1

CAE
Certificate in
Advanced English
Jupiter

Class Code: ETLP-CAE-J-SB001

1
 2

contents

Reading Task 1 3
English in Use Task 1 9
Listening Task 1 14
Reading Task 2 19
English in Use Task 2 26
Listening Task 2 29
Speaking Task 33
Writing Task 1 35
Reading Task 3 36
English in Use Task 3 44
Listening Task 3 51
Writing Task 2 54
Vocabulary List 55

2
 3

Reading Task 1
PART 1
Answer questions 1-18 by referring to the magazine article in which modern-
day artists talk about their work.

For questions 1-18, match the statements below with the list of artists A-F.
Some of the choices may be required more than once.

Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be put in any order.

Which artist says

he trained initially in an unrelated field. 1….

he has been an influential figure within the world of art. 2….
an artist's life is more demanding than he had expected. 3….
he does not want his works displayed in the conventional 4…. 5….
way.
he wishes to appeal to a wide variety of people. 6….
he feels that different art forms have become much less 7…. 8….
distinct from each other.
he combines artistic images which would normally seem 9….
incompatible.
he learned his craft in a very flexible environment. 10….
that practical experience is more important than formal 11….
training.
he has had problems in forging an identity for himself in 12…. 13….
the art world.
he takes his inspiration from seeing new places. 14….
new works of art are not always as original as everyone 15….
imagines.
that he is very concerned with the message his works 16…. 17…. 18….
convey.

A. Bedwyn B. Frances
C. O’Connor D. Pillin
E. Bader F. Matuka

3
 4

Conversations with Artists

A. Tom Bedwyn

A lot of artists limit themselves to business as usual. I'm not sure I have a regular
style. I'm often told that my work incorporates a lot of decoration - if so, that's
not conscious, as I always like to start from zero with my paintings, to create
something completely different. But I do have to work within certain limits, and
the most important of those is that we live in the age of reproduction. All sorts
of people know my art from magazines, catalogues or TV. That's all right with
me because I don't want them to go to a gallery. But one of the consequences is
that I want to create works that have nearly as strong an impact in a photograph
or a video as in real life. You see, I want my work to have street credibility, to
speak directly to people, so that it doesn't need the help of the white boxes -
the museums or galleries - to be appreciated.

B. Alan Frances

The greatest influence on my way of thinking as a painter came when I took part
in a famous exhibition called 'Freeze' when I was a student at college. That
college was a dream for creative people; it was the only place in the art world
that didn't stipulate which medium you had to work in. All the other schools
divided you into categories, such as sculpture and painting. Art practice isn't
confined by these old barriers and techniques any more. I don't think 'Freeze'
was ground-breaking in terms of the actual work, but there was a massive
energy around it. We weren't trying to attract the attention of the galleries - it
was more a case of 'we don't need them, we can do it anyway.

C. Marcus O'Connor

I didn't actually study art at college: I qualified in electronics: I qualified at an

evening class. I never enjoyed school, nor work, which I have always tried to
avoid, without success. In fact, I found my path in art a bit late - only eight years
ago. For me, art is just a job like any other that can be learned while you do it.
When I was small, I always thought I wouldn't want to do any work, and that art
should be like that. But now I'm really working. I don't have a minute, what with
galleries, gallery owners and interviews in different places. I consider the
geography of towns as a kind of library which you use for your own needs; you
go where you think you can feel good for a while. I go around different towns so
as to meet new people, breathe new air and get new ideas.

4
 5

D. Jan Pillin

I'm very flexible - I paint, create logos, design furniture and products and write
comics; but if pushed, I always say that I draw. Illustrators and cartoonists are
the only ones who have accepted me. Graphic designers say to me: What are
you doing? You're not a graphic designer, are you a painter?" The painters say:
Why don't you design furniture? Your furniture is really nice. And the furniture
designers say: "You should be doing comic books, that's your business.
I think my drawings are awful, but I have to say other artists have used my
work to develop their own. Mind you, they haven't copied any more than I have.
I'll keep on copying, allowing myself to be influenced by thousands of authors
and images. It's very positive when you're creating things. You can never start
from square one.

E. Henrik Bader

My work is all about building art into daily life. I would have a much more
comfortable life if I was a 'fine art artist; sitting in a studio in the countryside.
But I wanted to be involved in building in the city; I wanted to contribute to daily
life, with all its idiosyncrasies and difficulties. You see, I had a more practical
education than most, learning building construction at technical high school,
and went on to study art and architecture in Vienna in an environment of artists,
stage designers, painters and sculptors. I was constantly moving between the
fine arts and architecture - today you call it 'crossover, and actually the
demarcation is now less rigid.
I've worked for the advertising industry, for example, superimposing
advertising images onto photographs of buildings. Indeed, in whatever I do I
introduce a foreign element into a given situation, and, by transformation of
scale and meaning, it makes another, very clear statement. I need to make sure
that it's a statement which is getting through to people.

F. Billy Matuka

I'm always told I favour writing in my art, rather than images. In any painting
there is something which says: 'Look at me, please. So I said to myself: 'Instead
of painting the painting, I'm going to write "Look at me, please." The painting is
only a pretext to say something, so I might as well say it simply, with words on
the painting. Also, I wanted to establish my own territory, after an initial period
of not really knowing where I was going. Writing went well with my desire to tell
the truth. It's been said that art is a lie, but you have to find the truth somewhere.

5
 6

PART 2
For questions 19-24, you must choose which of the paragraphs A-G fit into the
numbered gaps in the following newspaper article. There is one extra
paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps.

Cormorants
Wherever there are fish there are likely to be cormorants.
But how does a bird that can live in the tropics also survive in the Arctic?

Cormorants are the most widespread and versatile of the world's seabirds. They
can be seen diving anywhere from the Arctic to the tropics. Anglers hate these
birds because of their voracious appetite for fish, but scientists, notably
biologists Sarah Wanless and David Gremillet, are fascinated by their
adaptability. How can a bird whose body does not seem specially adapted to the
cold spend the whole year in polar regions such as Greenland, where the air is
typically minus 25°C?

19 ______________________________________________________________

A new study by Wanless and Gremillet has recently shed some light on the
cormorant's ability to survive during the Arctic winter. But it took a lot of failed
experiments before they met with any success. They looked first for signs that
the bodies and wings of Arctic cormorants had adapted subtly to life in the cold.

20 ______________________________________________________________

Next, Wanless and Gremillet tested the hypothesis that Arctic cormorants would
obtain extra energy by eating more than their temperate counterparts. They
used electronic nest balances to record the birds' bodyweight before flying out
to fish and then on their return. Surprisingly, their calculations showed
cormorants ate no more in Greenland than in France. And their food
consumption turned out to be no more than that of other, better insulated
seabirds.

21 ______________________________________________________________

6
 7

These showed that, during the summer, they spend about two hours diving per
day in Normandy and only 40 minutes in Greenland. At last the research had hit
upon something interesting. Next they needed to get figures for the Arctic
winter. Wanless and Gremillet found the world's most northerly cormorant
colony 150 km above the Arctic Circle, where strong tidal currents preserve
some open water all year. They visited the colony in March, when there was
enough light to study the birds, but temperatures were still far below zero.

22 ______________________________________________________________

The conclusion is that cormorants survive in the high Arctic not by any physical
adaptation but by finding places where fish are extremely plentiful and feeding
so efficiently that they spend very little time exposed to the icy water.
Furthermore, Gremillet discovered that their main prey is a little spiny fish called
sculpin, which has no commercial value. Both these facts are relevant to the
debate in many parts of the world between naturalists and fishermen, about the
damage that growing cormorant numbers are doing to fish stocks.

23 ______________________________________________________________

The research does leave some biological questions unanswered, however. Arctic
cormorants may limit their diving to a few minutes, but how do they avoid
freezing solid when they emerge from the icy sea into winter air temperatures
far below zero?

