CITATION OF PRINT AND NON-PRINT MATERIALS

A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another
source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including:

1. Information about the author

2. The title of the work
3. The name and location of the company that published your copy of the source
4. The date your copy was published
5. The page numbers of the material you are borrowing

Why should you cite sources?

•citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where

they came from

•not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than

those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else's bad ideas

•citing sources shows the amount of research you've done

•citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas

When do you need to cite?

Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their source. The following situations
almost always require citation:

•whenever you use quotes

•whenever you paraphrase

•whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed

•whenever you make specific reference to the work of another

•whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing your own ideas.

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American Psychological Association

APA Style is used by researchers in psychology and other social science discipline, such as education,
social work, and sociology.

HOW TO CITE PRINT MATERIALS?

General Rules

1. Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by author’s last names. Sources without authors are
arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.

2. Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work.

3. Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.

4. Use an ampersand (&) instead of a word “and” when listing multiple authors of a single work.

5. Indention: the first line of the entry is flushed to the left and all subsequent lines are indented (five to
seven spaces) to form a “hanging indent”.

6. Underlining vs. Italics : it is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books
and journals.

BOOKS

In a printed book, the information you need to create a reference list entry appears on the title and
copyright pages at the beginning of the book.

One Author

The basic entry for a printed book looks like this:

Author’s surname, First name initial(s). (Year of publication). Book Title: Subtitle (italicize).
Place of publication (City, State [abbreviated]): Publisher.

Examples:
 Badke, W. (2004). Research strategies: Finding your way through the information
fog. Maryland Heights, MO: iUniverse.
 Pollock, J. (2012). Crime and justice in America: An introduction to criminal justice. Maryland
Heights, MO: Anderson Publishing.

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 Two Authors

When there are two authors, list them in the order in which they appear on the title page.
Author’s surname, First name initial(s)., & Author’s surname, First name initial(s).
(Year of publication). Book Title: Subtitle (italicize). Place of publication
(City, State [abbreviated]): Publisher.

Examples:
 Calderon, J.F., & Gonzales, E.C. (1993). Methods of research and thesis writing:
An introduction. New York, NY: Guilford.
 Raskin, H., & Rabiner, D. (2012). College drinking and drug use. New York, NY: Guilford.

Three to Seven Authors

When the book has three to seven authors, list all their names.
Author’s surname, First name initial(s)., Author’s surname, First name initial(s)., &
Author’s surname, First name initial(s). (Year of publication). Book Title: Subtitle (italicize).
Place of publication (City, State [abbreviated]): Publisher.

Examples:
 James, J., Burks W., & Eigenman, P. (2011). Food allergy. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
 Kennedy, J., Johnson, E., Staples, B., Lower, J., & Howard, P. (2014). Writing research paper.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Eight or More Authors

When the book has eight or more authors, list the first six authors followed by three ellipsis points and
the last author’s name.
Surname, A., Surname, B., Surname, C., Surname, D., Surname, E., Surname, F., . . . Surname, G.
(Year of publication). Book Title(italicize). Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples:
 Masters, R., Skrapec, C., Muscat, B. Dussich, J., Pincu, L., Way, L., … Gerstenfeld, P. (2010).
Criminal justice: Realities and challenges. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

 Kennedy, J., Johnson, E., Staples, B., Lower, J., & Howard, P., Anderson, S., ... Raskin, H.
(2014). Writing research paper. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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 Unnamed (anonymous author)

Start the entry with the title followed by the publication date.
Book Title(italicize). (Year of publication). Place of publication: Name of Publishing.

Examples:
 Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. (2003). Springfield MA: Merriam-Webster.
 Introduction to research education (2005). Sta. Cruz, Manila: Booklore Publishing Corp.

MAGAZINES

Provide the full publication date of the issue (year, month, and day or year and month). If the
volume and issue number of the magazine are available, include that information as you would for a
journal article.
Surname, A. (year, month of publication). Article title. Magazine Title (italicize), Volume
(Issue), pp.-pp.

Examples:
 Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they go? Time, 167(15), 3-40.
 Bruckner, J.M. (2017, June). One more thing. Discovery, 38(5), 22-23

NEWSPAPERS

The information you need to create a reference list entry for a newspaper article is on the masthead of
the newspaper (at the top of the first page) and on the first and last page of the article.
Surname, A. (year, month of publication). Article title. Newspaper Title (italicize), pp.-pp.

Examples:
 Rosenberg, G. (1997, March 31). Electronic discovery proves an effective legal weapon. The
New York Times, p. D5.
 De Vera, A. (2018, April 13). Measles immunization drive set in NCR, Mindanao.
Manila Bulletin, pp.3, 6-8, 10.

