Experiment # 9

Objective: -
To study the concept of modification of an Armstrong bus impedance matrix in MATLAB.

(2nd two cases).

Definitions: -
The definition of impedance matrix, kron reduction and ways of modification of impedance
matrix is given following: -

Impedance Matrix: -
A power system network can be converted into an equivalent impedance diagram. The diagram
forms the basis of power flow or load flow studies and short circuit analysis. The two matrices of
impedance and admittance are related to each other by the following equation: -
−1
Z bus=Y bus

In the above equation, if we talk about impedance matrix first, then consider the following

circuit:-

Diagram for Impedance

Figure 9.1

In the above consider the source V s with a source series impedance of Z s as shown in figure 8.1
(a). using Norton’s theorem, this circuit can be replaced by a current source I s with a parallel admittance
of Ys as shown in figure 8.1 (b). The relations between the original system and the Norton equivalent
are:-

Vs
I s=
Zs

And also: -

1
Y s=
Zs

Now, in the above equation if we consider a matrix for both admittance and impedance, then the
above equation can be written as: -
 [ Y s ]=[ Z s ]−1
Kron Reduction: -
Consider an equation of the form: -

Ax=b

Where A is an (n x n) real or complex valid matrix, x and b are vectors in wither R n or Cn.
Assume that the b vector has a zero element in the nth row such that as given following: -

We can eliminate kth row and kth column to obtain a reduced (n-1) number of equations of the

form: -

The elimination is performed by using the following elementary operation: -

Elements of the Bus Impedance & Admittance Matrices: -

As we know that bus impedance and admittance matrices are inverses of each other. Also since
Ybus is a symmetric matrix, Z bus is also a symmetric matrix. Consider a 4-bus system for which the

voltage-current relations are given in terms of the Ybus matrix as: -

We can then write: -

 This implies that Y11 is the admittance measured at bus-1 when buses 2, 3 and 4 are short
circuited. The admittance Y11 is defined as the self-admittance at bus-1. In a similar way the self-
admittances of buses 2, 3 and 4 can also be defined that are the diagonal elements of the Y bus matrix.
The off-diagonal elements are denoted as the mutual admittances. For example, the mutual admittance
between buses 1 and 2 is defined as: -

The mutual admittance Y12 is obtained as the ratio of the current injected in bus-1 to the voltage
of bus-2 when buses 1,3 and 4 are short circuited. This is obtained by applying a voltage at bus-2 while
the other three buses.

The voltage-current relation can be written in terms of the Zbus matrix as: -

The driving point impedance at bus-1 is defined as: -

Similarly: -

Modification of Bus Impedance Matrix: -

As we know the relation between bus impedance and bus admittance matrix, i.e.

[ Y s ]=[ Z s ]−1
However, it may be possible that the topology of the power system changes by the inclusion of a
new bus or line. In that case it is not necessary to recomputed the Y bus matrix again for the formation of
Zbus matrix. We shall discuss four possible cases by which an existing bus impedance matrix can be
modified.
 Let us assume that n-bus power system exists in which the voltage current relations are given in
terms of the bus impedance matrix as: -

The aim is to modify the matrix Z orig when a new bus or line is connected to the power system.
2nd two cases for the modification are given below: -

i. Adding an Impedance to The Reference Bus from An Existence Bus: -

To accomplish this, we first assume that an impedance Z b is added from a new bus p to
an existence bus k. This can be accomplished using the method discussed in previous examples and
methods. Then to add this bus k to the reference bus through Z b, we set the voltage V p of the new bus to
zero. However, now we have an (n + 1) x (n + 1) Z bus matrix instead of an n x n matrix. We can then
remove the last row and last column of the new Zbus matrix using the Kron Reduction.