24 ______________________________________________________________

How they avoid freezing, with their plumage affected in this way, is indeed a
mystery. More cormorant watching in extremely inhospitable conditions will be
required to come up with a convincing answer.

7
 8

A. They discovered that the cormorants spent most of the time asleep on an
icy cliff and flew out once a day to dive off the edge of the ice pack. The
birds needed just nine minutes on average to catch enough fish for the
day. This is an astonishing feeding rate, 30 times higher than anyone had
previously recorded for a seabird.

B. Gremillet observed that the Greenland birds always shake their wings
very vigorously as soon as they surface, to get rid of the water. But he also
realised that their body feathers must retain a lot of moisture since their
backs become partially waterlogged.

C. They demolish the popular belief that cormorants are a greedy nuisance,
eating far more than other fish-eating birds of similar size. The findings
also show that cormorants have a feeding strategy reminiscent of the
large carnivores such as snakes and big cats: they catch a vast amount of
prey in a very short time and then rest for long periods.

D. This aspect of their research proved fruitless. They found that cormorants
from the frozen Arctic and from the much warmer climes of France, birds
which belong to the same subspecies, are actually very similar in size and
weight. Nor was there any difference in the plumage: both regional
groups have very low volumes of insulating air trapped between their
feathers.

E. Wanless and Gremillet, therefore, concluded that European cormorants

would be particularly attracted to fish farms and artificially stocked lakes,
whereas the Arctic birds would be less suited to such convenient eating
places.

F. All the more surprising is that, whereas other polar mammals and seabirds
have evolved extra insulation-layers of fat or waterproof plumage to
protect themselves from the icy water, cormorants, birds with a high
energy requirement when diving in cold seas, have very little body
insulation and their plumage gets wet when they dive for fish.

G. The researchers concluded that cormorants must have another way of

compensating for their increased energy requirements while diving. To
investigate their fishing behaviour further, Wanless and Gremillet
attached miniature radio transmitters to the birds.

8
 9

English In Use- Task 1

For questions 1-15, read the text below and then decide which word best fits
each space. Put the letter you choose for each question in the correct box on
your answer sheet. The exercise begins with an example (0).

A BALLOONING CHALLENGE
For those people who go out in (0) A of adventure, a long-distance flight in a hot-
air balloon is a particularly exciting (1) _______. Indeed, a round-the-world
balloon trip is widely regarded as the (2) _______ challenge. One well-known
adventurer, David Hemplemann-Adams would not agree, however. Recently, he
became the first man to (3) _____ the North Pole in a hot-air balloon, a more
significant (4) _____ in his eyes. Given that the distance and altitudes (5) _____
are comparatively modest, you might wonder why the trip from Canada to the
Pole, should present such a challenge.
Part of the (6) _______ was that such a flight had not even been attempted for
over a century. In those days, such expeditions were huge events, with a nation's
pride (7) ______ on their success, and so resources were (8) ____ to them.
Although he eventually managed to secure a substantial sponsorship (9) ____
from an insurance company, Hemplemann-Adams had the added challenge of
having to (10) _____ sufficient funds for his trip.

Then, of course, he had to face major survival concerns, such as predicting the
weather (11) _____ and coping with the dangerously low temperatures. But
most challenging of all was the incredibly complex problem of navigation. As the
earth's magnetic field gets stronger, only the most (12) _____ of satellite-linked
navigation systems can (13) _____ that one has got to the Pole. Without them,
the chances of getting anywhere near it are extremely (14) ____. Not to mention
an even greater problem that (15) ____ on Hemplemann-Adams' mind: getting
back!

9
 10

0 A. search B. chase C. seek D. hunt

1 A. campaign B. prospect C. motion D. engagement

2 A. ultimate B. extreme C. utmost D. eventual

3 A. meet B. reach C. attain D. fulfil
4 A. recognition B. acquisition C. achievement D. realization

5 A. engaged B. regarded C. involved D. connected

6 A. appeal B. beauty C. charm D. allure
7 A. leaning B. resting C. waiting D. standing
8 A. commended B. confided C. confirmed D. committed
9 A. bargain B. purchased C. transaction D. deal
10 A. elevate B. lift C. raise D. build

11 A. tendencies B. conditions C. circumstances D. elements

12 A. sophisticated B. refined C. cultured D. educated

13 A. approve B. confirm C. reinforce D. support

14 A. thin B. slight C. slim D. tight

15 A. pushed B. stressed C. pressed D. weighed

10
 11

For questions 16-30, complete the following article by writing each missing
word in the correct box. Use only one word for each space. The exercise begins
with an example (0).

CAN HONEY HEAL?

Peter Molan, a doctor from New Zealand, is a specialist (0) in stomach disorders.
He offers his patients a simple, but effective alternative (16) ________ taking
medicine: honey. Dr Molan claims the active component in honey is an
antibacterial agent called UMF. There is some doubt in the medical world (17)
_________ to whether UMF can destroy bacteria completely, (18) __________
research clearly shows that people with stomach problems experience some
relief soon (19_________ taking honey.

Is this yet (20) __________ case of science simply giving credibility to (21)
__________ we have always known? After all, it is common knowledge (22)
_________ soothing hot water laced with honey and lemon can be for sore-
throat sufferers. In accepting the beneficial effects of honey, however, a
(23)__________ reservations should be borne in mind. Firstly, the popular belief
that honey is healthier than sugar isn't entirely well-founded. (24) __________
all foods, honey can be healthy (25)____________ eaten in moderation, but may
also have some downsides. Honey contains the (26)_________ number of
calories as other types of sugar, and it can cause blood-sugar levels to rise
quickly. Secondly, eating (27) __________ much honey on an empty stomach
can cause discomfort. That is (28) ___________ it's best to line the stomach with
some fibre first, for example by following a main meal (29) ___________ a
dessert that incorporates honey. Thirdly, under (30) ____________
circumstances should a baby's dummy be dipped in honey before the baby sucks
it, as this is just as likely to cause tooth decay as any other sugary treat.

11
 12

For questions 31-43, read the following formal extract from a book on careers
and use the information to complete the numbered gaps in the informal leaflet
aimed at students. Use no more than two words for each gap. The words you
need do not occur in the leaflet. The exercise begins with an example (0).
Many parents try to discourage their offspring from embarking on a career in
the music business. They feel that the music industry is not the glamorous one
that young people imagine it to be, and that the chances of their son or
daughter becoming a highly-paid star are extremely slim. Although this is quite
correct, good opportunities do exist for young people in the music industry,
particularly for those who place greater value on job satisfaction than on
salary levels.

Naturally, there are opportunities for those who have studied an instrument,
but many jobs in the industry do not require either technical ability or
performing skills. There are many openings, for example, in publishing, retail
and in recording studios where what is required is a lively interest in music and
a good level of background knowledge. A degree in a relevant subject, whilst
not absolutely essential, can also be useful, and courses specifically designed
to meet the needs of the music industry are now available.

LEAFLET FOR STUDENTS

If you're dreaming of a career in the music industry, don't be (0) put off. by
parents who say it's not as glamorous as (31)_______ , or that it won't
(32)_________ a fortune. They're probably (33) ________ one thing though:
you're (34) __________to become a star. But if job satisfaction (35) _________
to you than pay, then music could actually be a good choice. And you don't have
(36) __________ how to play an instrument either. There are many other
branches of the industry, (37) _________ recording studios, publishers it comes
to the music business. Although you don't actually need to and record shops,
where they are (38) __________ people who are really (39)_________music and
who know what they're (40) __________ about when it comes to the music
business. Although you don’t actually need to (41) _________ a particular
subject at university, a relevant degree (42) _________ , and some courses are
now on (43) _________ with aspects of the music industry in mind.

12
 13

In most lines of the following text, there is either a spelling mistake or a

punctuation error. For each numbered line 44-59, write the correctly-spelled
word or show the correct punctuation. Some lines are correct. Indicate these
with a tick (✓). The exercise begins with three examples (0), (00) and (000).

