.

Chapter 8

Transformations

The thebry of transformations is very important in the mathematical study

of electrical machines using the General Theory. The machine to be studied
is replaced by an equivalent machine, the primitive machine, which gives
exactly the same performance. The reason is two-fold. Firstly, the analysis of
the primitive machine is much simpler. Secondly, as we shall see, the same
primitive machine can be used to analyse all real machines. The mathemati-
cal process of transformation is the determination of the voltages and
currents in the primitive machine as a function of those in the real machine,
so that the performance is the same in both cases.
The primitive machine is a commutator machine with stator coils and
'
'-, pseudo-stationary commutator rotor coils on two orthogonal axes, referred
/,' to as the direct axis and the quadrature axis.
The transformation from the original machine to the equivalent primitive
machine can be performed in a number of stages, as follows.

8.1 PhaseTransformation

It has been shown (Section 3.3.2) that a three-phase winding carrying

balanced three-phase currents produces a rotating m.m.f . distribution of
constant magnitude. Also, a constant magnitude, rotating m.m.f . distribution
can be produced by balanced two-phase currents in a two-phase winding.
Thus, for balanced polyphase currents at least, one winding could be
replaced by the other, providing appropriate values of current are used. In
fact, for any values of current in the three-phase winding, a set of currents
for the two-phase winding can be found so that the efiect, i.e. the m.m.f.
distribution at all instants, is exactly the same.
Figure 8.1 shows a three-phase winding with coils A, B and C carrying
instantaneous currents io, i, and i6. Let the currents in the equivalent

235
236 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

-t
)c \" l
(t A

:!,"
'A !
I

Fig. 8.1. Diagrammatic representation of three-phase winding.

two-phase winding shown in Fig. 8.2, i.e. coils a and p, be i. and iu. L,et the
axes of coils A and o coincide. I-et the number of turns per coil be N/3 for
the three-phase coils and N/2 for the two-phase coils, i.e. we are assuming
that the total number of turns N is the same in each case. For the two
systems to be equivalent, the m.m.f. distribution must be the same in both
I
cases. Assuming sinusoidal m.m.f. distributions, these can be represented by

Y
) I
p'E
e r1
i a
I

\-0-0i-r x c\

'e)
Fts
\
Fig. 8.2. Diagrammatic represertation of two-phase winding equivalent to three-
o"". 'l
phase winding of Fig. 8.1.

vectors. If they are not reasonably sinusoidal, then harmonic analysis would
be necessary and the transformation would. be performed for each harmonic.
The m.m.f. vectors can be resolved into two perpendicular components
along the axes OX and OY in which case the two components must be the
same for both systems. Thus we can write the following equations:

,A(ifg-,8(+N) cos 60"- i.(}N) cos 60" = i.(*N)

ir(]N) cos 30"- icGM cos 30': ipGM

Itis assumed that the positive current directions indicated in Figs 8.1. and 8.2
are also the positive flux or m.m.f. directions.
Dividing throughout by N, we obtain

i_:3(i^-riB-+id and ,B :3(#)(,8 - ic)

be clear that if coils B and C were interchanged, then the sign of
It should
iu would be reversed. Alternatively, if the chosen positive direction of iu in
 TRANSFORMATIONS
t. 237

I
I
Fig. 8.2 is reversed (consider coit 6' instead of coil p), then the equations
given above are stil! correct.
The last two equations give a unique pair of currents that will produce a
given m.m.f. distribution. However, there is an infinite number of sets of
three-phase currents that will produce the given distribution. For if an
identical current is passed in the three coils of the three-phase system, the
net m.m.f. is zero as the vector sum of three equal vectors mutually at l2O"
is zero. Thus, to any set of currents, say if,, i! and i!, an identical current io
can be added without affecting the flux produced.
[-et us assume that the three coils are star connected with no neutral
connection and let the currents be ii, ii, and ii. Then clearly, by Kirchoff's
law
,l+,i+,a= 0
Let us add an arbitrary current io to each current. Then, again by Kirchoff,s
law
(ii+,o)+ (ii +,o)+ (,6+ io) : 0
and as (i1,+ii!+i6):0 then clearly
io:0
We see that with a three-wire connection, it is impossible to have a
component i6 common to each of the three coil currents. However, let us
t now insert a neutral connection with the same three currents i,o, i! and ii
flowing. Clearly the neutral current i* is given by

. iN: il+ii+i6:0
Now let us again add a current io to each of the coil currents; then
i"- (ii+ io)+ (ri + io)+ (,6+ i6): 3i6
Thus
,o:*,N : *(ri+ io)+(ii+
io)+(,6+ io)l: *(iA+ iB+ ic)
where i6, i, and i. are the new set of lcurrents including i6. Thus the
component of current common to each coil, if any, can be found from the
equation

- ](iA+ iB+ ic)

io

If we combine the equations for i., iu and io and write them as a matrix
equation, we obtain

