Grammar
Grammar
2. Questions
Question forms
Question forms Structure Example
Subject Interrogative Pronoun + Verb in the Who make the exercise?
Questions correspondant tense + Complements?
Object Questions Interrogative Pronoun + Auxiliary verb + Where did you go yesterday?
Subject + Verb + Complements ?
Question tags Auxiliary verb + Subject? You like reading books, don’t you?
You don’t like reading books, do
you?
Questions with Interrogative Pronoun + Auxiliary verb + What did you write about?
preposition Subject + Verb + Complements +
Preposition ?
Suffixes
• - FUL (CON) Ex: useful
• - LESS (SIN) Ex: useless
-ED expresses a passive meaning, that is, the person who accompanies this adjective feels or receives
the action. Ex: Bored
-ING expresses an active meaning, that is, the person who accompanies this adjective carries
out the action. Ex: Boring
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• To form NOUNS from VERBS: + -sion/ -tion/ - ment/ -or/ -er
• To form NOUNS from ADJECTIVES: + -iness/ -ion/ -ness/ -th
• To form ADJECTIVES from VERBS: + -able/ -ive/ -ed/ -ing
• To form ADJECTIVES from NOUNS: + -ful/ - less/ -ous/ -ical
• To form NOUNS from NOUNS: + -hood/ -ship/ -ist
Adjectives order
Opinion + size + shape + age + colour + origin + material + NOUN
There + To Be
The expression ‘there’ followed by the verb ‘to be’ is used to express the impersonal Spanish structure
HAY. We will change the verb to be tense depending on the time we are talking. The same will happen
with the negative and interrogative forms.
Examples:
i. There is one table vs. There are 10 tables
ii. There was one table vs. There were 10 tables
iii. There will be one table v. There will be 10 tables
iv. There aren’t 10 table
v. Are there 10 tables? Were there 10 tables? Will there 10 tables?
Lots of / plenty of (Muchos) They refer to large amounts. Ex: There are plenty of/lots of
books.
Few / A few (Pocos) - Few goes in sentences with negative meaning and with
countable nouns. Ex: They have got few friends.
- A few goes in sentences with positive meaning and with
countable nouns. Ex: They have got a few good friends.
Little / A little (pocos) - Little goes in sentences with negative meaning and with
uncountable nouns. Ex: Sam saved little money.
- A little goes in sentences with positive meaning and with
uncountable nouns. Ex: Sam saved a little money.
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Frequency adverbs
◦ Always/Never
◦ Often / Sometimes
◦ Seldom/rarely/occasionally
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Use of a / an / the / no article
1.- COMPARATIVE
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3.- RULES TO USE “-ER / -EST or MORE / MOST”
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Gerund and Infinitives
Gerund Infinitive
The gerund is the verbal form ending in-ingEx1: The infinitive is the verbal form preceded by
Dance (base form) -> Dancing to
Its negative is formed by placing not beforethe Ex1: Dance (base form) -> To dance
gerund. Its negative is formed by placing not beforethe
Ex2: They preferred not taking the bus. It is infinitive.
translated by the Spanish infinitive.Ex3: Ex2: They wanted not to take the bus.
Drinking -> beber It is translated by the Spanish Infinitive.
It is used: Ex3: To drink -> beber
1. As the subject of the sentence when we It is used:
speak of general actions or facts.Ex4: 1. After adjectives and adverbs.
Smoking is bad (Fumar es malo) Ex4: It is funny to dance (Es divertido
2. After preposition. bailar)
Ex5: I have the chance of meeting 2. After the following verbs:
new people. Want, wish, seem, promise, choose,
Ex6: We are interested in visiting refuse, learn, expect, teach, warn,
Paris. persuade, ask, need, prepare, used to,
3. After the following verbs and decide, agree, help, plan, hope, consider,
expressions. appear, tell, invite, advise, can’t afford,
Like, love, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate, manage, offer, would like.
detest, deny, miss, suggest, mention,risk, 3. Exceptions: there are some cases such as
keep, can’t stand, can’t help, can’t stop, some verbs of perception (hear, feel,
don’t mind, it’s no use, it’snot worth, see), make let and modal
be/get used to, admit, verbs that are followed by a bare
avoid, finish, give up, practice and
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can’t imagine. infinitive, that is to say, by andinfinitive
without to.
Ex5: Let me drive you home
Ex6: You can play the guitar
Ex7: I saw you cross the street.
Exceptions:
Ex1: Felipe VI, who is the Spanish king, lives in Madrid Ex2:
Pronouns
Which Objects and animals Que The dog which is near the corner
Who people Quien/que The girl who is my friend
Whose Possession cuyo The boy whose name is Pablo
Where Place Donde The square where the monument is
When Time Cuando The day when I did the exam
That* Objects, animals and people Que The girl that is my friend
Exceptions:
a) Defining
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b) Being which, who and that
Conditional clauses
The conditional clauses are subordinated sentences dependable on another sentence which isthe main
one.
