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Communication Systems

This document discusses communication systems and their key elements. It describes two types of communication: point-to-point and broadcast. The main elements of a communication system are the signal, transmitter, receiver, and transmission medium. Analog signals are continuous over time while digital signals contain discrete values. Important terms discussed include attenuation, amplification, range, bandwidth, and modulation. Modulation involves superimposing a low frequency message signal onto a high frequency carrier wave. Amplitude modulation varies the amplitude of the carrier wave based on the message signal amplitude.

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harshameruva2005
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10 views

Communication Systems

This document discusses communication systems and their key elements. It describes two types of communication: point-to-point and broadcast. The main elements of a communication system are the signal, transmitter, receiver, and transmission medium. Analog signals are continuous over time while digital signals contain discrete values. Important terms discussed include attenuation, amplification, range, bandwidth, and modulation. Modulation involves superimposing a low frequency message signal onto a high frequency carrier wave. Amplitude modulation varies the amplitude of the carrier wave based on the message signal amplitude.

Uploaded by

harshameruva2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Communication

System
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Communication
Communication is transmission and reception
of information
Types of Communication
1. Point to Point Communication
Transmission through a link
between ONE transmitter & ONE
receiver.
Ex- Telephone

2. Broadcast
Communication of ONE
transmitter to MULTIPLE
receivers.
Ex- Radio, DTH
Elements of Communication
Elements of Communication
Communication System
Signal
● A time varying voltage, current, or
electromagnetic wave that carries
information
● They are of two types, Analog & Digital
Analog Signal
● Signal which are Continuous as time varying
in nature are analog signals
● There is a linear relationship between
electrical quantity and the value that the
signal represents.
● These signals are more subjected to noise as
they travel through the medium
● Voltage, current, frequency, pressure, sound,
light, temperature are the physical variables
that are measured with respect to their
changes with respect to time to obtain
information.
● Examples - Sound, Radio
Digital Signal
● Digital signal are discrete, they contain only
distinct values
● Digital signals carry binary data i.e. 0 or 1 in
form of bits, it can only contain one value at a
period of time.
● The minimum value is 0 volts whereas
maximum value is 5 volts.
● Digital signals are less subjected to noise
compared to analog signal.
● Example - Computer, Letters printed on books
Some Important Terms
● Transducer - : Any device that converts one form of energy into another can be
termed as a transducer. An electrical transducer may be defined as a device that
converts some physical variable (pressure, displacement, force, temperature,
etc) into corresponding variations in the electrical signal at its output.

● Noise - Noise refers to the unwanted signals that tend to disturb the transmission and processing
of message signals in a communication system.

● Transmitter - A transmitter processes the incoming message signal so as to make it suitable for
transmission through a channel and subsequent reception.

● Receiver - A receiver extracts the desired message signals from the received signals at the
channel output.
Some Important Terms
● Attenuation - It is the loss of signal strength in networking cables or connections
causing signals to become distorted

● Amplification - It is the process of boosting the strength of the transmitted signals using a
suitable electronic circuit called amplifier.
Some Important Terms
● Range - It is the largest distance between
transmitter and receiver where the signal is
received in due strength

● Bandwidth - It is the range of frequency over


which the communication system works
Some Important Terms
● Repeater - It receives the transmitted signal,
amplifies it without changing its form &
transmits it to the next repeater or end user.

● Modulation - It is the phenomena of


superimposing a low frequency signal to a
high frequency carrier wave. Resulting wave
is called as modulated wave.

● Demodulation - It is the retrieval of


information from modulated wave. It is the
opposite process of Modulation.
Transmission Medium/Channel

It is a link through which message signal


travels from transmitter to receiver.
Transmission Medium/Channel
Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
Communication Bandwidth
Modes of Propagation of EM Waves
1) Ground Wave Propagation

● The signal travels over the surface of the ground,


and as a result it is used to provide regional
coverage on the long and medium wave bands.

● Transmission becomes weaker with increase in


frequency due to higher absorption at high increase.

● It is suitable for signal frequency range of less than


3 MHz
Modes of Propagation of EM Waves
2) Sky Wave Propagation

● Refers to the propagation of radio waves reflected


or refracted back toward Earth from the ionosphere.

● Since it is not limited by the curvature of the Earth,


skywave propagation can be used to communicate
beyond the horizon, at intercontinental distances.

● It is suitable for shortwave frequency band (3 MHz -


30 MHz)
PYQ
Modes of Propagation of EM Waves
3) Space Wave Propagation

● Occurs within the 20km of the atmosphere ie;


troposphere, comprising of a direct and reflected
waves

● Direct transmission of the signal is achieved by line


of sight communication.

● Usually, it permits the transmission of signals having


a frequency greater than 30 MHz.
All Propagations
Height of Transmitting Antenna
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Maximum LOS Range
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Antenna
● The most crucial element in communication system.

● It can be used for both transmission and reception of


signal

● It is usually made of metallic wire.

● For reception of signal, each antenna must have a size


of at least one quarter of wavelength of the signal.

● Power radiated by antenna depends on its length &


wavelength of the signal.
Question
The minimum height of antenna needed to transmit a signal of
frequency 20 kHz is
(a) 3.75 km (b) 10 km (c) 15 km (d) 150 m
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Modulation
Modulation

Modulation is the process of superimposing a low frequency


message signal wave on a high frequency carrier wave
Modulation
Need for the Modulation

● To have antennas of feasible size

● To spend less power in transmission

● To avoid mixing of multiple signals, transmission


must happen in high frequency range and each
transmitter must be given a unique band of
frequency
Types of Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
● Amplitude of carrier wave is varied in
accordance with the amplitude of message
signal.

● Frequency of a carrier signal is always high,


which means the modulated signal is also of
high frequency and energy, thus can be
easily propagated over long distances.

● The value of original signal can be easily


retrieved from the amplitude of the modulated
wave with the help of demodulator circuit.

● AM is the oldest technique that was used in


the broadcasting of the radio programmes.
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Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Bandwidth of AM Signal
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