Table for Two

0 colleague Most Friday nights, I go out to dinner with a colleage in London.
00 we’re Were both journalists, working for different organisations, and
000 ✓ we enjoy catching up on each other’s news and office gossip.

44 Entering, our favourite restaurant last Friday, we noticed that it

45 had been redecarated and the table layout had been changed
46 ‘Under New Ownership said the sign in the doorway. We were
47 shown a tiny cramped table in the middle of a row of other such
48 tables at which other couples’ were either smoking or sitting in
49 unwelcoming silence. Noticeing that several larger tables were
empty,
50 I said that we’d prefer to sit at one of them. ‘Ah but that’s a table
51 for four,’ replied the waiter ‘But there’s nobody sitting at it.’ I
52 reasoned , ‘and you do have other free tables should a group of
four
53 arrive.’ He looked at me with obvious simpathy and said: ‘I’m sorry,
54 its the rule.’ I was angry. I told him that the restaurant should be
run
55 for the convenience of the diners, not the managment and we
walked
56 out. At the restaurant, my friend took charge. ‘A table for three,
57 Please,’ she said to the waiter. ‘Our friend has been delayed and will
58 be joining us later.’ We were shown too a table for four and
enjoyed
59 a lovelly private meal and chat. Strangely, our friend never did turn
up.

13
 14

Listening Task 1
Part 1:
1. How do you think these things reflect our personality? (Give examples.)
• the job we choose
• the subject(s) we choose to study
• our free-time interests
• the clothes we wear
• the friends we choose
• the place where we choose to live

2. Choose one of the things above and spend a few minutes preparing a
two-minute talk on how it reflects your personality.

3. While you are listening to your partners, think of one or two questions
to ask them when they finish.

4. The photos show people with interesting or unusual occupations.

I. Look at the list of occupations (A- H) and match each
occupation with one of the photos.
II. What do you think attracts people to these occupations?
III. Which do you think is easiest and which is the most difficult to
learn?

1. 2. 3.

14
 15

4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

5. You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about a
member of their family who they admire. Which of these phrases would
you associate with each job?
(You can associate some of the phrases with more than one job.)
• a few of his/her recordings
• complete dedication to his/her craft
• perform a new trick
• his/her underwater adventures
• out in all weathers
• the first person to set foot in a place
• what it would be like tomorrow
• digging at some excavation or other
Now think of one more phrase you might associate with each job?

15
 16

Task One
For questions 1-5, choose from the list A-H the person who each speaker is
talking about.

A. a deep-sea diver Speaker 1 1

B. a fisherman/
fisherwoman
C. a glass-blower Speaker 2 2
D. a magician Speaker 3 3
E. a musician
F. a weather forecaster Speaker 4 4
G. an archaeologist
H. an explorer Speaker 5 5

Task Two
For questions 6-10, choose from the list A-H the quality the speaker admires
about the person.

A. a positive outlook on Speaker 1 6

life
B. ability to anticipate
problems
C. an enquiring mind Speaker 2 7
D. attention to detail Speaker 3 8
E. calmness under
pressure
F. readiness to explain Speaker 4 9
things
G. kindness to children
H. originality and Speaker 5 10
inventiveness

16
 17

Part 2
1. You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about pop
stars miming or 'lip-synching' While you listen, complete tasks 1 and 2
below. The tip box will help you.

Task One
For questions 1-5, choose from the list A-H what each speaker feels about the
music industry today.

A. The only thing that matters nowadays is Speaker 1 1

talent.
B. The industry creates music that follows
what's fashionable.
C. Tickets for live shows should be offered Speaker 2 2
to fans first.
D. The industry's too concerned about what Speaker 3 3
artists look like.
E. It's not only professionals who can
perform well.
F. It's a pity that a lot of talent is going to Speaker 4 4
waste.
G. It's not always easy to obtain tickets for
live concerts.
H. Many singers are second-rate live Speaker 5 5
performers.

17
 18

Task Two
For questions 6-10, choose from the list A-H each speaker's attitude towards
artists lip-synching.

A. It would be unwise for some performers Speaker 1 6

not to lip-synch.
B. No professional musician should need to
lip-synch.
C. Most singers who lip-synch simply look Speaker 2 7
awkward.
D. It's better to watch a recorded Speaker 3 8
performance than artists lip-synching.
E. The press should give more coverage to
the fact that artists lip-synch.
F. Lip-synching is acceptable if you know it's Speaker 4 9
going to happen.
G. Lyrics aren't important any more so it
doesn't matter if artists lip-synch.
H. If artists lip-synch, this is an insult to the Speaker 5 10
audience.

2. Do you think artists should ever lip-synch?

18
 19

Reading Task 2
PART 1
Read the following newspaper article about clothes and answer questions 1-5.
On your answer sheet, indicate the letter A, B, C or D against the number of
each question, 23-27. Give only one answer to each question.

Dress Down
A London-based investment banker examines a growing trend in the city's
financial institutions.

Working as a manager in the head office of a bank, as I do, clothes can be a

recurring nightmare. In New York, where I worked for a time last summer, you
have to brave the sticky heat every time you venture outside, yet freeze once
you arrive in a meeting with the air-conditioner turned up full blast. I struggled
to know what to wear. The problem was compounded by the office dress code
for the months of July and August, which was 'dress-down'.

The dress-down phenomenon seems to have originated in places where staff

work through the oppressive heat of summer whilst their families take refuge at
the coast or in the hills. Dress-down, restricted to Fridays, allowed staff to head
straight for their out-of-town retreats on Friday evenings without going home
to change. But in New York it has now become a week-round state of affairs.
This move may have been born out of consideration; to allow people on Wall
Street to commute to work in the heat in something more comfortable than a
suit, but the effect is less benign.

For me, dress-down is a nuisance for two reasons. The first is that it actually
requires a whole new wardrobe. For my male colleagues in the US, it seemed to
mean a switch from one uniform (single breasted suits, silk ties) to another
(designer shirts, chinos and blazers). I basically only own two types of clothes;
suits for working in and truly casual gear for relaxing weekends in the
countryside.

Returning to London, I was therefore rather disconcerted to discover that my

employers had instituted summer dress-down. Here too, though its relevance
to the climate is far from immediately apparent. Initially, I tried to sidestep it by
simply turning up in my suit as usual, but my staff complained that they then felt
pressured into doing the same. So, I found myself having to buy 'smart casual'
clothes specifically to wear to work; a ridiculous expense.
19
 20

Even more irritating is the fact that I'm still obliged to have a suit hanging up in
my office in case I'm suddenly called to a meeting on our conference floor,
where dress-down is banned lest a client should witness it. One of my colleagues
started to accumulate more and more very smart suits in her office, explaining
that she was having her flat renovated and that the in-office wardrobe was a
necessity as she was staying at a different friend's place each night. We weren't
convinced.

For the other great inconvenience of dress-down for the staff is that it makes it
easier than ever to spot when colleagues are going to job interviews. For the
rest of the year, it is easy enough to arrange these during the working week, but
in the summer when dress-down rules, it's a dead giveaway to arrive in overly
smart clothes and then pop out for a 'dental appointment'. I would normally
applaud this state of affairs, as a substantial part of my time is spent trying to
prevent valued employees from moving elsewhere, and any clues about their
intentions are helpful and allow me to nip things in the bud.

However, the clothes hanging in my office are now finding a second use. I have
suddenly become the target for several 'headhunters', people employed by
other companies to try and tempt employees away with offers of better pay and
conditions. The headhunters that I retain on behalf of the bank are, of course,
not allowed to approach me. But others are, and have. Until recently, I ignored
these calls. I've barely had time to go to the hairdressers between overseas trips,
let alone attend a job interview. However, as the financial rewards proffered
have reached breathtaking amounts, I've been forced to take an interest.