[:'J:' Ii=] [l
 I

238 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTR]CAL MACHINES

q
A.2 General Equations of Transformation

The last equation gives the relationship between the current matrices of the
two equivalent systems, i.e. the transformation equations for current. Irt us
write this equation as
(I':(CXI,)
where the suffices 1 and 2 refer to the three-phase system and the two-phase
system respectively. The network equations for the two systems in matrix I

form can be written as I

(V):(Z)(Ir) and (v2):(Z)(12) I

where
I4 i

,',,=[,"-] I iB I

":[ll] ":[:l]
1

ic I
I
The complex power in matrix form is given by
s1: (vrI(rl) sr: (vrl(r, (see Page 332)

Ifwe assume that the power is invariant, i.e. the same in both systems so
that 51 = Sz, then ,);
(vJr(r,) : (v)!(r) - (vrr(o(r,)
Thus
(v,)I= (vrr(c)
Taking the conjugate of each side of the equation, we obtain
(Vr).: (Yr).(C)* (see Page 330)

Taking the transPose of each side

(V1): (C)I(V, (see Page 326)

we thus obtain the transformation equation for voltages, i.e. the equation
relating the voltages in the three-phase system to those in the two-phase
system. Also
( v,) : (c)I( %) : (c)! (22)U2) : (c)r(2,)(o(rl)
As
tv,): (2,)(I)
then
(2,\:G\rQ?)c)
 TRANSFORMATIONS 239

I
,
This is the impedance transformation, i.e. the equation relating the impe-
dance matrices of the three-phase system and the two-phase system.
We now have the following three transformation equations:
(r) = (Q(r1) (v,) - (c)T(v,) (2,):G)f@)G)
By inverting the matrices (C) and (Of we can obtain Ir, V, and Z, in
terms of fr, V, and Zy The six equations will allow transformation in
either direction.

8.3 Orthogonal Transformation

It will be seen from the equations above that if (C)fl-':(C) then (Vr)-
(CXyr) and the voltage and current transformation equations become
identical in form, which is obviously a useful simplification. If [(C)f]-': (C)
then (CXC)I:(1).A transformation which satisfies these conditions is said
to be orthogonal. Because of the simplification, we shall confine our discus-
sion to orthogonal transformations. The equations then become
(r,): (c)(r,) (r,)- (c)-'(r,)
(%): (c)(%) (v,): (c)-'(v,)
(22):(c)(z)(c)-l (z'):(c)-'(Z,)(C\
I
where
(c)-':(c)I

8.4 Orthogonal PhaseTransformation

If we examine the phase transformation given in Section 8.1, we shall see
that it is not in fact orthogonal. [We need only check to see whether
(CXC)I - (1).1 However, we can modify it in order to make it orthogonal
as follows.
If we assume that the number of turns per coil in the three-phase and the
two-phase systems are N, and N, respectively, where

N,IN,:JiIJI
we obtain

"5
J3
(i" - 1in Ii.)

,fzJ3
t,r:15x7(iu-i6)
 7-
i
d{
240 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES d
-,
Also, let us define i6 as {
. 7..
to:J5(lA+lB+ld
This means that we are defining a variable i6 which is J3 times the actual a.
crurent @mponent common to all three phases, i.e.

io=Jixrr(i^+ir+i") l
The three equations in matrix form become
1
141
I
J1
-A iB

[:I:-[; 4 ic (
The following test shows that (C)(C)I = (1) and thus that the transforma-
tion is orthogonal.

f1 2 0 tr+l l, 0
cLf fi2 _A € 4l:alo
"*[-l -+ ril L'
3
2
J+ 0 il
Notice that the conjugate sign * has no significance here as the
equations do not contain any complex quantities.
ir
8.4.1 Phase transformation for balanced polyphase
operation
I

Let us suppose that the three-phase system is balanced and the currents and
voltages are as follows:
t-
tr'c': i sin &l, i,': i sin (ar, - d)
rls:9sin (@t-2r;13) ie= i sn(at-Zrl3-6)
oc:9sin (cilt+2trl3) i.: i sin kot +2d3- 4)
Using the phase transformation equations, we can write

T1 -+ _, F^l
:Gl o 4
til Lv+ .E e til
l- 1 -4 [fsin(ror-{) 1|

=Gl o g
L.g lt a ll^sin(at-2113-d) |
fI sin (arr +2r,13 - 6))
 TRANSFORMATIONS 241

I Thus
1 1

2
sin (at -2113- S) sin (at +2fl3- g)
2
E
VI i[sin (arr - d) - sin (<,rr - d) cos (2zrl3)]
E
Va i[sin f.r-Ol*].in t,r -Ol]: VzE i sin (arr - d)
Also
E
l(a ='
Vr ,[f ,t, (at-2tt3-g,-f .," (at+2nt3-6)]
t;
:- (ort - g) sin 2nl3): -Ji T f cos (ort - d)
$i}cos
:f f .,nt",r- ntz-0)

