Non polar and Polay Dielectrics Bielectrics One jnsuloting materials wi tonsmit lect. efgects wl thoud ardually wale cing elechicity. Dielectrics are of; two type - @) Non polor Wb) Polar. (a) Non Polar Dielectrics |- The molecules in whith the tantre positive change Coincide with the Centre of ve, ae Colle non-polar malecules- Such molecules are Symmete e in Shape. Exam Or, CO2,CHy ete. ? .0@ W@.. . Wb) Polar Dielectrics +- Q es clo not Pca cicke ecenal b pide ws rile natec °) the molecules, than tHwse are molecu Examples — HCl, Hi0, NHa ete. (,Dielectric Polarization When a non-polar olieleehde Js held in an extemal electric field EB, the Conte ob SH positive change ( protons) Wm each” molecule da pulled in the olicectin of z and the Contre ob ve charge (electrons) is pull in @ olirecton appsite to E- re i 4usp cartes ob positive nd ive cd in He molecule are + The jecule WHed and tc said to be polarised. on =o E= Exo, OM) eaB9e ®O®@ BOD pen-folar © e® Q2e2e Molecules . Whan no external field is abbliecl to a didectrie SC with polar molecules thin the ciftaant peunanent oli poles g Qre oriented randomly due to thermal cgitation, $e the total ctipole moment is zer0- When an external electric field us apphiedt , the individual clipole moments tends “to align with the. field. bohen summed over aul the molecwe , et ome. net clipole moment in the direction of the external filly te. the didlechic is polarised. E+O — @2 @ @ @ Polon Molecules @2 @ , Thus in elther Coue tohether polar or nonpolar @ oliekctic develops a net dipole moment in the ce. an external field the cLipole moment per unit volume | 1S callus polarisation and’ a clenoted by P.Electric Sueephibility :- Tt is found ted the eclectic polalzodion P a directly proportional to the efective electric fied CEDin a pelarizes! clielectrc- Poe " [es xe] Whe X% is a Constant and is pronounced as 'chi'. OX da Cableol elechic susceptibility oh tHe Lelectric. @The electric susceptibility Arcribes the elechicol beavian | Effective Electric field ina of & Aidlechic. polarized olielectHe ts - CF mcm g tog oloes the eleebic Hell Inside a dielectic clkerease whin vt is placeol in an exttanal electric piel ? wWhin a dielechic ia placecl in an external pied , He fielol Causes polarisation of, tha diclechle Inclucing a +yeld im the opposite clivecHon. Thus the net electric field inside the clielechile clecreases, g pred \eCapacitors and Capacitance A Capacitor is_a system of two Conduclors Se reo) an trsulator. I+ i” an ob ement for storing, amour of electric charge hence elechical enngy Tin Smal) Space: Principle of Capacitor i- Lets Gmsider an’ imiulobes| metol plate A. Let Some positive ch be given +o His plate, ull its potential ‘become maximum. A 8 A 8 +/+ -|+ +/+ - ++ -]+ +]4 0 - —|+ +i¢+ - 5 + -/* +4 = +]4 0 -]+ +4 = +14 -]+ +]+ = gqromded (a) (b) Now Consider another Insuledeol metal plode B held near the plede A. By Induction a hve charge is produced om the neorer face & and equal positive charge clenelops on the farther face of B- Po cach Ds Cornet the Pete 8 to ores cog AITIVe Cc AARe_ om free eoathe tee. inducecl negative change on 'G, however Stays on ak it is bouncl to positive charge on A. , oe to the inducesl 7 ve. change on e, percti A vr + ThA & Langs potent ot omnia Pan Be given A to vouse ocd to the ximum poterchal, Hence we concluole that the Copacitemce ok an wnauteted Cencluctor is \ncréased| Consiclercbl tS bringing near. at an unchargeof earthed concluttor. Tr is the principle ob Capacitor:Electical Capacitance The abulity of a conductor to Store electric charge su Catlhd eetrice) Crpacitence Ff a charge @ given +o the Conductor vaises ods potentiod by V then at Ja founel that Qaeav ovr Q@=CVv whee c Us & Constomt Colled electrical Copacdtana. Cc <= z SI unit oF Capacitance - Farad than a chaige of 1 coulomb rases ats Pi 1 vol. Capacity of an Isclated Spherical Conductor Let a change +4 is giv foa Ape * - As the sphoe behaves 2s if tHe ertire ¢ Ws Concenhroted A conductor Js salol to have @ copecity 1 Serad, D i by Capocity of eanth - We com Calculate electrical Capacity of earth, taking at to be a Conducting Sphue of vadiub’ y= cyeokm. C= 4NGY = ser’ 6uxw® = 7 UF Thus the Capacity ef earth aa ory TI UF. Thersfore Capacitance. will be novmally in nai 1} re a picofarad (pF). Fanad So to 3g onede Copan Once +Parallel