Parameters of Op-amp

1. Differential Input Resistance

It is denoted by Ri and often referred as input resistance. The equivalent resistance that is
measured at either the inverting or non-inverting input terminal with the other terminal
connected to ground is called input resistance.

2. Input Capacitance

The Input capacitance, Ci is the equivalent capacitance that is measured at either the inverting or
non-inverting terminal with the other terminal connected to ground.

3. Output Resistance

Output resistance, Ro is the equivalent resistance which is measured between the output terminals
of the op-amp and the ground (or common point).

4. Input Offset Voltage

The input offset voltage is the voltage that must be applied between the two input terminals of an
op-amp to null the output.

5. Input Offset Current

The algebraic difference between the currents into the non-inverting and inverting terminals is
referred to as input offset current.

In the form of equation,

Iio =| IB+-IB-|

Where Iio is the input offset current, IB+ is the current into the non-inverting input and IB– is
the current into the inverting input.

6. Input Bias Current

Input bias current is the average of the currents that flow into the inverting and non-inverting
input terminals of an op-amp. In the equation form,

IB = (IB++IB-)/2
7. Offset Voltage Adjustment Range

The offset voltage adjustment range is the range through which the input offset voltage can be
adjusted by varying the 10KΩ potentiometer.

8. Input Voltage Range

When the same voltage is applied to both input terminals, the voltage is called a common-mode
voltage VCM, and the op-amp is said to be operating in the common-mode configuration.

For IC LM741 the range of input common mode voltage is ± 13 V maximum. This means that
the common mode voltage applied to both input terminals can be as high as + 13V to as low as –
13V without disturbing proper functioning of the op-amp.

9. Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is defined as the ratio of differential voltage gain A d
to the common-mode voltage gain ACM.

i.e. CMRR = Ad/ ACM

10. Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio (SVRR)

The change in op-amp’s input offset voltage Vio caused by variations in supply voltages is called
the supply voltage rejection ratio (SVRR). It is also called Power Supply Rejection
Ratio(PSRR) and Power Supply Sensitivity(PSS).

If we denote the change in supply voltages by ∆v and the corresponding change in input offset
voltage by ∆Vio .

Then, SVRR is defined as,

SVRR = ∆Vio / ∆V .

The lower the value of SVRR in microvolts/volt, the better the op-amp performance.

11. Large-Signal Voltage Gain

Since the op-amp amplifies difference voltage between two input terminals, the voltage gain of
the amplifier is defined as ratio of output voltage to differential input voltage.

Voltage gain = (output voltage) / (Differential input voltage)

That is, A = Vo/Vid

Because the output signal amplitude is much larger than the input signal, the voltage gain is
commonly called large-signal voltage gain.

12. Output Voltage Swing

The difference between positive saturation voltage and negative saturation voltage is called
output voltage swing.

13. Output Short-Circuit Current

The output short circuit current is the value of output current that is allowed to flow by the
internal short circuit protection circuitry, if the output is shorted to ground. It is denoted by I SC.

14. Slew Rate

Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage per unit of time and is
expressed in volts per microseconds. In equation,

SR = dVo/dt | maximum V/µs

Slew rate indicates how rapidly the output of an op-amp can change in response to changes in the
input frequency.

15. Gain Bandwidth Product

Gain bandwidth product (GB) is the bandwidth of the op-amp when the voltage gain is 1.

For 741 op-amp GB is 1MHz. GB is also known as closed-loop bandwidth, unity gain bandwidth
and small signal bandwidth.

16. Supply Voltages

It is defined as voltage applied to op-amp from power supply. Some op-amps use dual power
supply and some use a single polarity supply voltage.

The dual supply voltage is typically ±15V while a single polarity supply is typically +12V or
+15V.

Family members
 Typical application circuit for a simple power
supply, showing transformer, bridge rectifier, 78xx regulator, and filter capacitors

78xx

There are common configurations for 78xx ICs, including 7805 (5 V), 7806 (6 V), 7808 (8 V),
7809 (9 V), 7810 (10 V), 7812 (12 V), 7815 (15 V), 7818 (18 V), and 7824 (24 V) versions. The
7805 is the most common, as its regulated 5-volt supply provides a convenient power source for
most TTL components.