Also

i" : t i, (<,rt - S) + sin (at - 2trl3- 41 + sin (arr * 2al3 - O)l -

f 0

a Similarly we obtain
J1
u-
,/2
f sin rot 0e=
fil' ,rr(att- t/l) 0o: o

Summarizing these results in terms of phasors and defining phasors Vo

and fo by Ve: Vfi and I,.: IL_Q

Vp,:V/! Io: r1:4

ve: v -2 3 I": I1:2:t!]_!
V.:VDrl_1 I.: I/2113 - g
r;
,-:iu^
J7
L h ILt
/;
vr:#- v -90" Is
J' tL2t_Q
Jz
we see that the voltages and currents of the two-phase system are also
balanced, i.e. equal in magnitude and phase-displaced by 90i and the peak
or r.m.s. value of voltage or current in the two-phase system is rf times the
corresponding three-phase values. Also, the two-phase 0 quantity is in
phase with the three-phase A quantity. u the phase sequence of the
 r I i

242 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTBICAL MACHINES

three-phase system is ABC, i.e. B lags A by 120" and C lags B by 120", then
in the two-phase system p lags a by 90".
I
a_4.2 Three-phase/t t o-phase impedanoe I
transformation

Consider the three-phase winding shown diagrammatically in Fig. 8.1. Let

the resistance and self inductance per phase be R and L and let the mutual j
inductance between phases be M. Due to the symmetry, the three mutual
inductances will all be the same. Using the operator p for d/dt, the voltage
equation is given as

fi.rol fLp+R Mp Mp 1f i I

l*l=l ruro Lp+R Mp l'

L,.l I *o Mp
I

Lp+R-l L,cJ
This is the matrix equation (V):(Z)(I).
After application of the phase transformation, the transformed impedance
matix (Z) will be given by
(lr)=(C)(Z)(C)-t where (Cf':(Of
Thus

-2
I
-il frp+n Mp Mp 0€l tir'
,^r=,el'o J1
T
v,tl
-+ll Mp
J+)L up
Lp+R Mp + ,El
Ji nl
Lr+ Mp Lp+R]"- [-, --T \t2)
_12 I
-1
T _Ja2
,t5

=[i !1/1 17
\ta
(L- IUI)p + R 0 Jittr+zmp+n11
X i@-L)p-ifr. €L@-tv0p+n) J\l@+ztuDp+ nll
*M-Dp-iR *ltu-r>p-pl .,r+trr * znao * nt-]
J
I
[(r -pop + n
-t
_t (L *M)p + R
(L+2M)p + R
I
I

We see that the equivalent inductance per phase for the two-phase i

system is (L - tVO. There are no mutual inductance terms as we would I

I
expect as the two windings are perpendicular to each other. We also see

I
 I
I
I

I TRANSFORMATIONS 243
i
+ that the equivalent resistance per phase for the two-phase system is
identical to that for the three-phase system. The voltage equation for the
two-phase system is
I
I lJ<, (L-M)p+ R

It (L-
I
uB lvflp + R
Uo (L+2M)p+J tr]
8.5 Commutator Transformation
)

If the two-phase system described in the previous section is on the rotor of

I the machine, rotating at a speed o, we may use the commutator transfor-
I
I
mation to replace thc rotating coils o and p by two commutator pseudo-

s
stationary coils d anC q, as shown in Figs 8.3 and 8.4.
*t

-l
\.
V?-
pY".
1 Fig. 8.3. Rotating two-phase winding.
a
L,et us assume that the number of turns of the o, B, d and q coils is N in
1 each case. Then equating m.m.f.'s along the axes OX and OY for the two

I systems, we obtain
Ma:Ni. cos 0*Niu sin 0 and Mo=Ni. sin 0-Niu cos 0

Cancelling the common Iactor N and writing as a matrix equation, we obtain

1
[ial_[cos0 sin0l [Ll
T, L
-
i.J Lsin o -cos e J Liu J
(o )
(b) q

T'

T,
t: X
d d

1
q
lr Fig. 8.4. Direct and quadrature axis commutator windings equivalent to rotating
two-phase winding of Fig. 8.3.
 j
I
244 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES I
We carry the current io along with id and io so that it can be introduced
again if relevant when conversion back to the three-phase system is carried
I -1

out. Thus, including the equation io: io, we obtain

ld cos 0 sin 0
I
l6 It sin 0
0
Using the previous nomenclature, this is now the matrix equation
-cos 0
0 il trl
(Ir):
(CXI,).
We can show that this transformation is orthogonal as follows.
I
cos 0 sin0 0 cos 0 sin 0

