Overview on OFDM

1
2
 OFDM Basics
• Main idea: split data stream into N parallel
streams of reduced data rate and transmit each
on a separate subcarrier.
• When the subcarriers have appropriate spacing
to satisfy orthogonality, their spectra will
overlap. OFDM modulation is equivalent to
the IDFT.

3
4
Introduction

5
Introduction

6
Introduction

7
 Modulation techniques: monocarrier vs. multicarrier
Channelization N carriers
Channel
Similar to
Guard bands
FDM technique

B B
Pulse length ~1/B Pulse length ~ N/B
– Data are transmitted over only one carrier – Data are shared among several carriers
and simultaneously transmitted

Drawbacks Advantages
Furthermore
– Selective Fading – Flat Fading per carrier
– It is easy to exploit
– Very short pulses – N long pulses frequency diversity
– ISI is compartively long – ISI is comparatively short – It allows deployment of
2D coding techniques
– EQs are then very long – N short EQs needed
– Dynamic signaling
– Poor spectral efficiency – Poor spectral efficiency
because of band guards because of band guards

To improve the spectral efficiency:

Eliminate band guards between carriers
To use orthogonal carriers (allowing spectrum overlapping)

8
 OFDM Concept

Ch. 1 Ch. 2 Ch. 3 Ch. 4 Ch. 5 Ch. 6 Ch. 7 Ch. 8 Ch. 9 Ch. 10

f
Conventional Multicarrier Technique

Saving of bandwidth

Orthogonal Multicarrier Modulation Technique 9

 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM)

➢ Parallel data transmission on several orthogonal

subcarriers with lower
c
rate
f
k3

Maximum of one subcarrier frequency appears exactly at a frequency

where all other subcarriers equal zero
❑ superposition of frequencies in the same frequency range
Amplitude subcarrier: sin(x)
SI function= x

10
Introduction to OFDM modulation
Data
Time-frequency grid
N carriers

Frequency
B
Carrier
f0

symbol OFDM
Features T=1/f0
Time
– No intercarrier guard bands
– Controlled overlapping of bands Intercarrier Separation =
Any integer Multiple of 1/(symbol duration)
– Maximum spectral efficiency (Nyquist rate)
– Easy implementation using FFTs
– Very sensitive time-freq. Synchronization

Modulation technique
One user utilizes all carriers simultaneously to transmit its data (may be different modulations)

Access techniques (FDMA)

Several users share dynamically the carriers (traffic or service dependent) to access to the system

11
 OFDM in Real environments
➢ ISI of subsequent symbols due to multipath propagation
➢ Symbol has to be stable during analysis for at least Tdata
➢ Guard-Intervall (TG) prepends each symbnol
➢ (HIPERLAN/2: TG= 0.8 µs; Tdata= 3.2 µs; 52 subcarriers)
(DAB: Tdata= 1 ms; up to 1536 subcarriers)

impulse response

fade out OFDM symbol

fade in OFDM symbol

OFDM symbol

OFDM symbol OFDM symbol OFDM symbol

analysis window t

TG Tdata TG Tdata TG

12
Cyclic Prefix

13
14
15
16
17
18
FFT-base OFDM System

19
FFT-base OFDM TX

20
FFT-base OFDM TX

21
Modulation/Mapping

22
Modulation/Mapping

23
Modulation/Mapping

24
Modulation/Mapping

25
Modulation/Mapping

26
FFT and IFFT

27
FFT and IFFT

28
FFT and IFFT

29
Orthogonality

30
Orthogonality

31
Guard Interval or Cyclic Prefix

32
Guard Interval or Cyclic Prefix

33
Guard Interval or Cyclic Prefix

34
Guard Interval or Cyclic Prefix

35
Guard Interval or Cyclic Prefix

36
Guard Interval or Cyclic Prefix

37
Guard Interval or Cyclic Prefix

38
Guard Interval or Cyclic Prefix

39
Advantage and Disadvantage

40
Advantage and Disadvantage

41
Advantage and Disadvantage

42
OFDM Transmission Over
Fading Channel

43
AWGN Channel Model

44
OFDM System Performance Over
AWGN Channel

45
OFDM System Performance Over
AWGN Channel

46
OFDM System Performance Over
AWGN Channel

47
OFDM System Performance Over
AWGN Channel

48
OFDM System Performance Over
AWGN Channel

49
OFDM System Performance Over
AWGN Channel

50
Signal Constellation Of BPSK Over AWGN

51
Signal Constellation Of 16QAM Over AWGN

52
Time Dispersion Channel Model

53
Time Dispersion Channel Model

54
Time Dispersion Channel Model

55
Effects on OFDM

56
Channel Estimation

57
Channel Estimation

58
Time Domain Channel Estimation

59
Time Domain Channel Estimation

60
Time Domain Channel Estimation

61
Time Domain Channel Estimation

62
Frequency Domain Channel Estimation

63
Frequency Domain Channel Estimation

64
Frequency Domain Channel Estimation

65
Comparisons of Channel Estimation

66
 Frequency Domain Channel
Estimation
• Least Square Estimate

Pilot
Extract Pilot Channel
Channel
Signal Interpolation
Estimation
Frequency Domain Channel
Estimation
Frequency Domain Channel
Estimation
 Frequency Domain Channel
Estimation
• The idea is to assume that the frequency response of the channel is
approximately a straight line between two pilot signal, so this line can
be used as the estimated value of the channel.
H[m+12]