Adding an Impedance to The Reference Bus from Existence Bus

Figure 9.2

ii. Adding Impedance Between Two Existing Buses: -

Lets consider the following given figure: -
 Adding an Impedance Between Two Existing Bus
Figure 9.3

Let us assume that we add an impedance Zb between two existing buses k and j as shown in the
above figure. Therefore, the current injected into the network from the bus k side will be Ik – Ib
instead of Ik. similarly, the current injected into the network from the bus j side will be Ij + Ib instead
of Ij. Constantly the voltage of the ith bus will be: -

Similarly, we have: -

And: -

We shall now have to eliminate Ib from the above equations. To do that we note from the above
given figure: -

Then we can rewrite voltage current relation as: -

Also: -

Procedure: -
To attain the desired objective, we will follow following procedure: -
 i. First, open MATLAB software on computer.
ii. Then open the new script.
iii. Then enter the given code in the new script.
iv. After executing the given code, we can get out desired output.

a. Code for Adding an Impedance to A Reference Bus from An Existing

Bus: -

% Existing impedance matrix

imped=[1 2 3 4;2 3 4 5;3 4 5 6;4 5 6 7];

% New impedance

zb=8;

% Adding an impedance to the reference bus from an existing bus at node 5

nimped=zeros(5);

i=0;

j=0;

for i=1:4

for j=1:4

nimped(i,j)=imped(i,j);

end

end

i=0;

j=0;

for i=1:4

for j=1:4

nimped(5,i)=imped(4,i);

nimped(j,5)=imped(j,4);

end

end
 zbn=zb+nimped(4,4);

nimped(5,5)=zbn;

% By applying kron reduction at node 5

for a=1:4

for b=1:4

nnimped(a,b)=nimped(a,b)-((nimped(a,5)*nimped(5,b))/nimped(5,5));

end

end

% after kron reduction

disp('Original impedance matrix: ')

imped

disp('New impedance: ')

zb

disp('By adding an impedance to the reference bus from an existing bus: ')

nnimped

Output: -
Original impedance matrix:

imped =

1 2 3 4

2 3 4 5

3 4 5 6

4 5 6 7

New impedance:

zb =

By adding an impedance to the reference bus from an existing bus:

nnimped =

-0.0667 0.6667 1.4000 2.1333

0.6667 1.3333 2.0000 2.6667

1.4000 2.0000 2.6000 3.2000

2.1333 2.6667 3.2000 3.7333

b. Code for Adding Impedance Between Two Existing Buses: -

% Existing impedance matrix

imped=[1 2 3 4;2 3 4 5;3 4 5 6;4 5 6 7];

% New impedance

zb=8;

% Adding an impedance between two existing buses at node 2 & 4

nimped=zeros(5);

for i=1:4

for j=1:4

nimped(i,j)=imped(i,j);

end

end

nimped(1,5)=imped(1,2)-imped(1,4);

nimped(2,5)=imped(2,2)-imped(2,4);

nimped(3,5)=imped(3,2)-imped(4,4);

nimped(4,5)=imped(4,2)-imped(4,4);

nimped(5,1)=nimped(1,5);

nimped(5,2)=nimped(2,5);
 nimped(5,3)=nimped(3,5);

nimped(5,4)=nimped(4,5);

nimped(5,5)=imped(2,2)+imped(4,4)-(2*imped(2,4))+zb;

% By applying kron reduction at node 5

for a=1:4

for b=1:4

nnimped(a,b)=nimped(a,b)-((nimped(a,5)*nimped(5,b))/nimped(5,5));

end

end

% after kron reduction

disp('Original impedance matrix: ')

imped

disp('New impedance: ')

zb

disp('By adding an impedance between two existing buses: ')

nnimped

Output: -
Original impedance matrix:

imped =

1 2 3 4

2 3 4 5

3 4 5 6

4 5 6 7

New impedance:

zb =

8
 By adding an impedance between two existing buses:

nnimped =

0.5000 1.5000 2.2500 3.5000

1.5000 2.5000 3.2500 4.5000

2.2500 3.2500 3.8750 5.2500

3.5000 4.5000 5.2500 6.5000

Conclusion: -