'l
0 0
:
( c) ( c) sin 0 -cos 0 0 sin 0 - cos 0 1 0 - (1)
0 01 0 0 ?lti 0 1

Thus
(c)-'=(c)I
The three transformation equations are
(r,): (cxrl)
(vr=(c)(v,)
(z)-(c)(z)(c)-'
and these can be inverted to give fr, V, and Z, in terms of l.r, !., and Z, I

respectively. at 'i
)
,
I

8.5.1 Commutator transformation for batanced

polyphase operation

Let us assume that the polyphase system is balanced and that i. and iu are
given by
i. :.t sin ar"t and iu : -i cos or"f
Then the commutator transformation gives
,
cos0 sin0 0
sin0 -cos0 0
ti'lt 001
Let us assume that the rotor position is defined by 0
l[j{n']
: ar,f + 6 where o.r, is the
rotor speed and 6 is the value of 0 at r:0. Then
ia: i sin o"t cos (<o.r + 6) -i cos &rsr sin (ar,t + 6)
: f sin - ar,r -
(<,r"t 6)
: i sin (arr - 6)
 I
I

7 TRANSFORMATIONS 245

1
where
al - (<,r"
- <rrr)

Also
io : f sin ar*l sin (ar,t * 6) + i cos &'st cos (r'r,r + 6)
- i cos (<o.l - or.t - 5)
: i cos (arr - 6)
We see that if the two phase currents are balanced, of frequenry @', and the
rotor rotates at a speed <,r,, then the two commutator winding currents are
balanced and of the same magnitude as i. and iB and of frequency (t.-t.)'
In particular, if ar,: ar", i.e- the rotor rotates at synchronous speed' then the
frequency of the rotor commutator currents is zero; in other words' they are
direct currents.
If the currents i, and io are balanced and of frequency or"' an analysis
\i-il"r to that above will sirow that the currents i. and iu are balanced and
of frequency (,rr"-tr,) and of the same magnitude as io and io'
Weseethenthat,forbalancedpolyphaseoperation,thecommutator
transformation merely changes the frequency.

8.5.2 Commutator impedance transformation

t lf (zr) is the impedance matrix for the two-phase system, the transformed
I impedance matrix for the commutator system will be given by
(z):(c)(z,)(c)!
Thus
l-cos 0 sin 0 0 0 0
@,)-l sine - cos 0 0 (L-M)p+R 0

I
Lo
l-cos 0
0
sin 0
1 ]['-T'.'
0
0 (L+ZM)p+R

F
xlsine -cos 0 0

)
lo 0 1

l-cos g sin 0 0
: lsin e -cos 0 0
t-
Lo 0 1

l@-l0p +Rlcos 0 [(L -M)p + R] sin 0

X l@-tvt)p +Rlsin 0 -[(L - M)p + R] cos 0
0 0 ,..r,1,r.J
(L-M)p+R
[r-mn+n (L+2M\p+ R
246 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

We see that the impedance matrix for the commutator equivalent machine
is identical to that of the two-phase machine and the only effect of the
commutator transformation on the impedance matrix is therefore to convert
the rotor windings into pseudo-stationary windings. I

8.6 Symmetrical GomponentTransformation

Network calculations on polyphase systems are relatively simple if the

systems are balanced, since in this case calculations can be performed for
one equivalent phase, the performance of the other phases being identical
except for a rotation of all phasors through a fixed angle (120" for a
three-phase system and 90o for a two-phase system). If the system is
unbalanced, however, the problem is very much more complex and the
network analysis must be performed on the complete polyphase system.
However, the problem can be simplified by the use of the theory of
symmetrical components. The theory states that any unbalanced polyphase
system of voltages or currents can be considered as a number of balanced
systems acting simultaneously. The necessary calculations can be performed
for each system separately and then the law of superposition applied. We
consider a two-phase system as it is assumed that a three-phase system will
have been converted into the equivalent two-phase system by use of the 'lf
phase transformation.
The theory for a two-phase system states that any unbalanced two-phase I
system of voltages or currents can be considered as a balanced positive
phase sequence system plus a balanced negative phase sequence system.
Figure 8.5(a) shows an arbitrary system of unbalanced two-phase currents
I. and Ir. Figure 8.5(b) shows a positive phase sequence system I., and Isr.
The magnitudes of I.r and lpr are identical and I-1 leads Iur, by 90'. Figure
8.5(c) shows a negative phase sequence system I*, and Iur. The magnitudes
of I., and Iu., are identical alt.d Iur leads I., by 90". Superimposing the two
systems of appropriate magnitudes and phase angles, we obtain the original

I,t
Ioz

lBt
tB lBz
(o) (b) (c)

Fig. 8.5. Two-phase symmetrical components. (a) Two unsymmetrical currents. (b)
Positive phase sequence components. (c) Negative phase sequence components.
 TRANSFORMATIONS 247
I unbalanced system, i.e.
I*:I.,*I., Io:lor*lu2
The required sequence quantities are obtained as follows:
I. : I. , + 1, and
la = lar+ lrr= - j\, + j\,
Writing these two equations in matrix form we obtain
1l L,
Hl= -i i I.z
Solving for I., and I., we obtain