The only problem with this is that I have just the one suit at the office. As a series
of impromptu interviews with one prospective employer progresses, I'm having
to bring in additional clothes. I can hardly present myself as a highly-paid
investment banker, requiring a vast salary, if they only ever see me in one suit.
At this rate, I shall have to tell my staff that I, too, have decided to have my flat
done up. I just hope that none of them offers me the use of their spare room.

20
 21

1. According to the writer, 'dress-down' in New York began as a way of

a. discouraging staff from taking summer holidays.

b. showing concern for staff who lived out of town.
c. rewarding those employees willing to work in the heat.
d. making life easier for staff in the summer months.

2. What was the writer's first reaction to the idea of 'dress-down' in her
London office?

a. She attempted to ignore it.

b. She argued against it.
c. She recognised the need for it.
d. She urged her staff to adopt it.

3. The aspect of 'dress-down' that most annoys the writer is the fact that

a. her clients find it embarrassing.

b. not everyone has to conform to it.
c. it does not apply on all occasions.
d. the clothes themselves do not suit her.

4. In which aspect of her work does the writer find 'dress-down' an

advantage?

a. recruiting new members of staff

b. monitoring the honesty of her staff
c. providing her staff with feedback
d. ensuring that her staff remain loyal

5. Why did the writer not respond immediately to the 'headhunters'?

a. She knew they would increase their offer.

b. She had a hectic schedule to contend with.
c. She felt it was wrong to deal with them.
d. She was concerned about her appearance.

21
 22

PART 2

Answer questions 6-22 by referring to the magazine article, in which various

dancers talk about their careers.

For questions 6-22, choose from the list of dancers A-E below.
Some of the choices maybe required more than once.
Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any
order.

Which dancer

was given an opportunity to excel in a related field? 6…

initially lacked self-confidence about something she was invited to 7…
do?
made a career move at an unfortunate time? 8… 9…
has a leisure pursuit related to her work? 10…
was physically tired by a hectic dancing schedule? 11…
had to be very adaptable on one occasion? 12…
has qualities in his/her dancing which suit a particular form of 13…
ballet?
was held back by minor health problems at one point? 14…
attended a class where the students were expected to take 15…
control?
admits his/her career has profited indirectly from the misfortunes 16…
of others?
sensed that some people resented his/her rapid rise to 17…
prominence?
was used to having to prove himself/herself to his peers? 18…
benefited from a well-established tradition? 19…
needed some time away from ballet to think about his/her future? 20…
seemed physically well-suited to a future ballet career? 21…
had difficulty in fitting his/her dancing into a busy life? 22…

A. Yosvani Ramos
B. Jaimie Tapper
C. Deirdre Chapman
D. Veronika Part
E. Maria Kowroski

22
 23

Ballet Stars
A.
'I can't ever imagine not dancing,' says Cuban-born Yosvani Ramos. 'But I don't
have much memory of dancing when I was small. Apparently my mother
reckoned I was supple and agile, so she took me to audition for the Cuban state
ballet school.' There, after tests for musicality, flexibility and potential, he was
awarded a place. 'Being in our school was like being in a ballet company and we
got used to being on stage from an early age. Performing in front of an audience
was part of our training. Therefore it never seemed scary to go in for
competitions. Every day after class, all the boy students would stay on and
compete against each other performing turns and jumps. It was always fun, so I
never got nervous in front of others.’

Yosvani is currently a soloist with a London based ballet company. It's been hard
work dancing on the London stages for the first time. You have to concentrate
so much harder, since you are so close to the audiences. It takes a lot out of you.
Mind you, it doesn't stop me from going out on Saturday nights; I like nothing
more than a spot of clubbing!’

B.
Canadian Jaimie Tapper danced with the National Ballet of Canada before
accepting a position with London's Royal Ballet. As a young girl, she took classes
in ballet, tap and jazz before getting a place with the National Ballet School. This
meant leaving her home at the age of twelve. After two years away, she became
homesick and decided to take a year off. 'I wasn't really serious about ballet
then,' she says, 'and I guess I wanted some freedom and space so that I could
reflect on my life. I went back to high school, led a normal teenage life, and took
casual dance classes. By the end of the year, I realised that I really did want to
be a dancer. So my return to the Ballet School was without any pressure and
entirely my own decision.’

Now in London, Tapper has toughened up and shows no signs of missing her
home. 'When I joined the Royal Ballet, the casting had already been done for the
season, so the beginning was painfully slow, and there was nothing for me until
the Nutcracker ballet. All the waiting around was really quite tiresome. But since
then, I have been lucky if you can say that - in that I have had the opportunity to
dance many roles following injuries to other dancers. In fact, nothing I've done
this year was on the original published casting.’

23
 24

C.
American Deirdre Chapman was born into a dancing family, her mother being a
teacher in a dance school. So much of her early life was spent in dancing shoes.
'I particularly remember the workshops we had on Saturdays when I was nine.
We would be divided into small groups, and the custom was, whoever was
inspired in the class that day would set some steps for the others to follow. The
classes certainly made you think about how you wanted to move."

At school, however, Deirdre was less enthusiastic about sports, and though
chosen for the volleyball team, a sport at which she might have shone, decided
that she'd rather be in a production of the Nutcracker. So she quit. 'But the
school was very accommodating about my dancing,' she points out.

Deirdre got her big break with the Rambert Dance Company. 'I had been pretty
much doing straight classical work since I was thirteen, but, as I was the right
height and learned fast, thrown into doing contemporary ballet instead. It's a
good job I'm flexible! Mind you, when I started it, the contemporary dance
moves I learned in my childhood did start coming back to me fairly easily. I
suppose I have that type of movement and flow that contemporary
choreographers want to see.’

D.
Veronika Part is one of the stars of the Russian Kirov Ballet, although had she
pursued her childhood speciality, she would probably have ended up in the
Olympics as a rhythmic gymnast. She had many successes in this field, but her
parents insisted on enrolling her at the local bailet studio. I found doing two
physical activities at the same time wasn't ideal and preferred gymnastics. Also
I was prone to colds and missed classes, so wouldn't have been too sad if I'd
been chucked out!' she admits. 'But I eventually caught up.’

Veronika's first tour with the Kirov ballet was to Turin. On the opening night she
was cast in the leading role in Swan Lake. It has long been a Kirov custom to give
an up-and-coming dancer an opportunity to star in the first night's performance.
I knew I could cope, but all the same, I was really nervous and excited,' she
relates; 'it was a great honour.’

24
 25

Another honour was bestowed on her when she was selected for the role of the
Lilac Fairy in Sleeping Beauty. I don't know why I was chosen,' she says modestly,
'but it was really wonderful to be entrusted with the role. It was a big experience
for me, even though I'd done a few lead roles before, and a chance for me to
show myself as an actress.'

Last year in New York, she distinguished herself when she not only performed
an afternoon matinee of Sleeping Beauty, but then danced Apollo for the
evening programme the very same day. It felt so strange to me to be jumping
the centuries and styles,' she says.

E.
Maria Kowroski is Principal Dancer in the New York City Ballet, and she's only
22. She became an apprentice at NYCB after a talent spotter saw her dancing in
a school concert. 'I had to do did - all the verything a first-year at the Ballet and
performances every night - as well as trying to finish my final year of high school,
so the timing was far from ideal. In fact, I very nearly missed getting my diploma
as I had a rehearsal at the same time as the awards ceremony. Then, while I was
still an apprentice, three of our dancers went on maternity leave within a short
time of each other, and I found myself doing the work of older members. I felt
some hostility, especially when I was asked to learn the Siren's role in Prodigal
Son. There were four of us learning it so I tucked myself away in the back, at the
auditions, wondering what I was doing there. The next day I was shocked to
learn that I'd got the part, and I was in dreamland!'

