Lecture on

Advance Fluvial Hydraulics

Flow of water in a River
(compilation of quality work on open channel hydraulics)

Lecture Nr.2

Presentation Given By
Dr. Muhammad Khurram Shahzad

Department of Civil Engineering & Technology

Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan
2 Outline
Basic properties of Water & Flow
Conservation of mass & energy in a flow
Types of flow
Steady and unsteady
Uniform and Non Uniform
Types of Varied flow
Coefficients, model calibration, and past experience
are used to account for simplifying assumptions.
3 Back to basic: What is Water

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4 Back to basic: What is Water
 Liquid at normal temperature
 Conversion to gas at high temperature & low pressure
 Heating to 100 °C (boiling point) raises the vapor pressure to
atmospheric pressure and liquid turns to gas
 Lowering the pressure can cause gas formation at lower
temperatures
 Cavitation: Low pressure conditions results in liquid to gas and then
collapse back to liquid which plucks metal off turbine blades and
concrete off spillways
 Water at rest exert hydrostatic pressure
 Water in motion P = 62.4 lbs/ft3 x depth ft
 Move from higher to lower energy
 Take path of least resistance
 Flow is resisted by the boundary roughness.
 A typical velocity profile in a channel
5
6 Back to basics
In a one-dimensional flow, the change of fluid
variables (velocity, temperature, etc.) in one direction
dominates over the change in the other two
directions.
In two- and three-dimensional flows, the change in
fluid variables is important in multiple directions.
Coefficients, model calibration, and past experience
are used to account for simplifying assumptions.
7 Back to Basics: Specific Energy (Open
Channels)
For open channels, the specific energy can be
defined as
E = y + v2/2g, where y is the depth of water above the channel bed, v is the
flow velocity, g is the acceleration of gravity.
v2/2g

Downstream Flow
y
8 Back to Basics: Normal Depth

the depth for which available energy and

energy expended are in balance

Downstream Flow

Resistance
 9 Back to Basics: Critical Depth
 the depth at which energy is the minimum possible for an open
channel cross section of a given size, shape and for a given flow
 the critical depth does not depend on roughness or slope, (only on
discharge)
yc = (q2/g)1/3 (Rectangular Channels)

y
yc

Emin
E
10 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

 An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows

with a free surface.
 The free surface is actually an interface between the
moving liquid and an overlying fluid medium and will
have constant pressure.
 In civil engineering applications water is the most
common liquid with air at atmospheric pressure as the
overlying fluid.
 The prime motivating force for open channel flow is that
due to gravity.
11 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF FLOW

Continuity Equation
 Inflow = Outflow
Area; A1 and A2 and Velocity; V1 and V2
Area x Velocity (A . V) = Discharge, Q
ie. A1 V1 = A2 V2 = Q
12 Energy Equation

 Force = Mass x acceleration due to gravity (N)

 Energy = Capacity to do work (J)
 Work done = Force x Distance moved
 Forms of Energy
 Kinetic Energy - velocity
 Pressure Energy - pressure
 Potential Energy - Height or elevation
 Bernoulli Theorem
13
 Total Energy of Each Particle of a Body of Fluid is the Same
Provided that No Energy Enters or Leaves the System at Any
Point.

 Division of Available Energy Between Pressure, Kinetic and

Position May Change but Total Energy Remains Constant.

 Bernoulli Equation Is Generally Used to Determine Pressures

and Velocities at Different Positions in a System.

 Z1 + V12/2g + P1 /r = Z2 + V22 /2g + P2 /r

14 Energy Line
15 Energy Line

 For the Energy Line, total head is equal to the depth above datum plus energy due
to velocity plus the depth of the channel. Pressure energy is not included because
we are working with atmospheric pressure.
 ie. H = Z + d + V 2 / 2 g
16 TYPES OF CHANNELS
Prismatic and Non-prismatic Channels
 A channel in which the cross-sectional shape and size
and also the bottom slope are constant is termed as a
prismatic channel.
 Most of the man-made (artificial) channels are prismatic
channels over long stretches.
 The rectangle, trapezoid, triangle and circle are some of
the commonly-used shapes in man-made channels.
 All natural channels generally have varying cross-
sections and consequently are non-prismatic.
Rigid and Mobile Boundary Channels
On the basis of the nature of the boundary open
channels can be broadly classified into two types:
(i) rigid channels
(ii) mobile boundary channels.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWS
17
Classification The open channel flows are classified for
purposes of identification and analysis.
18 Steady and Unsteady Flows

A steady flows occurs when the flow properties, such

as the depth or discharge at a section do not change
with time. Q, v, y, A, P, B, S and roughness are all
constant
As a corollary, if the depth or discharge changes with
time the flow is termed unsteady.
Flood flows in rivers and rapidly-varying surges in
canals are some example of unsteady flows.
Unsteady flows are considerably more difficult to
analysis than steady flows.
19 Uniform and non-uniform Flows

If the flow properties, say the depth of flow, in an

open channel remain constant along the length of
channel, the flow is said to be uniform.
As a corollary of this, a flow in which the flow
properties vary along the channel is termed as non-
uniform flow or varied flow.
A prismatic channel carrying a certain discharge
with a constant velocity is an example of uniform
flow
20

 Varied Flow
 flow with varying velocities in a non-prismatic channel and
 flow with varying velocities in a prismatic channel are examples of
varied flow.
 Varied flow can be either steady or unsteady.
21 Gradually-varied and Rapidly –varied Flows
 If the change of depth in a varied flow is gradual so that the
curvature of streamlines is not excessive, such a flow is said to
be a gradually –varied flow (GVF).
 The passage of a flood wave in a river is a case of unsteady
GVF
22  Rapidly Varied Flow: If the flow depth change abruptly over the short
distance.
 It is a local phenomenon such as in hydraulic jump or hydraulic drop
 A hydraulic jump occurring below a spillway or a sluice gate is an example
of steady RVF.
 A surge , moving up a canal is an examples of unsteady RVF.
23 Spatially-varied flow
Varied flow classified as GVF and RVF assumes that no flow
is externally added to or taken out of the canal system.
 The volume of water in a specific interval is conserved in
the channel system.
 In steady-varied flow the discharge is constant at all
sections.
 However, if some flow is added to or abstracted from the
system the resulting varied flow is known as a spatially
varied flow (SVF).
 SVF can be steady or unsteady. In the steady SVF the
discharge while being steady-varies along the channel
length.
 Types of flow in a longitudinal Section
24
25  The production of surface runoff due to rainfall is a typical example unsteady SVF.
 The flow over a bottom rack is an example of steady SVF.
 • Steady or Unsteady Flow, Uniform or Non-uniform Flow: Time &
26
Space as Criteria
 Un Steady uniform / continuous flow: If depth of flow does not
change along the channel reach however it do vary with time,
the flow is unsteady uniform flow
 In this flow, the continuity equation should include the time
element as a variable:
 Q1,(0600 hrs) = Q2, (0600 hrs)

 This flow will require that water surface fluctuate from time to
time while remaining parallel to channel bottom.
 Practically impossible condition
27
• Steady or Unsteady Flow, Uniform or Non-uniform Flow: Time &
Space as Criteria
 Un Steady non-uniform / discontinuous / varied flow: unsteady
flow is attributed to non-uniform flow exclusively.
 Non Uniform Varied flow may be further classified as
 rapidly varied flow
 gradually varied flow
 Spatially