H:l: +[i l,l I IeL

It has already been stated that the current 16 should be carried through
the transfcrmations in order to include it when reverting to the original
three-phase system. Thus, including the equation 16: Io, we have

lil:,[: it] til

This is now the matrix equation (Ir) - (O(fr).
It can easily be shown that (C)(C)f I (1) and thus that the transformation
I is not orthogonal. It can, however, be made orthogonal as follows. Let us
define the sequence components as
t- : J!1t-,+ t-,1 tu - J\1tu, + rur\ : J\1-it_,+ it.,) ro : ro
In matrix form the equations are

l i
[i]:,,[; 0 ;l trl
It can easily be shown that this transformation is orthogonal, i.e. (C)(C)I: (l)
and thus (C)-':(C)f. Therefore
1 i0
[l],,I 1

0
l 0
OJ' liil
As in the previous transformations, the following equations apply:
(r,): (c)(1,)
( %): (c)(v,)
(22): (c)(Z,)(c)-'
 \.
28 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

These can be inverted to give f,, V, and Z, in terms 6l 12, Vz and Z, :i

respectively. I

\
L
I
I

8.6.1 Symmetrical component impedance

transformation I

The impedance matrix for the two-phase system (see Section 8.4.2) is given
by
[R+(L-rOp I
n +&-M)p
IL
I

R +(L+ZIAp)
l:rr,, i
I

II
i
The symmetrical component transformation is given by l L

G):J+

Thus the transformed impedance matrk is given by

t: i;l
(/,,) - (c\(21\(C)-1 I
I +(L-IvoP
:-l 1
1 -t :l l. R+(L-IAp
I

0 0 rr)1. R+(L+2M) J

['l-, I
X

Lo o
l
;l
This gives
+ (L -
(2,):l [R ^,f)pR+(L-M)p I
I

I n +@+zM)pl
We observe that (Z):(Zz) and the impedance matrix is unchanged by the
transformation.
We can now write the transformed equations as

R+l@(L-M)
tH [R+]"'*-M) R+j<o(L.rr,] [il
 I

TRANSFORMATIONS 249
I{
I
A-6.2 Three-phase symmetrical components
I
If we combine the phase transformation written in terms of a.c. phasors and
I the two-phase symmetrical component transformation, we can obtain an
expression for the symmetrical components of a three-phase system in terms
.I of the unbalanced three-phase quantities as follows:

,,li
1

til: -1
0 ll t il
i t- 1 --L
,,[i -i r=l o + -f
0
"L]' l4 'E I til
ei+ i€) e+- i5,)1
,,I ?+- i+) (-+. rf)_l
1 til
,'I a
a

1
2

?tI rc
IA
IB

where
) : (-i+ i+): r/r20" and a' - (-i- i+) :
a 1/240"
The three-phase symmetrical component transformation as given above is
orthogonal (CCf :1) and thus (C)-1=(C)f.Therefore [noting that c*-
(a)2 and (a')* -- a] we can write
1

a
[[l:.[* a2 it trl
8.7 Application of the Transformations

We have considered three transformations, the phase transformation, the

commutator transf ormation and the symmetrical component transformation.
The method of analysis is as follows.
Suppose we are considering a three-phase machine. Firstly, the phase
transformation would be used to replace the rotor and stator windings of the
machine by the equivalent two-phase windings and to find the two-phase
250 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL. MACHTNES

currents and voltages in terms of the three-phase quantities. If the polyphase

syglgm is balanced, we would then use the commutator transformation to
I -)

replace the rotor two-phase winding by the equivalent two-axis commutator \

ilinaing. T[6G6uivalent machine *ould then have stationary stator coils
and pseudo-stationary rotor coils on the direct a nd q udEfi ?lE?Ell*Faffi ow n
in Fig. 8.6. This is called the commutator primitive machine. There may be
QA
4
o
+^l EI ,o

EJ /o
a,v
D

do

"l**-l*o^
uo

.t ,.
Fig. 8.6. Commutator primitive machine.

more than four windings but they will all be located on the direct or
quadrature axes.
If the polyphase system is unbalanced, then the symmetrical component I
transformation would be used to obtain the positive and negative sequence
balanced systems of curent and voltage. The two balanced systems would I
then be used for two separate analyses and the results superimposed.
The use of the above procedure will be demonstrated in later chapters in
the analysis of induction motors and synchronous machines. For d.c.
machines, the transformations so far considered are not relevent. Clearly,
the phase and symmetrical component transformations are not relevent and
the rotor windings are of course already commutator windings, and so the
commutator transformation is not required either.

8.8 Gonnection Matrix

The commutator primitive machine, mentioned in the previous section and

discussed more fully in the next chapter. consists of individual windings with
no interconnections between them. The procedure for analysis of a con-
nected network or machine is to write the equations for the separate circuits
as a matrix equation and transform these equations into the equations
 TRANSFORMATIONS 25'l

describing the interconnected network. This is done by means of the

connection matrix. We shall illustrate the idea with a very simple network.
Consider a primitive network consisting of three separate resistances as
shown in F-ig. 8.7, In matrix form, the equations are
vl
v2 R2
vj l:[^'
^.]
til
R1

v1

R2
!z
-<_ v2

+vz
Fig. 8.7. Primitive network consisting of three unconnected circuits.