Plate Capacitor A paralle) plate acitor Consist of tuo thin cgndueting Fides 1, bd 2. each oh area AD ald paral to other , Suitable cdistena d “apart. The plates are Aeparotedt bi Surface Choage an eis mectium Like 0 J “\ ®@ alr . paper, “mica, gis etc. a x When a e +Q is given 2, Fa tra lcdee) pide 1, then a charge -@ is indued om the nearer face of plate 2, surface Charge density of plate Lomo 2 We © Omd -o. In +he region between the plates , separate S by ody / vacuum , electric field intensity ua g c-E- et Ip € da the clechic field between Hw plates ; thor tha Spctenatal aig edn V belween tne Plates ve exd = ga Se the Capacity of parallel ple Copocitor us - c= > - —QEffect of Dielectric on Capacitance So 48 a vacuum pense he, Ce the ¢ 1a elie a — horge on its Pp’ wo then - Now [ee] [ones Le ia bauenteal botweon the plates which fully pers ae intervening region. +4t44 ett Dielectric _, The Uelectr eo! b Z Change clenaities is of penton Se. the fit with surface the ee. ca. the net Surface ange dandy on the plates “the "Pinel elechic field insicle the clldlectte vs ~ E = o-op e& and the potential difteune between He plats is- Por poorn Fuh, we expect op +o be tw El to o- Thus Co-op) wu fret homed +t & and we can warite- i C-op Ko K> dielectic Constant | oC-op = aad K>l KSo ve oo = ad ~ elk AEck So the crtance CC With olidlectric betwean Hae plededs “in— Q - KGeA Cc Q =F Or Hae k =£ Sa Called the dielectic Constant of the substonce se that Be When dielectric js inhoduced, the field behween the plates the Capacitor sere SS + Due to whith V decreases by a factor of K- implies that the Capacitance ‘cease’ by kK. Bdicectric Constant of a medium a ined ad the vodio of the Capacitance of ths Capacitor olth the clidlechtc ad tHe meclium “do dts capacitance with Vacuum behween its plates.Combination of Capacitor Ci) Capacitors in Series Three Capacitors © ete 8 C2 onal Cs a Connectes) in series.” aevoss the Combination. In series Combinodion each Copacttor vecaives the same Chorge of GQ. As there Copacitia ore olifferont , So the potential diffoenas across the three Capacitors Me @&@,Mw:@, Wwe @ C1 Ca Ca Th Cs ds the total Capacitance of Combinodion Han v= & Cs As total potential drop v across the Combination is the Sum of poterctiods crops V,,Va md va So- V= VW +Vn 4+Va 1 @ = B4O 4 cs C1 Ca Ss 1 tete ty Cs Cc, Ca C3 fo Capacitors Connectes! in Series , total Capacitemee(ii) Capacitors in Parallel Lat three Capacitors Cr, C2 ond Ca are Connected) ond V be the potent bijyerence Yho vcombined! oe « po a cea So the Changes on the Capacitors coil! be Qaav, A@w= Civ omd Qs= Cav ¢ So the total charge on the Capacitors - Q= Qtr Qr +s bet Cp be the equivalent Capacitance im Porsdl then CeV = Gv +Cavit Cav ny 7 Cpe = & +Cr +Cs when 1 Capacitors axe Connectes! in pamailel Hen -@ Fig. Shows tuso iolentical capacitors G,Ca each of- se LUF Capacitance Connectes| do a bacthery of 6 Vs Initially Susitch *5? 1s Closet - Bome time "5s? Sa open amd dielechic slab of oielechic constant K=8 ane inserted do fill the space completely between the plodes of +he two capacitors. Hoes ctl “the- CS odo tye a he se tors one ins ? “ps 7 ev | Ge tar | ca otar Sel: When switch S 4d Closed both C, and Cr ane Charged do 6v potenti, be. V2 6v amd Va = ¢V ferret s us dupt open, +8 stil connecteo| Jo Q en tnmoducing slab of lidlecthic constomt, K= 3 g che Ke) =3axixwS = 3UF vi = Y= 6V Gz dvi = satoSxe = 1a xio® ec However, C, is cisconnected pom battery now), cohen $s ft open. Dur 40 inboduch’n of Seb,’ Cy = KQ, = 3MF “i -6 Qs = Qo = GVe = ix sxe = 6X0 C vos Ge. 6xio® = > 2v a B3xloeEnergy Stored in Capacitor The Stores) In a Copacitor Ws the Same as the work me 40 builel up +he Charge on the plates by external Source C bottery)- of Voltage - Let the two plates of the Capacitor are initially un + Now the charge 4s tramsferreo to one plate ~ fn Amal instalments. of dy amd equa) opposite ch induces On the other plate. +t +t tt Ty Ata intermesliote stage» © ese Change S on on plete! in Q amd on onan ploie is 2. d rs Potential difference between the plates = & Small amournd werk ,clone in giving an additona) Chonge eq to Capacitor JS dw = Bray Teted work dene m ging & chorge Q to tha Capacitor. 4:8 ~-[ee = eft This wsork is stored in the form of potential enray vu. = =igQ> Urw-= re a @=Cv amd Cv= @ So we con wnte- 2. ie fe Tule