 (d) 0.07
NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q8. Both the data points and a linear fit to the current vs voltage 1
of a resistor are shown in the graph below.
If the error in the slope is 1.255  103  1 , then the value of
I (amps)

resistance estimated from the graph is

(a)  0.04  0.8  

(b)  25.0  0.8  

0 V  volts  25
(c)  25  1.25  

(d)  25  0.0125  

NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)

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Q9. The resistance of a sample is measured as a function of temperature, and the data are
shown below.
T  0C 2 4 6 8

R  90 105 110 115

The slope of R vs T graph, using a linear least-squares fit to the data, will be
6 4 2 8
(a) 0
(b) 0
(c) 0
(d) 0
C C C C
NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
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12. Error Analysis (Solution)

Ans. 1: (b)
 xi  x 
2
Solution: x xi  x

10.0 0.1 0.01

10.0 0.1 0.01
9.9 0 0
9.9 0 0
9.8 0.1 0.01
9.9 0 0
9.9 0 0
9.9 0 0
9.8 0.1 0.01
9.9 0 0
99 0.04

where x 
 x  99  9.9
N 10
and standard deviation is

 x  x
2
0.04
 i
  0.066
N 1 9
   0.07
Ans. 2: (b)
1 2
Solution: Percentage error in potential energy V  kx
2
V K 2x
% % %
V K x
K x
Given %  0.5% and %  1%
K x
V
 %  0.5%  2 1%  2.5%
V

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Ans. 3: (a)
Solution: The measurement of the length and time period of the pendulum is done up to three
significant figures. Therefore the acceleration due to gravity value will be also up to three
significant figures i.e. 9.82 and error could be up to two decimal places.
 g  9.82  0.02m / s 2
Thus, correct option is (a)
Ans. 4: (b)
 F  2
2

Solution: The relative percentage uncertainty in the measure force is     2

 V  V F

 F 
F     V where  V is the uncertainty in the measurement of volume.
 V 
F 1 2 / 3
 F  V 1/3   V
V 3
1 1 1 1
F   V   2.7   2.7   2.7   F  0.09
3  30 3   900 3  9.7
2/3 2/3 1/ 3
3V

Ans. 5: (c)
Solution:   kPa 4

     
2

     p2     a2   a 4   p2   4 Pa 3   a2
2 2 2

 P   a 
n

 
2
  
2 2

  n 100    p 100   16  a 100   1  16  3  1  144  145
2 2

 n   p   a 

 
  n 100   12%
 n 
Ans. 6: (c)
Solution: a  f p m1/p 2
2 2
 a  2  a  2 a a f
 2
  f p     m p   m1/p 2 and  p1
 f p m p
 m p f p
a
   2m p2
1

f 2
  f
2 
2
 m 
2
  f    mp
2

2
2
  a2  m p 2f p   m2   p    p    a  a  p     
p a
4m p a  fp
2  2m p   f p 
  2m p
p
      

 a  f p m1/p 2  180 MeV  6400 MeV   180  80  MeV 

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  fp  m
2 2
  15  2 3
  160  2 4
      6.9  10 and  p
 2m p      1.56 10
 fp   180     2  6400 
 a  180  80  MeV   180  80   7 103   MeV 
1/ 2 1/ 2
 6.9 103  1.56 104 
3/ 2 3/ 2

  a  1204  MeV 
3/ 2

Ans. 7: (a)
Solution: z  3 y  2 x
2
 z   z 
2

     y2     x2  9 y2  4 x2  0.12
2

 y   x 
z

Ans. 8: (b)
I I 1 0 1
Solution: Slope  max min    m (let)
Vmax  Vmin 25  0 25
V 1 R 1
I   mV  R   25 where  2
R m m m
 R  2
2
1 2
Error in R is     m  4 m  R m
2 4 2

 m 
R
m
  R  R 2 m   25  1.255 103  0.8  R   25.0  0.8  
2

Ans. 9: (b)
Solution:
x  T  0C y  R  xy x2

2 90 180 4
4 105 420 16
6 110 660 36
8 115 920 64

 x  20  y  420  xy  2180 x 2
 120

 y  nc  m x  420  4c  m  20 (1)

 xy  c x  m x 2
 2180  20c  m  120 (2)
Multiply equation (i) by 5 and subtract from equation (2)
80  20  m
80
m 4
20
 Slope of R vs T graph is m  4 / 0 C
Thus, correct option is (b)
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13. Experimental Techniques

Q1. An ac signal of the type as shown in the figure, is applied across a resistor R  1 .
8

V(Volts)
3
0
2 t
The power dissipated across the resistor is
(a) 12.5W (b) 9W (c) 25 W (d) 21.5W
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q2. A Zener diode with an operating voltage of 10 V at 250 C has a positive temperature

coefficient of 0.07 % per 0 C of the operating voltage. The operating voltage of this