kt us suppose that we wish to connect the resistances into the simple

circuit shown in Fig. 8.8. The unconnected system contained three currents,
Ir, I, and 13. The connected system contains two independent currents, IA
and Ir. The connection matrix is a matrix that relates \e currents of the
unconnected system to those of the connected system as'.indicated in the

L) R-

va
TA
R1 Rz

vA

Fig. 8.8. Connected circuit formed from components of Fig. 8.7.

f ollowing equation:

rA

tiltj tl IB

Using the previous nomenclature, this is the matrix equation (Ir): (C)(/r).
The voltage connection matrix, assuming power invariance, can be writ-
ten. as explained in Section 8.2, as (yr):(C)f(Vr), i.e.

v I 0
v I] o 0 1

til
 ,

252 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

This is clearly correct as can be seen in this case by inspection. Notice that t
it is not possible to have (C)f :(C)-' as the matrix (C) is not square and
thus cannot be inverted.
Now the impedance transformation for a non-orthogonal system (see page q
238) is given by

Rt 0
1 0
(2,\-(C)l(z2XC)=
[; 0 1
R2

"l I 0
1

(Rl+R'
_ [1
Lo
I
0 r[, ;,]: r 0R.
0

Thus the equations for the connected circuit are

v^ Rl+R2 0
vB t=t OR ,] [J
This equation could, of course, have been written directly for the very
simple example given, by inspection of the circuit.
[-et us now assume that the three circuit components are irtductive with
self inductances L1, L2 and L, respectively and mutual inductances Mrr,
M4 and Mrr. The three primitive circuit equations are now
v1I [Rr+L,p Mtzp M,rp -l [r'l
v2 l= | Mzn R2*L,p u*p ll ul
v3 I I vr,n Mnp nr+rrp-l [lr]
The connection matrix is the same as before. Performing the impedance
transformation (Zt): (C)r(22)(C) as before, we obtain the following expres-
sion:
R, * L,p * Mtrp * Rr* Lrp * M2rp Mrrp*Mgp
(Zr):
Mrrp*Mt p R3+L3p

Thus the equation for the connected system is

V^l : [R,+ L'p I MnP * Rr+ LrP * MxP Mep*M2rp
I
Lv"l I uyp*Myp Rr* Lrp riI
Again the equation could be written by inspection of the connected circuit
but more care would be needed in this case, especially in making sure that
no mutual inductance terms are omitted. The more complicated the circuit,
the more difficult it would be to write down the complete circuit equations
for the connected circuit by inspection. However, it is always a simp"e
routine procedure to write the equations for the primitive circuit and then
 I

TRANSFORMATIONS 253
I
a
obtain the equations for the connected circuit by application of the impe-
dance transformation using the connection matrix. when the problem under
consideration is concerned with rotating machines, the situation is more
complex, as we then also have rgtational voltages to consider. However, as
we shall see, the procedure described above is still a simple routine proce-
dure.
As stated previously, the connection matrix is not square and thus cannot
be inverted. This means that the currents of the connected circuit cannot be
written in terms of the primitive currents as a matrix equation. The matrix
equation (fJ = (CXIr) written above represents the three equations
fr = In Iz= le. h= Ia
Writing I^ and I, in terms of. Ir, \ and I, we obtain
fe: fr Ie,: Iz I'.= Is
Itshould be clear that these three equations cannot be written as a single
matrix equation.
The use of the connection matrix along with the other transformations for
machine analysis will be shown in later chapters.

I
8.9 Summary

( 1) All electrical machines can be mathematically transformed into an

equivalent commutator primitive machine. The commutator primitive
machine is simpler to analyse and is the same for alr real machines.
(2) The transformations involved are the phase transformation, the com-
mutator transformation, the symmetrical component transformation and
the connection transformation.
(3) Any transformation is specified by the following equations:
(vt): (z,)(rt) v): (2,)(r,)
(r, : (cxrl) ( %) : (c)r(%) (2,) : (c){(z,)(c)
The first equation is the circuit equation for system 1 and the second
equation is the circuit equation for system 2. The last three equations give
the current, voltage and impedance transformations.
(4) A transformation is described as orthogonal if the following relationship
exists:

(c)-' : (c)I
 it

254 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

,-1
In this case the transformation equations are simplified as follows:
(IJ: (C)(I,) (V,): (CXv') (2,) = (CXZ'XC)-'
r
(5) The phase transformation converts a three-phase winding with coils A,
B and C into an equivalent two-phase winding with coils c and p.
Assuming the disposition of the windings as shown in Figs 8.1 and 8.2 and
that the number of turns per phase for the two-phase winding is f times
that for the three-phase winding, the transformation matrix (C) is given
as follows:

.jltil
'
[t]:.1;
The current in is the common component, if any, of the currents io, i"
and i.. =
(6) For balanced operation of the three-phase system, the equivalent two-
phase system is also balanced, with voltage and current magnitudes equal
to J] times those for the three-phase system and with the o quantities
(voltage or current) in phase with the A phase quantities.
(7) tf the impedance matrix of the three-phase system is given by
[R+Lp Mp Mp 1
| *, R+Lp Mp I

