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The Research Process

This document outlines the quantitative and qualitative research processes. The quantitative research process consists of 5 phases: conceptual, design and planning, empirical, analytic, and dissemination. The conceptual phase involves formulating the problem and reviewing literature. The qualitative research process is more circular and includes planning the study, developing data collection strategies, gathering and analyzing data, and disseminating findings. Formulating a good research problem requires considering criteria like researchability, significance, and feasibility. The statement of the problem should describe the substantive focus, frame it as a practical problem, pose initial research questions, and discuss limitations.

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Jemuel Irasmus Mari Rosales
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59 views24 pages

The Research Process

This document outlines the quantitative and qualitative research processes. The quantitative research process consists of 5 phases: conceptual, design and planning, empirical, analytic, and dissemination. The conceptual phase involves formulating the problem and reviewing literature. The qualitative research process is more circular and includes planning the study, developing data collection strategies, gathering and analyzing data, and disseminating findings. Formulating a good research problem requires considering criteria like researchability, significance, and feasibility. The statement of the problem should describe the substantive focus, frame it as a practical problem, pose initial research questions, and discuss limitations.

Uploaded by

Jemuel Irasmus Mari Rosales
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Research Process

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESS


THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE
1. Formulating and delimiting the problem*
2. Reviewing the related literature
3. Undertaking clinical fieldwork
4. Defining the framework/developing conceptual definitions
5. Formulating hypotheses

THE DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE


1. Selecting a research design
2. Developing intervention protocols
3. Identifying the population
4. Designing the sampling plan
5. Specifying methods to measure research variables
6. Developing methods to safeguard subjects
7. Finalizing the research plan

THE EMPIRICAL PHASE (most time consuming where you collecting data from the respondents)
1. Collecting the data
2. Interpreting the results

THE ANALYTIC PHASE (may use software and ask for assistance with the statistician
1. Analyzing the data
2. Interpreting the result

THE DISSEMINATION PHASE


1. Communicating the findings (where you communicate findings that involves to the public or
to the person or people who will benefit to the study)
2. Utilizing the findings in practice

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESS (circular not linear)


PLANNING THE STUDY
1. Identifying the research problem
2. Doing a literature review
3. Developing an overall approach
4. Selecting and gaining entrée into research sites
5. Developing methods to safeguard participants

DEVELOPING DATA COLLECTION STRATEGIES


1. Deciding what type of data to gather and how to gather them.
2. Deciding from whom to collect the data
3. Deciding how to enhance trustworthiness

GATHERING AND ANALYZING DATA


1. Collecting data
2. Organizing and analyzing data
3. Evaluating data: making modifications to data collection strategies, if necessary
4. Evaluating data: determining if saturation has been achieved

DISSEMINATING FINDINGS
1. Communicating findings
2. Utlizing (or making recommendations for utilizing) findings in practice and future research

CONCEPTUAL PHASE (QUANTITATIVE)


1. FORMULATING & DELIMITING THE PROBLEM
● Probably the most important task in the research process
● question/ problem becomes the driving force behind the research from beginning to end.

PART I: DEFINITION OF TERMS


•Topic
– a phenomenon on which to focus;
ex: side effects of chemotherapy;
•Research Problem
– any significant,enigmatic (puzzling/ mysterious), perplexing, or troubling condition which
requires reflective thinking;
– help determine the direction of subsequent inquiry
– address what will be studied;
– Ex.) You are beset by a problem of year-by-year flash floods in your community.
– (Topic- Floods) (Problem- Yearly flash floods in your community)

SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPIC (PROBLEM)


1. Pressing issues on an individual, organizational, or societal level, or success stories.
[Personal experience/ Intellectual curiosity]
● INDIVIDUAL LEVEL TOPIC EXAMPLE = LOW SELF ESTEEM
● ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL TOPIC EXAMPLE = SEEMING EMPATHY OF THE MAJORITY OF
STUDENTS TOWARDS THE STUDENT SUPREME GOVERNMENT ELECTION
●
STUDENTS TOWARDS THE STUDENT SUPREME GOVERNMENT ELECTION
● SUCCESS STORIES LEVEL TOPIC EXAMPLE = BUSINESS OR LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMS
● SOCIETAL LEVEL TOPIC EXAMPLE = NARCISSISM AMONG MILLENNIALS
2. Wide reading/ critical fild viewing
3. Social networking
4. Replication
5. Lectures,talks,seminars (Mentors/Colleagues).
6. Gray Areas/ Gaps.

RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED


1. Controversial topics
2. Highly technical subjects
3. Hard-to-investigate subjects
4. Too broad topics
5. Too narrow topics
6. Vague subjects

CRITERIA FOR A GOOD RESEARCH


1. RESEARCHABILITY
– Can be resolved through research
– Can be tested empirically
– Data can be collected to answer the question or resolve the problem
– Moral issues (value judgment) cannot be tested.
– Eg. Should assisted suicide be legalized?
2. SIGNIFICANCE
– "it matters what the answer is"
– 'so what if you know the answer?"
– "is it worth the time, effort, and money?"
– Novel ideas
– problem is not over-researched in the past

3. FEASIBILITY
– Time and timing
– Availability of study participants (subjects)
– Facilities and equipment
– Cost/ Money/ Resources are available
– Research qualifications
– Ethical considerations
– The procedures are technically possible
– Peer and administrative support;

4. INTEREST OF THE RESEARCHER


PART Il: DEFINITION OF TERMS
● Statement of the problem
● (In general)
– Articulates the problem to be addressed and indicates the need for a study (interrogative or
declarative form).
– Includes general/main/major problem and specific questions;

● Purpose Statement
– Provides why the study is being done.
– It is the researcher's summary of the overall goal of the study;
– In declarative form; usually 1 to 2 clear sentences;
– We can readily identify here the main/ general problem of the study.
● Research Question
– Specific query researchers want to answer in addressing the research problem (interrogative
form);
PURPOSES OF STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (SOP)
● Marshall and Rossman (1995):
1. To describe the substantive focus of the research study:
2. To frame it as: A practical problem & develop its significance;
3. To pose initial research questions;
4. To forecast the literature to be discussed in the second section and:
5. To discuss the limitations of the study;

FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS


● You have to formulate:
A. a general problem (major/ problem statement)
– this provides the direction and overall picture of what the researcher aims to achieve (most of
the time, it's also the purpose statement).
– articulates the problem to be addressed and indicates the need for a study;
– Usually in declarative/ narrative form (other format state it in interrogative form);
– should identify the key variables (varies among subjects);
– includes the participants/ population of the study- delimited (narrowed down) to the main
group of interest;
B. and at least 3 specific problems (specific questions).
– It give details of the research; These are generated from the general problem;
– specific queries researchers want to answer in addressing the research/ problem.
– Usually in question form (interrogative);

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