More recently she was given the lead role in Swan Lake. 'The only thing was that
the shows were twice daily, so my body was a little weary by the end!' she says.

25
 26

English In Use- Task 2

For questions 1-6, read the following text and then choose from the list A-I
given below the best phrase to fill each of the spaces. Each correct phrase may
only be used once. Some of the suggested answers do not fit at all.

The History of @
The universal symbol of Internet era communications, the @ sign used in e-mail
addresses to signify the word 'at', is actually a 500-year-old invention of Italian
merchants, a Rome academic has revealed. Giorgio Stabile, a science professor
at La Sapienza University, claims (1) __________of the symbol's use, as an
indication of a measure of weight or volume.. He says the sign represents an
amphora, a measure of capacity based on the terracotta jars used
(2)__________ in the ancient Mediterranean world.
The professor unearthed the ancient symbol in the course of research for
a visual history of the 20th century,(3) __________. The first known instance of
its use, he says, occurred in a letter written by a Florentine merchant on May 4,
1536. He says the sign made its way along trade routes to northern Europe,
where it came (4) __________, its contemporary accountancy meaning.
Professor Stabile believes that Italian banks may possess even earlier
documents bearing the symbol lying forgotten in their archives. "The oldest
example could be of great value. It could be used for publicity purposes and
(5)__________ ,' he says. The race is on between the mercantile world and the
banking world (6) ___________.

A. to describe the now omnipresent squiggle

B. to represent 'at the price of'
C. to see who has the oldest documentation of @
D. to transport grain and liquid
E. to save space and work
F. to be published by the Treccani Encyclopedia
G. to learn how popular it has become
H. to have stumbled on the earliest known example
I. to enhance the prestige of the institution that owned it

26
 27

For questions 7-21 , complete the following article by writing each missing word
in the correct box on your answer sheet. Use only one word for each space. The
exercise begins with an example (0).
Time Flies
Does your birthday seem to come (0) around faster each year? The common
perception that time flies as you get older was first noted by the psychologist
William James in the nineteenth century. More recently, scientists in London set
(7)__________ to investigate the extent to (8) ___________ age has an effect
(9) __________ the way that time is perceived.

Researchers asked people, divided (10) _________ three age groups, to say how
long ago they thought certain major public events had happened. The result
(11)____________ that people in the 19-21 age group thought that the events
had occurred more recently (12) ____________ they actually had, while the over
60s dated events too far back. The middle-aged group were the most accurate.

These results show that our perception of time really (13) __________ depend
on age, although no one quite knows (14) ____________ this should be. One
possible explanation is (15) __________ as we get older, we accumulate
memories for events (16) __________ as birthdays and holidays. These regular
events, occurring at the same time each year, act as mental markers, increasing
the impression (17) __________ time passing more quickly. Another possible
explanation is that we perceive time in relation (18) ________ our own age.
When you are four, a year is a quarter of your life, (19) ___________ it's only a
fortieth for a forty year old.

(20) __________ the real explanation may be, one thing is certain. We should
take time out to enjoy ourselves while we're young, because it speeds
(21)__________ as we get older.

27
 28

In most lines of the following text, there is either a spelling mistake or a

punctuation error. For each numbered line 22-46, write the correctly-spelled
word or show the correct punctuation. Some lines are correct. Indicate these
with a tick (✓). The exercise begins with three examples (0), (00) and (000).

Gossip
0 find that If you listen to the people around you in a café, you will find, that
00 their around two-thirds of there conversation is taken up with 'gossip'.
000 ✓ They talk about who is doing what with whom, and why certain

22 people have pleased them and others not. You may come across an
23 intense exchange about work or a book, that someone has just
24 read. But such a conversation will soon drift away returning
25 to the intense interest in each others doings which characterises

26 the social life of humans. Close analisis of conversation groups

27 reveals a further patern. Gossip seems to require a small
28 number of participants, usually two or three. If other individuals

29 try to join the group, things start to go wrong. The speaker

30 and listener's try to involve the newcomers, but it becomes

31 impossible to retain the attention of everyone, The group
32 becomes unstable and brakes up into smaller, rival conversation

33 groups. Gossip allows us, to interact more efficiently with

34 other people. By means of gossip, we can keep track of what is

35 happening among the members of our comunity, to bond with
36
others throught smiling and laughing. Far from being a trivial

37 activity, gossip is an essencial part of being human.

28
 29

Listening Task 2
Part 1:

1. You will hear three extracts where people talk about speed. Extract One
is about trains in the 19th century.

Exam advice

• Read both questions carefully, underlining the main ideas before you
listen.
• Listen to the whole piece before choosing your answer.
• Listen carefully the second time to check your answer.

2. Now listen to Extract One. For questions 1 and 2 choose the answer (A, B
or C) which fits best according to what you hear.

Extract One

You will hear part of an interview with a historian called Tom Melton.

1. What concerns did people in the early 19th century have about the
effects of rail travel?

a. its impact on the landscape

b. its effect on the human body
c. its threat to wildlife

2. How did railway travel affect people's attitude to the natural world?

a. They believed that they had the power to change it.

b. They understood their need to be part of it.
c. They became more interested in painting it.

3. Tom says 'I doubt if any other invention has had such a profound influence
on the human psyche.' Do you agree?

29
 30

4. In Extract Two you will hear a man and a woman discussing the limits to
human ability in OIympic sports. Now listen to Extract Two. For questions
3 and 4 choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what
you hear.

Extract Two

You will hear two people discussing the future of Olympic sports.

3. What does the man say about Olympic records in the future?

a. They will only represent slight improvements on previous

performances.
b. They will become increasingly frequent as athletes improve.
c. They will attract less attention from the news media.

4. What do the two speakers agree about?

a. the effect of professionalism on sporting achievement

b. the need for more specialised sports equipment
c. the prospects for genetic engineering in sports

5. In Extract Three you will hear a scientist talking about travelling in

spaceships to other stars. Now listen to Extract Three. For questions 5 and
6 choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear.

Extract Three

You will hear an interview with a space scientist, Dr Ananda Desai, talking
about travelling to other stars.

5. What does she say is the main problem of using nuclear propulsion for
spaceships?

a. the danger
b. an international agreement
c. the technology

30
 31

6. How does she feel about the possibility of using a generational

spaceship?

a. Few people will want to travel in it.

b. Conflicts may arise amongst the crew.
c. It will be difficult to determine a destination.

Part 2

1. Discuss why the issues below should concern us in the 21st century.
Which are the three most burning issues? Why?
• privacy
• the Internet
• warfare
• an ageing society
• crime and terrorism
• globalisation
• the environment

2. For each of A, B, and C find one word which fits all three gaps.

A.
1. 'Governments should give as much foreign __________ as
possible to poorer countries."
2. 'In certain circumstances, emergency _________ in the form of
money should be sent immediately."
3. The most successful long-term __________ programmes
encourage self-help."

B.
1. 'A lot of people only appreciate school after they leave full-time
_________.
2. 'State _______ should be more academically based.'
3. 'A practical __________ makes it easier to change jobs later in
life.'

31
 32

C.
1. 'Few people could have predicted the huge impact of information
___________.
2. No matter how advanced _________ becomes, machines will
never be able to think like humans.'
3. 'It's a waste of time for humans to do tasks that modern
___________ can do.'

4. Listen to three people talking about 2. Check your answers for A-C and
tick the statement for the issues in each one that best reflects the
speaker's point of view.

5. Do you share any of the views in 2? Why/Why not?

32
 33

Speaking

Turning Points (Compare, contrast and hypothesise)

The pictures 1-2 show people on important days in their lives. Candidate A,
compare and contrast your pictures, saying how you think the people's lives may
change as a result of what is happening.

Candidate B, compare and contrast your pictures, saying how these people's
lives may change as a result of what is happening. Candidates A and B, now look
at all the pictures again and decide which person's life is going to change most
as a result of what is happening.

