University of Tripoli

college of Engineering
Department of computer Engineering

EC331lab
Lab-6: FM Time-domain Observations

Group

Name student: da
Nour
ekram
Sarah Sapri Gashout
OBJECTIVES:
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  Analyzing the frequency modulated signal in time domain
 Established the relationship between the level of the modulating signal and the frequency
deviation

DISCUSSION:
To transmit a message by radio, a signal must modulate one of parameters of a carrier :
the AM or FM.

EQUIPMENT:
 Accessories 8948
 Power supply / dual audio amplifier
 Dual function generator 9402
 Oscilloscope
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the modules as shown in Figure 1.

Figure1

2. Make the following connections. You will be able to see and hear a frequency-modulated signal.
3. Make the following adjustments on the Dual Function Generator:

4. Turn off the loudspeakers, connect the headphones, and adjust the output to a comfortable level.
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Increase the DEVIATION of the FREQUENCY MODULATION by turning the knob on the Dual
Function Generator. Describe what you heard.
A sharp voice, its frequency constantly fluctuating up and down.

-In what way does the signal from Channel B affect the signal from Channel A?
The signal from Channel B modulates the frequency of the signal from Channel A.

5. Disconnect all the connections and connect OUTPUT A of the Dual Function Generator to the
horizontal input (X) of the oscilloscope. Using a BNC T-connector, connect OUTPUT B to the
FREQUENCY MODULATION INPUT and to the vertical input (Y) of the oscilloscope.

6. Make the following adjustments in page 1-5.

7. What do you see on the oscilloscope after centering the two traces?
The unmodulated sinusoidal signal and the squarewave signal.

Using Figure 1-3, draw and identify both the carrier and the modulating signal.

Modulating signal
UNmodulated carrier

Figure 1-3: unmodulated carrier signal and square wave modulating

-What are the frequencies fc of the carrier, and f of the modulating signal?
Fc = 1KHz
F = 100Hz

8.Turn the DEVIATION knob completely clockwise. What do you see? Explain.
The carrier now has two frequencies, each of which corresponds to one of the positive and
negative alternative of the square wave.

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-Using Figure 1-4, draw and identify both the modulated carrier and the modulating
signal

 We see like this on Oscilloscope.

Figure 1-4: Modulated carrier and modulating signal.

9. Vary the output level of channel B, which is the modulating signal. What do you see
on the modulated carrier?
The distance between the two frequencies of the modulated carrier increases with the
level of the modulated signal.

10. With the DEVIATION knob at MAX, readjust the modulating signal level to 8 V p-p and set the
oscilloscope time base to 1 ms / DIV. Carefully adjust the frequency of channel B to get a stable trace on
the screen. You should see the modulating signal (squarewave) and a sinewave whose frequency changes
suddenly along with the squarewave, as in Figure 1-4.
With each horizontal division equal to 1 ms, what are the maximum and minimum periods of the
sinewave signal?
Tmin = 0.5 ms
Tmax = 1.5 ms

11. Since fc =1/T, what are the two frequency limits of the modulated signal?
Fmax = 1/0.5 = 2 Hz.
Fmin = 1/1.5 = 0.667 Hz.

12. What is the average frequency deviation?

13. Measure the peak-to-peak amplitude of the modulating signal, then divide the amplitude by 2 to
obtain Am . This assumes that the modulating signal is symmetrical around zero.
Am = 4 V peak

-Use ∆f = kf *Am, to determine the sensitivity if Sensitivity

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 kf = 105 Hz / V

14. Turn the DEVIATION knob to 75% cw, stabilize the two traces using the OUTPUT LEVEL B knob,
and repeat the measurements in steps 10, 11, 12, and 13.
1. Tmin = 0.7 ms
2. Tmax = 1.7 ms
3. Fmin = 588 Hz
4. Fmax = 1429 Hz
5. Frequency deviation (average)=420 Hz
6. Am = 4.8 V peak
7. Kf = 87 Hz/v

15. Turn all the OUTPUT LEVEL and GAIN controls to the MIN position. Place all power switches in
the off (0) position and disconnect all cables.

CONCLUSION:
 We have seen and heard the frequency modulation in the time domain.
 We have seen that the modulation signal level changed the frequency deviation by
modulator dependent kf sensitivity.

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