M1 – EARTH 1) The oceans and water bodies absorb the sun's energy and warm up.

2) Transpiration by trees and Evaporation of surface water occurs.

A. FACTORS THAT MAKE A PLANET HABITABLE
3) The water vapor in the atmosphere condenses (condensation) to
 TEMPERATURE form rain clouds and comes down as rain (precipitation).
 WATER 4) The rains fall back on land and into water bodies (run-off) again
 ATMOSPHERE and they all run back into the ocean for the cycle to continue.
 ENERGY  ATMOSPHERE
 NUTRIENTS - The atmosphere is a mixture of gases: Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen
Earth is the third planet from the Sun (21%), make up the most.
According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth - Argon, Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols (particles such as dust, pollen,
formed over 4.5 billion years ago. ash, smoke)
Earth's gravity interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun
and the Moon (Earth's only natural satellite)
Earth orbits around the Sun in 365.26 days, a period known as an Earth
year.

B. EARTH SYSTEM (Earth is made up of all these things and are grouped
into four main areas called spheres)
 HYDROSPHERE
- The hydrosphere includes all the water parts on the planet. It
includes water on the surface, sub-surface, and water vapor in the
atmosphere.
- Cover more than 70% of the surface of the earth

ater cycle
 LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
 Troposphere - closest to the surface or lowest layer. It extends about 8
– 14.5 km high; Presence of water vapor; weather; cloud types can be
seen;
 Stratosphere - 50km high; protects life on Earth by absorbing the UV
radiation
 Mesosphere - 85km high; meteors burn up this layer
 Thermosphere – extends to 600km; Aurora, spacecrafts occur
 Ionosphere – extension of Thermosphere; abundant layers of
electrons, ionized atoms and molecules occur; radio communication
possible
 Exosphere – upper limit or outermost layer; Beyond the exosphere is
space D. Geosphere
C. B - Makes up the solid portion of the Earth; includes rocks, sediments
I and soil that creates the Earth’s surface.
O - It includes the non-living land features.
S It has four layers (Layers of the Earth: CRUST, MANTLE, INNER
P CORE, OUTER CORE)
H 1. Mantle
E - It represents 85% of the total mass and weight of our planet.
R - Under the crust; longest and intermediate layer of the Earth.
E
- Divided into: UPPER and LOWER mantle
-
-
-
The biosphere is all living component of the earth (humans, plants,
animals, bacteria, fungi, protists and all microscopic organisms on
land, in the air and in the oceans).
- It also includes all organic matter that has not yet decomposed.
 M2 - Rocks & Minerals Organic – accumulation of plant and animal debris
Ex. Chalk, coal, diatomite, some limestones
Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
- the most common and abundant material of the Lithosphere of the
meta meaning ‘change’, morph meaning ‘form’
earth
formed when igneous/sedimentary rocks transform due to high heat,
- a solid mass of minerals that occurs naturally
temperature, pressure, and chemical processes (metamorphism)
- composed of smaller crystals or grains called ‘minerals’ large part of the Earth’s crust is composed of metamorphic rocks
Foliated – layered or banded appearance; produced by exposure to heat
Categories and directed pressure
Igneous Rocks Minerals are squeezed
Latin, ‘ignis’ meaning fire Ex. Gneiss, Schist, Slate
formed by volcanic activity (hot molten rock crystallizes and solidifies) Non-foliated – do not have layers/bands
Intrusive – a.k.a. Plutonic Lacks minerals/ grains
magma remains deep and starts to cool and solidify Ex. Marble, Quartzite
-composed of small crystals
Ex. Diorite, Granite
Extrusive – a.k.a. Volcanic
Magma breaks through the Earth’s surface – Lava – volcanic eruption
Composed of large and well-formed crystals
Ex. Basalt, Obsidian

Sedimentary Rocks
– are formed when sediment is compacted & cemented together
– Usually formed layer by layer
Strata – oldest layer at the bottom

Minerals
– building blocks of rocks
– Naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, has a definite chemical
composition, has ordered internal structure
Clastic – mechanical/ physical weathering
Ex. Conglomerate, Breccia, Shale, Siltstone, Mudstone, Sandstone Mineral (Physical) Properties
Chemical – chemical weathering Color – a unique identifying property of certain minerals (e.g. malachite –
Ex. Rock Salt, Iron Ore, Flint, Chert, Travertine, some Dolomites, & some green, azurite – blue)
Limestones
Streak – the color of a mineral in powdered form Fracture – the tendency of minerals to be broken into rough pieces;
Crystal Form/Habit – natural shape of the mineral before the irregular and non-planar
development of cleavage or fracture
geometric shape Specific Gravity – the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an
Hardness – the measure of resistance to abrasion equal volume of water
measure of bonding between strength between atoms numerically equal to the density
Mohs Scale of Hardness – created by Friedrich Mohs gram per cubic meter g/cm3

Other properties include magnetism, odor, taste, tenacity, reaction to acid,

etc.