33
 34

Speaking
The following show some photographs that have been entered for a competition
entitled 'Our Changing World'.

Which aspect of change does each photograph show and how powerful is the
image? Decide which photograph should come first, second and third in the
competition.

34
 35

Answer these questions:

❖ Is change generally a good or a bad thing? Why?

❖ Why do some people find it difficult to adapt to change?
❖ How can we help people to adapt to change better?
❖ Are there some things which definitely shouldn't be changed?
❖ What changes would you like to make to the world we live in?

Writing Task 1

You decide to enter an annual competition for local writers run by an English
language club in your area. This year's theme is:

My most unusual day at school/college/work.

Write an account of an unusual day, saying how this day differed from your
normal routine, and how you discovered something new about yourself and
your own capabilities.

Write your account.

35
 36

Reading Task 3
PART 1

Answer questions 1-15 by referring to the magazine article about travel.

For questions 1-15, answer by choosing from the reviews of travel brochures
A-E.

Some of the choices may be required more than once.

Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any
order.

Which brochure or brochures is said to

contain a surprising omission? 1…

make good use of language to attract potential holiday- 2…
makers?
fail to refer to the natural features of the country it deals with? 3…
feature a set of guidelines outlining its company's practices? 4…
contain one section which is unsatisfactory? 5…
use a layout designed to draw attention to different 6…
informational details?
feature visits to a neighbouring country? 7…
have a slightly misleading name? 8…
feature holidays which cost more at certain times of year? 9… 10…
be of interest to holiday-makers without a lot of money to 11…
spend?
contain rather repetitive visual material? 12…
feature a location where it is possible to stay longer than 13…
intended?
present information in an inventive way? 14… 15…

36
 37

TRAVEL AFRICA: Brochures under Review

A. WILDLIFE SAFARIS

This company offers about 70 wildlife and adventure safaris. There are three
different styles of trip - the Traveller Plus, which is based in three- and four-star
accommodation, the Traveller, which is in tourist class hotels, lodges and camps,
and Budget, where guest houses and DIY camping are part of the action. The
safari itineraries outline daily locations, activities and options, and are
accompanied by fact boxes covering the type of trip, transport, staffing, age
group and other data. Locations and route maps are included. The brochure also
provides an extremely useful set of guidelines about the dos and don'ts of
behaviour in each of the countries concerned. These vary from dress code
through personal greetings - including a few language tips to impress the hosts
- to the taking of photographs. For the adventurous, perhaps budget-conscious,
traveller, there are some tempting safaris on offer.

B. AFRICAN ADVENTURE

This award-winning, long-haul, worldwide tour operator offers a variety of

safaris to a number of East African countries. They cover the Serengeti, Zanzibar
and Lake Manyara, although the Olduvai Gorge is temporarily off the list for this
year. Itineraries are generally of 9-14 days' duration, but extensions of up to a
week on Zanzibar Island are available. Bird lovers and those wanting to climb Mt.
Kilimanjaro are well catered for by what must surely be one of the most dynamic
holiday companies around. The camerawork is head and shoulders above that
of its competitors, with this year's brochure featuring an original ten-to-a-page
design in glorious multi colour. The same can't always be said for the writing;
the description of places leaves a little to be desired throughout, but nobody's
perfect!

Prices are quoted for each itinerary and costs for seaside accommodation listed
in tables showing seasonal variations. This attractive, easy-to-use brochure
concludes with fairly extensive information for visitors, the company's code of
conduct and a booking form.

37
 38

C. EXPLORE GAMBIA

This is a colourful, informative and effective sales tool. Clever use of a question-
and-answer technique covers essentials such as money, weather, food and
concerns like the type of electrical plugs used. A restaurant guide pinpointing
the characteristics of 21 establishments precedes an outline of 14 hotels, of
excellent standard and variety. Each of these is afforded a double-page spread,
over half of which displays photographs showing off the facilities, particularly
the swimming pool, which dominates most layouts. This, and the absence of a
mention of the beach for a number of hotels, is perhaps a reflection of
holidaymaker preferences. Intriguing, considering the country's considerable
coastal attractiveness. A number of pages are devoted to birdwatching safaris
and excursions. The latter include river trips, such as cruises across the border
into Senegal or up local creeks, fishing expeditions and horse trips. Notes on
hotel grading, climate, history and the economy will prove very useful.

D. AFRICAN CLASSIC

African Classic is a 25-year-old International Travel Connections Company, and

classic their 90-page brochure is - an array of stunning photographs and
seductive descriptions displayed with refined taste. It exudes class and quality,
and that's exactly what the establishments it portrays represent. There are
suggested itineraries and notes on luxury train journeys within South Africa. The
separate price guide gives information on various (seasonally variable) charges
for air flights, car hire, train safaris, accommodation and activities.

A mouth-watering look at South Africa, which will make you wish you could stay
for ever!

E. ALLAFRICA

Though the coverage is very broad, the bulk of this 124-page brochure is
devoted to the Southern African countries. The index is puzzling and it takes a
bit of time to work out what is where and, in some cases, exactly where to find
what you want.

The first section is given to quality pictures and short descriptions of upmarket
hotels, lodges and camps in the countries listed. Of the 80 pages in this section,
getting on for half sell Southern African hotels. Ghana and Uganda are briefly
covered as destinations, without accommodation descriptions.

38
 39

The second section presents suggested tour itineraries. Again the bulk are
devoted to Southern Africa but overall the suggested routes encompass the
main attractions in logical and economical sequence.

The brochure does warn, however, of considerable fluctuations in the price of

air travel, so the message is - don't travel at Easter and Christmas time.

39
 40

PART 2

For questions 16-22, you must choose which of the paragraphs A-H fit into the
numbered gaps in the following magazine article. There is one extra paragraph
which does not fit in any of the gaps.

The Thatchers
Thatched roofs, made of dried straw or reeds, are a regular feature of houses
in English villages and for many people typify an ideal of the countryside. We
meet two craftsmen who are keeping their traditional skills in the family,
writes James Hughes-Onslow.

Thatcher, Jonathon Howell, is something of an expert at juggling new technology

with old. Such is the rapidly changing face of his craft that he needs to be in
touch with all new developments. In some ways, his profession has changed
beyond all recognition since he learned his skills from his father, but in others it
remains exactly the same.

16 ______________________________________________________________

Jonathan is a tenth generation thatcher who still works with his father, Bob.
Arriving at Chisbury in Wiltshire, on a brisk, clear winter's day, the visitor finds
the two men perched high up on the roof of the 13th century chapel, with a
commanding view of the rolling Wiltshire hills. This scene must have been re-
enacted many times over the centuries, but here the signs of progress are clear.

17 ______________________________________________________________

But new technology hasn't changed everything. For instance, no-one has yet
managed to improve on the traditional hazel spar (twigs from the hazel tree
used for constructing and repairing thatched roofs), Jonathan observes with
satisfaction. If you twist them when bending them, as he demonstrates, they
don't snap as most other types of wood do.

18 ______________________________________________________________

40
 41

The Howells used to make their own hazel spars but now they're too busy, so
they buy ready-made ones. Such is the pressure of having a skill that is
increasingly in demand. According to Howell senior, there is more work for
thatchers - there are around 1,000 in England today, with a turnover of £50m -
than there used to be.

19 ______________________________________________________________

Times may be good now for thatchers, but much needs to be done at a political
level to safeguard the future for the profession. Speaking at the English
Thatcher's Conference this year, Sir Jocelyn Stevens, Chairman of English
Heritage, called for local authorities to research and preserve traditions in their
areas. He also demanded more research into methods and materials used and
into growing types of straw that have fallen out of use.

20 ______________________________________________________________

The Howells for their part use combed wheat reed for their thatch; this has to
go through a thresher and binder rather than a modern combine harvester,
which cuts the straw too short. For traditional roof use, the straw also has to be
'stooked' (stood upright and left to mature and dry outside) and later 'ricked'
(the traditional method of stacking) and combed.