Less common are lower-power versions such as the LM78Mxx series (500 mA) and LM78Lxx
series (100 mA) from National Semiconductor. Some devices provide slightly different voltages
than usual, such as the LM78L62 (6.2 volts) and LM78L82 (8.2 volts) as well as the
STMicroelectronics L78L33ACZ (3.3 volts).

The 7805 has been used in some ATX power supply designs for the +5 VSB (+5 V standby)
output.[3]

79xx

The 79xx devices have a similar "part number" to "voltage output" scheme, but their outputs are
negative voltage, for example 7905 is −5 V and 7912 is −12 V.

The 7905 and/or 7912 were popular in many older ATX power supply designs,[4][5] and some
newer ATX power supplies may have a 7912.[6]

Unrelated devices

The LM78S40 from Fairchild is not part of the 78xx family and does not use the same design. It
is a component in switching regulator designs and is not a linear regulator like other 78xx
devices. The 7803SR from Datel is a full switching power supply module (designed as a drop-in
replacement for 78xx chips), and not a linear regulator like the 78xx ICs.

Advantages
 While external capacitors are typically required, 78xx series ICs do not require additional
components to set their output voltage.[7] 78xx designs are simple in comparison to
switch-mode power supply designs.[8]
 78xx series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much current. They
have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them robust in most
applications.[9]
Disadvantages
 The input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage by some minimum
amount (typically 2.5 volts). This can make these devices unsuitable for powering some
devices from certain types of power sources (for example, powering a circuit that requires
5 volts using 6-volt batteries will not work using a 7805).[10] For input voltages closer to
the output voltage, a pin-compatible low-dropout regulator (LDO) can be used instead.
 As they are based on a linear regulator design, the input current required is always the
same as the output current. As the input voltage must always be higher than the output
voltage, this means that the total power (voltage multiplied by current) going into the
78xx will be more than the output power provided. The difference is dissipated as heat.
This means both that for some applications an adequate heatsink must be provided, and
also that a (often substantial) portion of the input power is wasted during the process,
rendering them less efficient than some other types of power supplies. When the input
voltage is significantly higher than the regulated output voltage (for example, powering a
7805 using a 24 volt power source), this inefficiency can be a significant issue.[11] Buck
converters may be preferred over 78xx regulators because they are more efficient and do
not require heat sinks, though they might be more expensive.

 78xx (sometimes L78xx, LM78xx, MC78xx...) is a family of self-contained fixed linear

voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic
circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost.

 Nomenclature and packaging

 For ICs within the 78xx family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the output
voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5-volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts).
The 78xx line are positive voltage regulators: they produce a voltage that is positive
relative to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which are
complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in
combination to provide positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit.[1]
 78xx ICs have three terminals and are commonly found in the TO-220 form factor,
although they are also available in TO-92, TO-3 'through hole' and SOT-23 surface-
mount packages. These devices support an input voltage anywhere from around 2.5 volts
over the intended output voltage up to a maximum of 35 to 40 volts depending on the
model, and typically provide 1 or 1.5 amperes of current (though smaller or larger
packages may have a lower or higher current rating).[2]
 his is a simple dual power supply using voltage regulator IC 78xx and 79xx series. It's
the best and simplest choice for most non-critical applications. The 3 terminals are input,
ground and output. The 78xx & 79xx series can provide up to 1A load current and it have
onchip circuitry to prevent damage in the event of over heating or excessive current.

Dual Power Supply Schematic

 


 This dual power supply project provides a dual power supply. With the appropriate
choice of transformer and 3-terminal voltage regulator pairs you can easily build a small
power supply delivering up to one amp at +/- 5V, +/- 9V, +/- 12V, +/- 15V or +/-18V.
You have to provide the centre tapped transformer and the 3-terminal pair of regulators
you want: 7805 & 7905, 7809 & 7909, 7812 & 7912, 7815 & 7915or 7818 & 7918.

Note that the + and - regulators do not have to be matched: you can for example, use a
+5v and -9V pair. However, the positive regulator must be a 78xx regulator, and the
negative a 79xx one. We have built in plenty of safety into this project so it should give
many years of continuous service.

These protect mainly against any back emf which may come back into the power supply
when it supplies power to inductive loads. They also provide additional short circuit
protection in the case that the positive output is connected by accident to the negative
output. If this happened the usual current limiting shutdown in each regulator may not
work as intended. The diodes will short circuit in this case and protect the 2 regulators.

Dual Power Supply Parts

 