H[m]

k
m m+12
Frequency Domain Channel
Estimation
Synchronization

72
Introduction

73
Introduction

74
Symbol Synchronization

75
Symbol Timing Offset

76
Symbol Timing Offset

77
Symbol Timing Offset

78
Symbol Timing Offset

79
Symbol Timing Offset

80
Symbol Synchronization Algorithms

81
Symbol Synchronization Algorithms
Using Cyclic Prefix

82
Symbol Synchronization Algorithms
Using Cyclic Prefix

83
Symbol Synchronization Algorithms
Using Cyclic Prefix

84
Symbol Synchronization Algorithms
Using Cyclic Prefix

85
Frequency Synchronization

86
Effects of Frequency Offset

87
Effects of Frequency Offset

88
Effects of Frequency Offset

89
Effects of Frequency Offset

90
Carrier Frequency Synchronization

91
Carrier Frequency Synchronization

92
Carrier Frequency Synchronization

93
Carrier Frequency Synchronization

94
Carrier Frequency Synchronization

95
Carrier Frequency Synchronization

96
Carrier Frequency Synchronization

97
Carrier Frequency Synchronization

98
Carrier Frequency Synchronization

99
Carrier Frequency Synchronization

100
Carrier Frequency Synchronization

101
Sampling Frequency Synchronization

102
Carrier Phase Tracking

103
Carrier Phase Tracking

104
Carrier Phase Tracking

105
 Symbol Synchronization
• Symbol synchronization refers to the task of finding the precise
moment of when individual OFDM symbols start and end.
• The symbol timing result defines the FFT window, i.e. the set of
samples used to calculate FFT of each received OFDM symbol.

Effect of symbol timing offset

OFDM symbol OFDM symbol OFDM symbol

FFT Windows
A B C

FFT Windows

FFT Windows
A B C
 OFDM symbol OFDM symbol OFDM symbol

FFT Windows A B C
FFT Windows

FFT Windows
A BC

• Region A and C
– Start position within data interval
– FFT window contains samples that belong to other OFDM frame
– It cause ISI and form a bit error rate floor
• Region B
– Start position within guard interval
– Phased rotated
– It can be corrected by appropriately rotating the received signal
Effects of Symbol Timing Offset

• The start position of FFT window is in the

Region B
Cyclic Prefix DATA
N-a-1 N-a N-a+1 N-3 N-2 N-1 0 1 2 3 4 N-a-1 N-a

FFT Window
Symbol Synchronization Algorithms
using Cyclic Prefix
 Symbol Synchronization
Algorithms using Cyclic Prefix
 Effects of Frequency Offset
• The problem of frequency synchronization
is that after the received signal is down-
converted, the I/Q signal does not return to
the true base-band and has a frequency
difference. Center

(a) (b)
Without frequency offset With frequency offset
 Carrier Frequency
Synchronization
Pilot usually have larger energy than other subcarriers.

Receive OFDM symbol

subcarrier
channel center frequency number
Effects of Frequency Offset
The Peak-to-Average Power
Ratio Problem

114
Introduction

115
Introduction

116
Introduction

117
PAPR Definition

118
PAPR Definition

119
PAPR Definition

120
PAPR

121
PAPR

122
PAPR

123
PAPR

124
PAPR

125
PAPR

126
PAPR

127
Clipping and Peak Windowing

128
Clipping Methods

129
Clipping Methods

130
Clipping Methods

131
Clipping Methods

132
Clipping Methods

133
Peak Cancellation

134
Peak Cancellation

135
Peak Cancellation

136
Peak Cancellation

137
Peak Cancellation

138
Peak Cancellation

139
Peak Cancellation

140
 PAPR Reduction
I/P Bit
Stream
FEC QAM P/S and
S/ Pilot CP D/A and
Encodin Mappin IFFT PAPR
P Adding Adding Reduction HPA
g g

Channel

O/P Bit
Stream
QAM S/P and
FEC P/ Pilot CP Inverse
DeMappin FFT PAPR A/D
Decoding g S Remove Remove Reduction
OFDM Applications

142
OFDM Applications

143
OFDM Applications

144
Introduction to WLAN

145
Introduction to WLAN

146
802.11a WLAN Standard

147
802.11a WLAN Standard

148
802.11a WLAN Standard

149
802.11a WLAN Standard

150
802.11a WLAN Standard

151
802.11a WLAN Standard

152
802.11a WLAN Standard

153
802.11a WLAN Standard

154
802.11a WLAN Standard

155
802.11a WLAN Standard

156
802.11a WLAN Standard

157
802.11a WLAN Standard

158
802.11a WLAN Standard

159
802.11a WLAN Standard

160
802.11a WLAN Standard

161
802.11a WLAN Standard

162
802.11a WLAN Standard

163
802.11a WLAN Standard

164
802.11a WLAN Standard

165
802.11a WLAN Standard

166
802.11a WLAN Standard

167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
Data Types
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
UpLink
222
223
224
225
226
227