21 ______________________________________________________________

Traditionalists are particularly upset by the use of water reeds from other
European countries, because no-one knows for sure whether foreign products,
however excellent in quality they may be, will be suited to English conditions.
Water reeds have been grown and used for centuries in English counties like
Norfolk, but the worry is that, if foreign water reeds become more widespread,
the skills of thatching with long straw and combed wheat reed may be under
threat.
22 ______________________________________________________________

So, far from being a scene of rural bliss, peace and tranquility, the thatching
industry in some countryside areas is fraught with conflicts and disagreements.
Conservationists and thatchers are frequently in opposing corners, with expert
advice hard to come by and no unified standards of good practice in place. But,
as Jonathan Howell says: "The only really important thing is to keep the skills of
thatching alive.

41
 42

A. Jonathan remains philosophical on this issue. "You can understand if

some house owners and some thatchers go for water reed if it is the
quickest, cheapest and most reliable material they can find. But some
traditionalists get very upset if a cottage or barn in their area has been
re-roofed in imported water reed. They don't like it when a new roof is
not in the traditional style of the region.

B. One of the big decisions they have to make when starting repairs is how
much of the old thatch to remove. In the days of horses and carts, hair-
raising economies were made to avoid having to transport the old straw,
or the new, any further than was strictly avoidable.

C. Some observers fear that these new techniques will spell the end for
traditional English thatching but Jonathan remains an optimist. That,
too, is a prerequisite for the job.

D. Indeed, in the UK, thatching has suffered lately from a shortage of

home-grown materials, forcing property owners to buy cheaper water
reeds from abroad, to replace the more traditional home-grown long
straw. Ironically, these problems are compounded by the use of artificial
fertilisers by English farmers, which discourages the production of the
longer stems of straw that English thatchers normally desire.

E. This is partly due to well-off town people buying up country cottages as

second homes and then often extending them, but also because farmers
have become more conscientious about the restoration of agricultural
buildings.

F. However, this is the kind of painstaking work that the average farm
worker of the 21st century has neither the time, the skill, nor the
financial incentive to cope with. So the increasing use of imported water
reeds really is not surprising, even if some experts say it is threatening
the architectural style of roofs in England.

G. Some thatchers use willow for this purpose, but it doesn't last as long in
damp conditions and can't be used on exposed ridges. Others have tried
plastic but it tends to perish in the sun and invariably involves the use of
glue, which eventually melts or crack under the elements.

42
 43

H. Next to Jonathan is his mobile phone, neatly secured to a twisted strand

of straw. Thankfully, any callers tend to keep it short - just in case he
loses his balance or drops a bundle of thatch.

43
 44

English In Use- Task 3

For questions 1-15, read the text below and then decide which word best fits
each space. Put the letter you choose for each question in the correct box on
your answer sheet. The exercise begins with an example (0).

How to Complain in Shops

People love to complain. Moaning to friends can be a (0) A of relief from the
(1)____ and strains of work, study or relationships. But when it comes to
protesting to a retailer about (2) ___ goods and services, many of us find we
don't have the nerve and choose to (3) ____ in silence.

By the time we do (4) ___ summon up the courage to make our (5) ___, we have
generally already allowed the problem to get to us, and we are angry. In this
(6)___ , we can all too (7) ____ become aggressive, gearing up for battle and
turning what should be a rational discussion into a conflict.

To complain effectively, you need to be specific about your problem and

communicate it clearly using words which are objective and fair. (8) ___ over the
top with emotional language and unreasonable claims will get you nowhere.
Good negotiators tend to be calm and logical. They start by explaining the
situation and stating their requirements clearly, without threat. Most
complaints prompt a defensive (9) ____ from the other person, but by being
reasonable yourself, you (10) ____ more chance of achieving the positive
(11)____ you want.

If you feel angry or upset about what has happened, by all means tell the
company, but do so calmly, (12) ____that you understand the situation from all
points of (13) ____, but explaining what you will do if your complaint is ignored.
Be sure to remember, however, that it is unwise to (14) _____threats unless you
are in a position to (15) ____ them out.

44
 45

0 A. source B. well C. cause D. way

1 A. pressures B. pains C. stresses D. struggles
2 A. faulty B. inexpert C. improper D. scruffy
3 A. stick B. suppress C. stay D. suffer
4 A. essentially B. especially C. exceptionally D. eventually
5 A. turn B. point C. mark D. say
6 A. manner B. form C. state D. mode
7 A. easily B. happily C. simply D. casually
8 A. Being B. Going C. Getting D. Feeling
9 A. response B. respect C. revenge D. regard
10 A. spend B. attract C. stand D. establish
11 A. fallout B. outcome C. turnout D. output
12 A. revealing B. exhibiting C. displaying D. demonstrating
13 A. mind B. opinion C. view D. reason
14 A. make B. bear C. do D. carry
15 A. fill B. work C. do D. carry

45
 46

For questions 16-30, complete the following article by writing each missing
word in the correct box on your answer sheet. Use only one word for each
space. The exercise begins with an example (0).

Bicycle Town

Where better for a bicycle enthusiast to live (0) than within the boundaries of
one of the bike capitals of Britain - Oxford. The city is thought to be home
(16)__________ as many as a quarter of Britain's bicycles; the train station alone
having secure facilities for five hundred.

(17) __________ to the town's history and its layout of narrow streets, cycling
has long (18) __________seen as a convenient and safe way of getting
(19)___________ in the city. And today, whether in the town itself
(20)_________ in the surrounding countryside, the cyclist feels relatively secure
(21) ___________ the knowledge that local car drivers are accustomed to coping
(22) __________ thousands of cyclists on the roads.

But in much of the surrounding countryside, even this is (23) _________ really
such a problem because the area has its own network of special cycleways.
Designed to keep cyclists and other road users (24) ___________ a safe distance
from one (25) _________, these routes are, for the (26) __________ part, used
by students and commuters heading to and from the city centre. But this is not
(27)_________ only function. As well as providing a safe venue for leisure cycling,
they also make it easier to combine cycling with other public transport services
on longer journeys. The Oxford to London coach service, for example, has a
specially-adapted luggage compartment (28) __________ that bicycles can be
carried, a service made all (29) __________ more popular by the fact that it is
offered free to passengers. Lucky indeed is the cyclist (30) ___________ lives in
Oxford.

46
 47

For questions 31-45, read the two texts below. Use the words in the box below
the text to form one word that fits in the same numbered space in the text.
The exercise begins with an example (0).

BOOK REVIEW
Great Apes and the Women Who Study Them

A new science was born in the 1960s, the (0) observation of the great apes -
chimps, gorillas and orang-utan - in the wild. It created headlines around the
world and provided (31) _________ film footage and stills for countless natural
history programmes and articles. The people who studied these primates, now
(32) __________ recognised as endangered species, were mostly women. Carol
Jahme's (33) ____________ researched book is the fascinating story of how and
why a number of these young women, most of them largely untrained in the
(34)___________ methods of scientific research, came to give up
(35)___________ careers as secretaries and occupational (36) _________ for life
on the wild side. For, with only a few thousand great apes left in the wild, these
women who have done so much to raise (37) ________ of their desperate plight
are real heroines.

(0) observe
(31) emotion
(32) universe
(33) extend
(34) rigour
(35) promise
(36) therapy
(37) aware

47
 48

BROCHURE ENTRY
Holidays in Switzerland

For fifty years, our company has offered only the very best of holidays in the
(38)__________ country of Switzerland. (39) __________ return again and again
to revel in the (40) _________ scenery both in winter for unparalled skiing
opportunities and in summer for the sparkling lakes and (41) _________ walks.
As a specialist company, we offer the kind of friendly, personalised service that
complements the hospitable nature of the Swiss people to (42) _________.We
ensure that each holiday is tailored (43) ____________ to your needs, aiming to
provide an unobtrusive level of advice and support at every stage from initial
(44) __________ to your return home. Browse through a Swiss Travel Service
brochure and you'll discover a wider range of holidays, deeper knowledge and
greater (45) ___________ to detail than you'll find in non-specialist publications.