Mineral Groups

Silicates – minerals containing silicon and oxygen, the 2 most abundant

elements in the Earth’s crust

Oxides – minerals containing Oxygen anion [O2-] combined with other

Luster – quality/intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral ions.
radiance or brilliance
Metallic – generally opaque & exhibits a resplendent shine like a Sulfates – minerals containing Sulfur and Oxygen anion [SO4] combined
polished metal with other ions
Non-metallic – vitreous (glassy), adamantine (brilliant/diamond-like),
resinous, silky, pearly, dull (earthly), greasy, etc. Sulfides – minerals containing sulfur anion [S2] combined with one or more
ions
some sulfides are sources of economically important metals such as
copper, lead, and zinc

Carbonate Minerals – Contains the Carbonate anion (CO3)2 – combined

with other elements

Native Elements - minerals that form as individual elements

Metals and Inter-metals – minerals with high thermal and electrical
conductivity, typically with a metallic luster, low hardness
Ex. gold, lead
Semi-metals – minerals that are more fragile than metals and have
lower conductivity
Ex. Arsenic, bismuth
Non-metals – nonconductive
Cleavage – the tendency of minerals to break along parallel repetitive Ex. Sulfur, diamond
planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces or sheets
Halides – minerals containing halogen elements combined with more
elements
M3 - ENERGY RESOURCES

ENERGY SOURCES
Renewable energy can be reproduced easily or can be replenished by
natural processes.
Non- renewable energy is those that have a limited supply and cannot
easily be restored, re-made, re-grown, or re-generated.
1. Fossil Fuels

- Usually in the forms of water or steam exploited for electricity

generation
- Geothermal power plants are in Laguna, Albay, Sorsogon, Leyte,
Northern and Southern Negros and Mt. Apo in Mindanao

1. Hydroelectric Power or Hydroelectric energy or Hydroelectricity

- Electricity generated using water
- Dams
2. Solar energy
- Energy derived from the sun
- Provide electricity for: calculators, Satellites, watches etc. and
- Include crude oil and natural gas liquids (motor and aviation certain vehicles
gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, and petrochemical feedstocks), coal 3. Biogas (Biomass – organic matter)
and coal products, and natural gases (occur in underground deposits - Derived principally from anaerobic fermentation of biomass and
–liquefied / gaseous consisting mainly of methane) solid wastes, which are combusted to produce heat and electrical
- Electricity, heating, transportation, power industry, and power.
manufacturing. 4. Batteries
2. Geothermal Energy - stores energy and then discharges it by converting chemical energy
- Produced heat from beneath the earth – crust into electricity
M4 - WATER RESOURCES  In humans, it acts as both a solvent and a delivery mechanism,
dissolving essential vitamins and nutrients from food and delivering
H2O Water is composed of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of them to cells.
hydrogen.  Our bodies also use water to flush out toxins, regulate body
temperature, and aid our metabolism.
 Water is the most abundant substance on the Earth’s surface.  Water has also advanced civilization, providing a means for travel
 About 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. for entire parts of the world and a source of power for factories.
 In fact, 97.5% of Earth's water is in the Earth’s oceans. Only 2.5% is
fresh water.

WHERE IS FRESH WATER LOCATED?

 Most freshwater is found as ice in the vast glaciers of Greenland and

the immense ice sheets of Antarctica. That leaves just 0.4% of
Earth’s water which is freshwater that humans can easily use.
 Most liquid freshwater is found under the Earth’s surface as
groundwater, while the rest is found in lakes, rivers, and streams,
and water vapor in the sky.

SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER
M5 – SOIL RESOURCES

 SOIL
- a mixture of minerals, dead, and living organisms (organic
materials), air, and water.
- can be categorized into sand, clay, silt, peat, chalk, and loam.
- are limited natural resources. They are considered renewable
because they are constantly forming.
- Soil formation rates vary across the planet: the slowest rates occur in
cold, dry regions (1000+ years), and the fastest rates are in hot,
wet regions (several hundred years).
 EROSION
- Movement of rock pieces from one place to another by the action of
natural forces (wind, ice, water, and gravity)
Some human activities that leave the soil exposed and speed up erosion:
1. Agricultural Depletion - Farming can degrade the topsoil and lead
to an increase in erosion.
2. Overgrazing Animals - Grazing animals are animals that live on
large areas of grassland. They can remove large amounts of the plant
cover for an area.
3. Deforestation
4. Mining operations - Major contributors to erosion, especially on
a local level. Many mining techniques involve shifting large amounts
of earth, such as strip mining or mountaintop removal.
5. Development and Expansion - Construction of a building often
begins by clearing the area of any plants or other natural defenses
against soil erosion.
6. Recreational Activities - Humans also cause erosion through
recreational activities, like hiking and riding off-road vehicles. The
area eventually develops bare spots where no plants can grow.
M6 – Waste Management
TYPES OF WASTE
1. INDUSTRIAL WASTE
- Released from manufacturing plants, such as chemical plants,
cement production, textile industries, metallurgical plants, textile,
food processing, power plants, etc.
2. AGRICULTURAL WASTE
- Excess use of fertilizers and pesticides can cause land and water
pollution.
3. MINING WASTE
- generated from the exploitation of mineral resources
- Hazardous waste
4. BIOMEDICAL WASTE
- Generated by hospitals and other health care institutions
- includes infectious waste and chemical waste dangerous to people
and the environment
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL WASTE

 Human anatomical waste: (tissues, organs, body parts)

 Microbiological and biotechnology waste: (including waste from lab
cultures, stocks, or specimens of microorganisms, live or attenuated
vaccines, wastes from production of biologicals, etc.)
 Waste sharps: (used/unused needles, syringes, lancets, scalpels, blades,
glass etc.)
 Discarded medicines and cytotoxic drugs.
 Soiled wastes: (items contaminated with blood and body fluids,
including cotton dressings, linen, plaster casts, bedding etc.)
 Solid wastes: (wastes generated from disposable items other than waste
sharps such as tubing, catheters, I.V. sets, etc.)
 Liquid waste: (waste generated from washing, cleaning, housekeeping,
and disinfection activities including these activities in labs).
 Incineration ash: (from incineration of any biomedical waste)
 Chemical waste: (chemicals used in production of biologicals and
disinfection).