Zener diode at 1250 C is

(a) 12.0 V (b) 11.7 V (c) 10.7 V (d) 9.3 V
NET/JRF (DEC-2017)
Q3. The temperature variation of the resistivity of four materials are shown in the following
graphs.
Resistivity
Resistivity

A B

T1 T2 Temperature T1 T2 Temperature
Resistivity
Resistivity

C D

T1 T2 Temperature T1 T2 Temperature
The material that would make the most sensitive temperature sensor, when used at
temperatures between T1 and T2 , is
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
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Q4. Two voltmeters A and B with internal resistances 2 M  and 0.1k are used to
measure the voltage drops VA and VB , respectively, across the resistor R in the circuit
shown below.
100  R  100 

20V 150  200 

The ratio VA /VB is

(a) 0.58 (b) 1.73 (c) 1 (d) 2

NET/JRF (JUNE-2020)

Q5. The pins 0, 1, 2 and 3 of part A of a microcontroller are V CC

connected with resistors to drive an LED at various 
intensities as shown in the figure. For VCC = 4.2 V and a
A3
voltage drop of 1.2 V across the LED, the range 0 . 75 k
A2
(maximum current) and resolution (step size) of the C 1 .5 k
drive current are, respectively, A1
3k
(a) 4.0 mA and 1.0 mA A0
6k
(b) 15.0 mA and 1.0 mA
(c) 7.5 mA and 0.5 mA
(d) 4.0 mA and 0.5 mA
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q6. For optimal performance of an op-amp based current-to-voltage converter circuit, the
input and output impedance should be
(a) Low input impedance and high output impedance
(b) Low input impedance and low output impedance
(c) High input impedance and high output impedance
(d) High input impedance and low output impedance
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)

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Q7. The inner shield of a triaxial conductor is driven by an (ideal) op-amp follower circuit as
shown. The effective capacitance between the signal-carrying conductor and ground is

Signal




(a) unaffected (b) doubled (c) halved (d) made zero

NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q8. A sinusoidal signal of peak to peak amplitude 1V and unknown time period is input to

the following circuit for 5 second’s duration. If the counter measures a value  3E 8  H in

hexadecimal, then the time period of the input signal is

0.1  F
 10 bit
Vi  counter
1K 10 K

(a) 2.5 ms (b) 4 ms (c) 10 ms (d) 5 ms

NET/JRF (DEC-2015)
Q9. In the schematic figure given below, assume that the propagation delay of each logic gate
is tgate .

5 V

The propagation delay of the circuit will be maximum when the logic inputs A and B
make the transition
(a)  0,1  1,1 (b) 1,1   0,1 (c)  0, 0   1,1 (d)  0, 0    0,1
NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
Q10. A live music broadcast consists of a radio-wave of frequency 7 MHz, amplitude-
modulated by a microphone output consisting of signals with a maximum frequency of
10 kHz. The spectrum of modulated output will be zero outside the frequency band
(a) 7.00 MHz to 7.01 MHz (b) 6.99 MHz to 7.01 MHz
(c) 6.99 MHz to 7.00 MHz (d) 6.995 MHz to 7.005 MHz
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
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Q11. The amplitude of a carrier signal of frequency f 0 is sinusoidally modulated at a
frequency f   f 0 . Which of the following graphs best describes its power spectrum?

Power Power
(a) (b)

f f
(f0 - 3f ')
(f0 - 2f ')
(f0 - 4f')

(f0 + 2f ')

(f0 + 4f')
(f0 + 3f ')
(f0 + f ')

(f0 + f ')
(f0 - f ')
f0

(f0 - f ')
f0
Power Power
(c) (d)

f f
(f0 - 2f ')

(f0 + 2f ')
(f0 + f ')
(f0 - f ')
f0

(f0 + f ')
f0
NET/JRF (DEC-2018)
Q12. An LED operates at 1.5 V and 5 mA in forward bias. Assuming an 80% external
efficiency of the LED, how many photons are emitted per second?
(a) 5.0 x 1016 (b) 1.5 x 1016 (c) 0.8 x 1016 (d) 2.5 x 1016
NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q13. The power density of sunlight incident on a solar cell is 100 mW / cm 2 . Its short circuit

current density is 30 mA / cm 2 and the open circuit voltage is 0.7 V . If the fill factor of
the solar cell decreases from 0.8 to 0.5 then the percentage efficiency will decrease from
(a) 42.0 to 26.2 (b) 24.0 to 16.8 (c) 21.0 to 10.5 (d) 16.8 to 10.5
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
1
Q14. The sensitivity of a hot cathode pressure gauge is 10 mbar . If the ratio between the
numbers of the impinging charged particles to emitted electrons is 1:10 , then the
pressure
(a) 10 mbar (b) 101 mbar (c) 102 mbar (d) 102 mbar
NET/JRF (DEC-2017)

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Q15. In an experiment, the velocity of a non-relativistic neutron is determined by measuring
the time  ~ 50 ns  it takes to travel from the source to the detector kept at a distance L.