(38) glory
(39) travel
(40) breath
(41) spectacle
(42) prefect
(43) precise
(44) enquire
(45) dedicate

48
 49

For questions 46-58, read the following formal extract from an employer's
contract and use the information to complete the numbered gaps in the informal
letter. Then write the new words in the correct spaces on your answer sheet. Use
no more than two words for each gap. The words you need do not occur in the
formal notice. The exercise begins with an example (0).

Library Assistant post -terms of contract

Training The postholder is expected to attend training weekends prior
to taking up the appointment. There is an additional
payment for this.
Salary The salary is subject to an annual review with effect from
January 1st. In most instances, the level of increase is linked
to the prevailing rate of inflation.
Holiday The holiday entitlement is two days per month, commencing
after the third month of employment.
Workplace The employer reserves the right to alter the location of the
workplace. For absences of seven days or less, it is sufficient
for the employee to self-certify the cause of absence on the
appropriate form.
Sick Leave Should the period of absence exceed seven calendar days,
however, a medical certificate, signed by the employee's
doctor must be sent to his/her immediate superior.
Notice You are required to give one month's notice of termination
of employment. Notice shall not be given to expire between
1 January and 31 January.

49
 50

INFORMAL LETTER

Dear Jane

My contract's arrived and what a lot of rules! The worst news is I'll have to
(0)go on training weekends in London (46) _________ I start, but at least I do
get (47)_________ for that. Apparently they review the salary (48)
________but not until January, and any rise I get will (49) _________ on the
inflation rate. I get two days (50) _________ a month, but not during (51)
_________ three months.
I (52) _________ even be asked to work (53) ________ by which they mean
another library, I guess. If you (54) __________ work because of sickness, you
(55) _________ to get a doctor's certificate, unless you're ill for (56)
_________ a week.
I have to tell them one month in (57) _________ if I want to resign, but I'm not
(58) __________ to do this in January for some reason!
Let's hope I survive.
Love
Jeremy

50
 51

Listening Task 3
Part 1:

Extract One

You hear a conversation between a man and a woman who are travelling on a
river.

1. How does the man feel about the journey?

a. It's dangerous.
b. It's disappointing.
c. It's unusual.

2. How does the woman react to what the man says?

a. She gives him advice.

b. She agrees with him.
c. She consoles him.

Extract Two

You hear two young men planning a sponsored walk.

3. How would bad weather affect their plans?

a. They'd postpone the journey.

b. They'd cancel the journey.
c. They'd take extra equipment.

4. What will happen if they don't reach their objective?

a. They won't make so much money.

b. Their reputation will suffer.
c. They'll have to try again later.

51
 52

Extract Three

You hear an interview with a woman who has returned from a journey.

5. What item of clothing does she consider essential?

a. a sweater
b. boots
c. a hat

6. How does she feel about her journey now?

a. relieved that it's over

b. surprised by the conditions she encountered
c. grateful to her travelling companions

52
 53

Part 2

1. Look at the pictures and read the task below. What do the pictures
represent?
• How difficult is it to make decisions like these?
• Which two decisions have the greatest long-term effects on our lives?

2. Read questions a-c. Listen to six students' answers and decide which of
the questions they are answering. How appropriate are their answers?

a. What decisions in life do you consider the most difficult to make?

b. Some people believe that a lot of important decisions are out of our
hands. What do you think?
c. What sort of decisions in life are influenced by money?

3. Discuss your own thoughts on the questions in 2. These words and

phrases might help you.
• at stake
• in the long run
• on the spur of the moment
• short term
• out of the blue
• out of our control

53
 54

Writing Task 2

A former colleague of yours, Nina Barrow, has been selected for a job
interview with an organisation called 'ChildHelp', an international charity which
supports underprivileged children in several English-speaking countries. She
has named you as her referee. Here is part of the letter you received from
'ChildHelp':

The job will mostly involve organising activities for the

children, plus fund-raising events, but there will also be
some contact with the children. Please indicate in your
letter why Nina would be suitable for the post, what
relevant experience you think she has had, and whether
she has the strength of character to cope with an
extremely demanding job.

Write a letter of reference for Nina to 'ChildHelp'.

54
 55

WORD LIST

READING TASK 1

1. Ground breaking (adj) - innovative/inventive/creative

He was honored for his groundbreaking work in nuclear physics.

2. Logos (noun) - trademark/symbol/emblem/sign

The emblems have been trademarked with logos.

3. Pushed (verb) - forced/pressured

Some people will break if pushed too much.

4. Idiosyncrasies (noun) - a strange or unusual/abnormal habit. Way of

behaving or features that someone or something has.
Everyone has a few little idiosyncrasies.

5. Crossover (noun) - unite/blend/merge/switchover

Her crossover from singer to actress was not easy.

6. Demarcation (noun) - division/differentiation

The lines of demarcation between the two camps were very obvious.

7. Superimposing (verb) - place on top of/overlapping/

Overlaying.
Superimposing someone’s picture on a muscular body is not common.

8. Cormorants (noun) - a large diving bird.

It is here that the cormorant problem is at its worst.

9. Versatile (adj) - adaptable/flexible

A versatile construction material will help me make a toy that is tough
yet bendable.

10.Hypothesis (noun) - theory/supposition/assumption

The researcher set up experiments to test the hypothesis.

55
 56

11.Naturalists (noun) - biologist/life scientist

I want to be a naturalist when I grow up because I love studying about
plants, animals, insects and other living things.

12.Plumage (noun) - the feathers of a bird

I love birds with exotic plumage.

13.Reminiscent (adj) - bringing to mind/recall

The food served was reminiscent of my childhood.

READING TASK 2

14.Dress down (phrasal verb) - to dress informally/casually

In many offices, people dress down on Fridays/Saturdays.

15.Compounded (v) - aggravate/worsen

Bad weather compounded our problems since we were already
stranded on the side of the road.

16.Phenomenon (noun) - occurrence/happening

An eclipse of the moon is a rare phenomenon.

17.Benign (adj)- i) kind/friendly/good natured.

He is considered a benign leader by many of his followers.
ii) mild/harmless
It wasn’t cancer, only a benign tumor.

18.Disconcerted (adj) - annoyed/upset/confused

She was disconcerted by the sudden attack on her integrity.

19.Sidestep (verb) - to avoid an issue/decision

She sidestepped the reporter’s question.

20.Proffered (verb) - offered/given

The lady proffered the weary traveler with a little glass of some
refreshing fluid.

56
 57

21.Choreographer (noun) - someone who invents the movement for a

dance (composes the sequence of steps and moves) and tells the
dancers how to perform them.
He is a well known Italian choreographer.

READING TASK 3

22.Long-haul (noun) - long distance (in reference to the transport of goods

or passengers)
Those who do not fancy long-hauls can share short flights between two
or three budding pilots.

23.Pinpoint (adj) - discover/identify/precise

It is difficult to pinpoint the cause of the problem.

24.Double page spread (noun) - covering two facing pages

A double page spread is more expensive than a single page
advertisement.

25.Exudes (verb) - sends out/gives out/emanates

Some trees exude from their bark a sap that repels insect parasites.

26.Thatchers (noun) - someone skilled in making a roof from plant stalks or

foliage. A type of roofer.
It is not known if the building licensing regulations have caused any
difficulty to thatchers.

27.Reeds (noun) - a tall slender leaved plant which grows in water and
belongs to the grass family
The birds build nests from reeds found along the river bank.

28.Safeguard (noun) - a measure taken to protect someone or something or

to prevent something undesirable.
The new law has safeguards to protect the rights of minority citizens.

57