If + S + V, S + V
S + V + if + S + V
There are 4 types: Zero Conditional, First Conditional, Second Conditional and Third Conditional.
Moreover, some conditional clauses are mixed, but we are not going to study them this year.
!!! When we use the verb to be, we use were with all the subjects.
Type 3 If + subject + past perfect + , + subject + Conditional Perfect
Subject + Conditional perfect + if + subject + past perfect
- This type is used when we talk about past conditions which are
impossible to occur (Ex1)
Ex1: If Antonio had read the book, he would have passed it.
Translation: Si Antonio hubiera leído el libro, habría aprobado.
Zero If + subject + present simple + , + subject + present simpleSubject +
conditional present simple + if + subject + present simple
- It is used when we are talking about universal truths.
Ex1: If you heat water, it boilts
Translation: Si calientas agua, hierve.
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• Other connectors: they can be employed in all the conditional types.
1) Unless (a menos que/ a no ser que / como no / si no) = if + vb in negEx1: If
you don’t study, you will fail
Ex2: Providing that / As long as you watch the film, you will like it.
Wish clauses
Wish clauses are used to express a wish. All of them are translated in the same way, and theyfollow
the same structure.
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Passive Voice
The passive voice is used in formal communicative situations to emphasise the object, instead
of the subject as in active sentences. Depending on the sentence elements, we distinguish three
different types, but all of them change the verb in the same way.
Verb to be in the same tense of the active + past participle of the main verb (-ed/3rd column).
Examples:
Dance: is danced
Will play : will be played Is
buying: is being bought
Was painting: was being painted
Will have broken : will have been broken
Would drink: would be drunk
Had studied: has been studied *Only transitive verbs
can be changed into passive voice.
Subject Object
I Me
You You
He / She / It Him / Her / It
We Us
You You
They Them
1 We are not going to write/say it if the subject is a personal pronoun (he/she…); or an indefinite
pronoun such as someone, no one, anybody…
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HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE
This structure is employed for expressing actions that people have made for us.
Person that receives the action + have or get in the correspondent tense + thing used in the
action (DO) + verb in -ed or 3rd column
Ex: I had my hair cut yesterday (me corté el pelo ayer)
Reported Speech
The main difference between the direct and the reported speech is that, when we talk about
the direct speech we are thinking about the textual words someone has said, whereas, in the
reported speech we are saying something that another person has said or you said in another
moment.
We have to bear in mind certain changes we are going to apply when we use the reported speech:
Ex. Natalia said: ‘I have got my new car’. Natalia said that she had got her new car.
b) Demonstratives
Time
a) Verb tenses
Ex: Ana said: ‘I was in the car’. Ana said that she had been in the car.
b) Modal verbs
Can Could
Shall Should
May Might
Must/have to Had to
Should No change
Could No change
Might No change
Had to No change
2. Structures
a) Statements
They are going to be introduced by a verb such as say or tell2, and we have to replace :’…’ by
that.
questions:
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They are going to be introduced by a verb such as ask, and we have to replace:’…’ by if. We shouldn’t
forget we have to write the information as a statement when we do the change. We will use whether if
the question ends in or not.
Ex: ‘Do you like pizza?’, Antonio asked to Ana Antonio asked if Ana liked pizza
Wh- questions
They are going to be introduced by a verb such as ask, wonder, inquire, want to know…, and we have to
replace:’…’ by the wh- interrogative pronoun.
Ex: Mary asked: ‘Where do you live now?’ Mary asked where I lived then.
c) Orders/commands/offers
We are not going to follow the 4 changes as we don’t have to change subjects or the verb tenses. We
are going to use a to-infinitive verb. We need to include in the reported speech the persons towards the
order is said.
Ex: The teacher ordered: ‘ Close the door now’ The teacher ordered Ana to close the door then.
d) Suggestions
Again, we don’t need to change subjects or verb tenses as we are going to use the gerund.
Ex: Mary suggested: ‘Let’s go to the cinema tomorrow’ Mary suggested going to the
cinema the following day.
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Dates
6th Sixth …
Years: They are divided into two parts: 1992 (nineteen – ninety-two)
Adjectives + Preposition
Nice / kind / stupid / intelligent / clever / sensible / (im)polite / rude OF someone (to do
something)
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- Ex: Everybody was surprised at/by the news
Married TO someone
OF something
Allergic TO something
Friendly TO someone
Verbs + Prepositions
Believe IN (something)
Belong TO (someone)
Comment ON (something)
Concentrate ON (something)
Consist OF (something)
Decide ON (something)
Depend ON (someone/something)
Insist ON (something)
Object TO (something)
Participate IN (something)
Rely ON (someone/something)
Smile AT (someone)
Succeed IN (something)
Travel TO (somewhere)