Assume that the error in the measurement of L is negligibly small. If we want to

estimate the kinetic energy T of the neutron to within 5% accuracy, i.e.,  T / T  0.05 ,

the maximum permissible error  T in measuring the time of flight is nearest to

(a) 1.75 ns (b) 0.75 ns (c) 2.25 ns (d) 1.25 ns

NET/JRF (JUNE-2021)

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13. Experimental Techniques (Solution)

Ans. 1: (d)
Vm
Solution: Peak value Vm  5V , Vms 
2
2
Vrms Vm2 25
Power dissipated Pac     12.5W
R 2 R 2 1

V 2  3
2

Pdc    9.0 W
R 1
Total Power dissipated P  Pac  Pdc  12.5W  9.0W  21.5W

Ans. 2: (c)
Solution: With increase of 1000 C , the voltage increases by  7% of operating voltage
 7 
Thus at 1250 C , the operating voltage is   10  10   V  10.7 V
 100 
Ans. 3: (c)
Solution: For the temperature sensor, the variation in the resistivity of material should be as
large as possible without any local maximum or minimum. Option (A) & (D) shows minimum
while in (B) gradient is very low in comparison to (C). Thus option (C) is the correct answer
Ans. 4: (b)
Solution: Let us draw Thevenin’s equivalent across point ab:
100  a R  100  RTh
a

 VTh
20V 150  200 

b b
a
VTh : 
100
20V 150
150 VTh   20  12V
250

b
100 a
RTh :
100 150
s.c. 150 RTh   60
250

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Equivalent Circuit:

60 a R  100 c
 

12V 200

Voltmeter is connected across point ac in parallel.

Case A: Voltmeter internal resistance is 2M  , so equivalent resistance across ac is
100  2M 
  100
100  2M 
100 10
So VA  12V  V
360 3
Case B: Voltmeter internal resistance is 0.1 k   100  , so equivalent resistance across ac is

100 100
  50 
100  100
50 600 60
So VB  12V  V V
310 310 31
VA 10 / 3 10 31
     1.72
VB 60 / 31 60 3
Ans. 5: (c)
A3 , A2 , A1 , A0
Solution: For Maximum current
0, 0, 0, 0
4.2  1.2 4.2  1.2 4.2  1.2 4.2  1.2
Thus, I max      7.5mA
0.75k 1.5k 3k 6k
A3 , A2 , A1 , A0 4.2  1.2
For Step size . Thus I 0   0.5mA
0, 0, 0, 1 6k
Ans. 6: (b)
Ans. 7: (a)
Ans. 8: (d)
Solution:  3E 8  H  3 162  14 16  8 1  1000 10

In 5 sec, number of counts is 1000 .

Then count per sec is  200 count/sec
1
So, T  sec  5ms
200
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Ans. 9: (d)
Solution:
Input Output
A B NOT OR AND OR
0 1 0 0 0 0
    3t
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1
    3t
0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 1 1
    t
1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1
    4t
0 1 0 0 0 0

Ans. 10: (b)

Solution: Spectrum consists of f c  f m and f c  f m .

Ans. 11: (b)

Solution: 2sin A cos B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 

C  t   A sin  2 ft  - Carrier wave

M  t   M cos  2 f 0t  -Modulation waveform

 M  t   Am cos  2 f 0t 
 M t  
Amplitude modulated wave y  t   1   C t 
 A 
Am Am
y  t   A sin  2 ft   sin  2  f  f 0    sin  2  f  f 0  
2 2
Ans. 12: (d)
i Pin i 5  103
Solution: Pin  ext hf , number of photon   ext  0.8  19
 2.5  1016
e hf e 1.6  10

Ans. 13: (d)

Solution: The efficiency of a solar cell is determined as the fraction of incident power which is
converted to electricity and is defined as
Voc I sc FF
 and Pmax  Voc I sc FF
Pin

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where Voc is the open circuit voltage, I sc is the short circuit current density , FF is the Fill

factor, Pin is the input power and  is the efficiency of the solar cell.

Given Pin  100 mW / cm 2 , I sc  30 mA / cm 2 , Voc  0.7 V

Let 1 is the efficiency of solar cell when FF  0.8

 0.7 V    30  103 A / cm2   0.8 16.8

 1  3
  1  0.168
100  10 W / cm 2
100
Let 2 is the efficiency of solar cell when FF  0.5

 0.7 V    30  103 A / cm2   0.5 10.5

 2  3
  2  0.105
100  10 W / cm 2
100
Thus efficiency decreases from 1  16.8% to 2  10.5%

Ans. 14: (c)

I  1 
Solution: Pressure, P    
I S

I
where  ratio between the number of the impinging charge particles to emitted electrons
I
S  Sensitivity of Gauge.

1 1 
 P  1 
 102 m bar
10  10 m bar 

Thus correct option is (c)

Ans. 15: (d)

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