Lro Mp n+rpl
the transformed impedance matrix for the two-phase system is
R +(L - r\{)p
R +(L -M)p
R *(L *2M)J
(8) The commutator transformation replaces a rotating two-phase system of
coils by two commutator coils with pseudo-stationary axes perpendicular
to each other (Figs 8.3 and 8.4). The transformation matrix, which is
orthogonal, is as follows:
d cos 0 sin 0
q
0 It sin 0
0
-cos
0
0

The impedance matrix is unchan*etl by the transformation.

il lil
(9) If the two-phase currents I., antl I,. are balanced and of frequency @s,
then the commutator currents are t':rllttrced, of the same magnitude and of
frequency (ar"- <o,) where r.r, is thc rtrtor speed. If currents I.' and I., are
1

I TR,ANSFORMATIONS 255
f-
balanced and of frequency @., then currents I. and Io are balanced. of the
L. sarne magnitude and of frequency (..-<.r.).
( 10) The two-phase symmetrical component transformation replaces an
unbalanced system of voltages or currents, say I. and Iu, by a positive
phase sequence set I.r and 16,, and a negative phase sequence set. I., and
Ior. The orthogonal form of the transformation matrix is
C1
a2
I
1 t,;l
0 ]:,,I 0 tf]
The impedance matrix is unchanged by operation of the symmetrical
component transformation.
( l0) Ifthe phase transformation and the two-phase symmetrical component
transformation are combined, the equations relating the three-phase
quantities to the symmetrical component values are obtained:
1 aa' I^
1 a'a rB
[H,-[ 1 11 Itrc
(11) The connection matrix for a network specifies the interconnection, if
any, between the various branches of the network. When interconnections
I are made to a primitive network, the new set of independent currents and
voltages is smaller than the primitive set and the transformation matrix
gives the relationship between the new set and the old set. The matrix in
this case is not square and therefore not invertible. The impedance
transformation allows the equations of the connected network to be
obtained from those of the primitive network.

8.10 Examples

8.1. A three-phase, balanced, star connected winding has a resistance of I f,l

per phase, a self inductive reactance of 10 O per phase and a mutual
inductive reactance between phases of 2.5 C).
Write the voltage equations and calculate the currents when a balanced
three-phase, three-wire supply of line voltage 200 V is connected to the
winding.
8.2, The winding ofExample 8.1 is to be replaced by an equivalent
two-phase winding. obtain the two-phase impedance matrix and calculate
the voltages and c-urreuts for equivalence with the three-phase systcr, of
Exanrple ll.l.
256 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

E.3. The winding of Example 8.2 is assumed to be rotating at one half

synchronous speed and is to be replaced by an equivalent commutator
oruairrg. calculate the voltages and currents for the equivalent system.
l
E.4. The winding of Example 8.1 has a.single voltage of 200V,50H2
applied
-
between the C and B terminals'
balculate the input crurent and the three phase voltages'
8.5. The three-phase winding of Example 8'4 is to be replaced by the
equivalent tv,rc-phase winding. calculate the voltages and currents to give
equivalent conditions to those of Example 8.4'
E.6. For the system of Example 8.5, calculate the symmetrical components
of voltage and current.

I
 405
SOLUTIONS TO EXAMPLES

Example 8.1
I
1 The impedance matrix is given bY

[R ior irM i,M I [r +; ro 1+i10

+ - iz's - 12'sl
I i.*, R + j<or- i.M l: I -i''t - iz's I

L i.M irM R + v'<.rLJ L- iz's - iz's i

+ 101 1
b
the three
I
The three line voltages are 200 V and balanced. Bv sv_mmetry'
i
115 V, and the
I phase ,oltages must be balanced, of magnitude ZOO1J3:
equation is
three currents will also be balanced. The voltage
i

I l-
rrs [r +; to iz's
lL I :l--',1','-ill
- - iz'sl ['"..|
[tml
I

r ;rffiJ Lf]
I

This first equation gives

l" ItS /O: (1 + i tOX i2'5(1" * f")
l ^-
: r/,(1+i10 + i2..5) as rB+rc - -rA
r Thus
, _ ttsl! _ 115 :9.2 - 85.4"
'e- 1+i12.5 12.5/85.4"
€

Example 8.2
gives
As the three-phase system is balanced, the phase transformation
vo: rL5,cxJltJi*t4lrc
I Ve: 141/ -90"
I
I
Vo: 0

The transformed impedance matrix is

[n * ia(L - IUI) I
I n+ja(L-W r

l:
L R+jr,r(L+2M))
I + i12.5
1+ i12.5
1+i
406 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Thus the voltage equation, ignoring Vo' is

vo r4t/e + irz's
t ve ]:I t4L/ -90"']: [' ,.rrr.r] [l]
Thus
r- : ( 14 1 /9 t tt + i 12.5) : (l4t I 9) I $2.5 / S5'4")
: 1 1' 3 - 85.4"
Thus

fa : 11'3 - 8s.4" "JztJ1 :9.2/-85.4"

Also,
141/-90"
t -E- 11 ?l-!15 4o i

'u-(1 +i12.5) I

Example 8.3
\

The commutator transformation, ignoring v6 and Io, is given by

sin 0 1)d

t:.]:[:ff; -cos 0 t o9 r -'l

I
From ExamPle 8.2.