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ONLINE AND NON – PRINT MATERIALS

WEBSITES

Author’s surname, Initial(s). (Copyright date or date last updated). Article title. Retrieved from +
URL

Examples:
 Gilbert, R. (2001). Shake your shyness. Retrieved from http://shakeyourshyness.com
 Beaty, V. (2018). DIY n crafts. Retrieved from https://www.diyncrafts.com

Note:
 If no author is cited, move the title to the author position.
 If no date is provided, insert (n.d.) following the author’s name.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

For journal article include the phrase Retrieved from followed by the URL for the journal’s home page.

Author’s surname, Initial(s). (Year). Article title. Journal title (italicize), volume no., (issue no.),
pages. Retrieved from + URL

Examples:
 Janyam, K. (2011). The influence of job satisfaction on mental health of factory workers.
The Internet Journal of Mental Health, 7(1), 115-120. Retrieved
from http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internetjournal_of_mental_health
 Pande, R. (2014) The girl child in India. Review of Women’s Studies, 14(2), 234-240.
Retrieved from http://journals. upd.edu.ph/index.php/rws/article/view/2914

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Follow the format for a printed newspaper article but omit the page reference and include the phrase
Retrieved from and the URL for the newspaper’s homepage.

Author’s surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month Date). Article title. Newspaper title (italicize). Retrieved
from + URL

Examples:
 Smyth, J.C., & Thompson, D. (2011, December 10). Public retirement ages come under
greater scrutiny. The Denver Post. Retrieved from http://www.denver post.com
 Ramirez, R. & Romero, P. (2018, September 26). Trillanes arrested, posts bail. Philippine Star.
Retrieved from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/09/26/1854863/trillanes-
arrested-posts-bail

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ARTICLE IN ONLINE MAGAZINE

Include the URL for the magazine’s homepage.

Author’s surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine title (italicize). Retrieved from +
URL

Examples:
 Washington, H. (2015, November). Catching madness. Psychology Today. Retrieved
from: https://www.psychologytoday.com/magazine/archive
 Horaczek, S. (2018, September). Inside the facility where Kodak brings film back to
life. Popular Science. Retrieved from: https://www.popsci.com/inside- kodak- factory-
photos

BLOGPOST

Author’s surname, Initial(s). (Year, Month Date). Blog Title [Web log post]. Retrieved from + URL

Examples:
 Bell, V. (2015, November 7). A medieval attitude to suicide. [Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://mindhacks.com/2015/11/07/a-medieval-attitude-to-suicide/
 Johnson, M.C. (2018, September 21). Heading west-again. [Web log post]. Retrieved
from http://mchesleyjohnson.blogspot.com/

PUBLISHED INTERVIEW

Name of Interviewee. (Year, Month Date). Title. Interviewer name. Retrieved from + URL

Examples:
 Hoffman, B. (2015, November 28). What information do intelligence agencies need to keep
US safe? Interview by S. Simon. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/sections/interviews/
 Clinton, B. (2008, August 12). Bill Clinton: 'You had to assume there was going to be
some blowback ‘. Interview by B. Santos Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.
com/world/audio/2008/aug/1/bill.clinton.climate.change.obama

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AUDIO VISUAL SOURCES

The information you need to create an entry for most audio and visual sources appears on the cover,
label, or program of the work or in the credits at the end of a film or television show.

MOTION PICTURE

Producer’s Name, Initial(s)., & Director's Name, Initial(s). (Release date). Title (italicize).
[Motion picture]. Country distributed: Distributor.

Examples:
 Grazer, B. (Producer), & Howard, R. (Director). (2001). A beautiful mind. [Motion
picture]. United States: Warner Bros.
 Bowen, M. & Godfrey, W. (Producers), Schreier, J. (Director). (2014) Paper towns.
[Motion picture]. United States : Fox 2000 Pictures.

ONLINE VIDEO OR VIDEO BLOG (VLOG)

Author of the video. (Year, Month Date). Title of the video(italicize) [Video file]. Retrieved from +
URL

Examples:
 Crafty Panda. (2018, October 5). 8 Last minute DIY funny Halloween costume ideas
[Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzWe3zP2Tcc
 White, A. (2018, October 8). DIY: twin sleeper chair [Video file]. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djnmMKXdYMo

References:
 Salmorin, M.E. and Achas, A.P. (2014). Methods of research. Intramuros, Manila: Mindshapers
Co. Inc.
 Sarno, E.G (2010). Tips and techniques in writing research. Sampaloc, Manila:REX Book Store.
 Manlapaz, E.Z. and Francisco, M.E. (2005). The new anvil guide to research paper writing. Pasig
City, Philippines: AnvilPublishing.
 Howard, R. M. (2014). Writing matters : A handbook for writing and research. New York:
McGraw-Hill.

Prepared by the HS Library and AV Center