Vo : l4L /0 : l4('sin or"f

Vp: l4l/ -gA": -t|lJlcos or"f

Let 0 : @,t* 6 where 6 is the rotor position at t:0 and <.r, is the rotor
speed. Then

uo: t4lJl.sin or"f cos (ar,[ + 6) - l4tJzcos crr'f sin (or't * 6)

:200 sin (orf - 5)
where
@:(r)"-@,

1)o: l4lJrsin <,r.f sin (or,t + 6) + l4ilrcos <rr,f cos (ar,r * 6)

: 200 cos (orf - 5) : 200 sin (at - 6 + 90")

As L
ar 1
z(o*
 I
I

SOLUTIONS TO EXAMPLES 407

I
;- then
I
i ,:r"-ir":*r"
i- The voltage equation, where the voltages and currents are of frequency lor.,
is
vd +,12.s rd
QootJr)t- 6

% (2oo/Jt)/ - 6 +90" l_ [1 t+ i12.5 t rq

t .=r|rLn
1+i12.5
- i.3/-6-85.4"
14r/ -6+90" :r1.3/
rq
t+ i12.5 -6 +4. 60

Example 8.4

The voltage equation for the three-phase winding as given in Example 8.f
is

1+i10 -iz.s -i2.s1

-iz.s
--d tll -iz.s
- i2.5
1+ i10
-iz.s 1+ i1o_l
l

t'il
From Fig. 41 we can write the following relationships:
L
Is:I Ic=-I Ie:0 V:2O0 = Vs- Vc

c B

vc

fr
t lzoovt
I
Fig. 41. Example 8.4. Circuit diagram.

Thus we have
v :200: va- vc: (1+i10) IB- j2.5lc- (1+ j10)Ic+ i2.5IB
- (1+ i12.5)IB - (1+i12.5)Ic =21(l+ i't2.5)
 I
I
l

408 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

a
Thus
200 100 : 8.0/ - 8s.4"
' - 2(l+j12.5) 72.5/85.4"

The three phase voltages can now be calculated:

1+i10 -iz.s -r2.sl l- 0 I
Ht -iz.s 1+i10 -r2.sllI
- i2.5 - iz.s 1 +i101 L- IJ
I

[+,:;l;l]:[:nJ
We see that the applied voltage is divided equally between the C and B
phases. Also, there is no voltage across the A phase'

Example 8.5

The phase transformation is given as follows:

i

[rJ:.[i i-j]trl
The voltage equation for the two-phase system rs

1+ i12.5

lil t L+ i12.5

'we see that

1+j It'Il
From the phase transformation,

J''t;
'B:;2 (v"- v.) : jzools:
1

v. t+z1P
Jlz' J2

Thus from the voltage equation'

r42D 11.36l-85.4"
lB
I +i12.5

I
 rl

SOLUTIONS TO EXAMPLES 409

Also,

J. ia (Io
ls: - I.) -- 2Il^12 : ^/ 2I
J3 -2
Thus

I = lBtJ, :8.01 - 85.4"

Also, from the phase transformation

u: JZ<-tltt"+ r.) : iy

Thus V" must also be zero.

Also, from the transformation matrix,
ro = (l/J5XIA + I. + Is): 0

Thus V6 must also be zero.

Example 8.6

,l From the symmetrical component transformation, i.e.

l%'l:1
lv-"1Jz ti l,l [l;]
as V- :0, then

r42/20"
V-r: ivolJ, : --------=- == 100190"

_ 142/ -90"
v -2: - ivBl J 2 : ---6-: 1 0o/ - e0'

Thus

100190"
r., j12.5
8.0/4.6"
't +

Also
100/-90"
I- . - - 8.0/ -1.75.4"
1 + i 12.-s

-
 '!
l

410 GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

e
As
1 1 r.,
Hl Jz -l ]rtL,
Then

1
le:
1
(8/ -90'+ 4.6" + 8 115.4" +9 (8 - 85.4" + 8/ - 85 .4")
J,
= 11.3 - 85.4"

Example 9'1
(a)
D a q d
D 3O+7p I t
o 30+5p lp
Z_

"il
q -2a 1p 5 +0.5p
I
d 2p la 0.5<,r
.-l
I

-l
G: ,;l
1 0.5

(b)
VD 30 1. 30
vo 30 1 30

% -200 5 -70 1 -265

% 100 50 5 1 15s

The electrical torque is

1

1
r.:[t 11 1]
- 0.7 1

1 0.5 1

0
0
:[t 1 1 1] :-1.2Nm
-2.7
1.5