Numerical Expressions

1 and Factors
1.1
1
1.1 Whole
Wholle
e Number Operations
1.2
1 2 P
Powers and Exponents
1.3 Order of Operations
1.4 Prime Factorization
1.5 Greatest Common Factor
1.6
1.6 Least Common Multiple

1
isn’t x
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in
say that x
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called x-l
“And you quared.”
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t x3 is called
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x-cubed.”
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“My sign on adding frac

tions with
unlike denominators is “Se e,e,it’s
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workin
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keeping
the hyenas away.”

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 What You
Learned Before
“Because
6
can have is composite, you
Identifying Prime and 2 piles of
3 piles of
2 blocks,
3 blocks,
or...”
Composite Numbers
Example 1 Determine whether 26 is prime or composite. it
Because the factors of 26 are 1, 2, 13, and 26, it is composite.
Example 2 Determine whether 37 is prime or composite.
Because the only factors of 37 are 1 and 37, it is prime.

Determine whether the number is prime or composite.

1. 5 2. 14 3. 17
4. 23 5. 28 6. 33
7. 43 8. 57 9. 64

Adding and Subtracting Mixed Numbers

with Like Denominators
3 1
Example 3 Find 2 — + 4 —.
5 5
3 1
2— + 4— = — + — ⋅
2 5+3 ⋅
4 5+1
Rewrite the mixed numbers as improper fractions.
5 5 5 5
13 21
=—+— Simplify.
5 5
13 + 21
=— Add the numerators.
5
34 4
= —, or 6 — Simplify.
5 5

Add or subtract.
1 7 1 6 7 3
10. 4 — + 2 — 11. 6 — + 3 — 12. 3 — + 4 —
9 9 11 11 8 8
8 2 1 3 1 5
13. 5 — − 1— 14. 7 — − 3 — 15. 4 — − 2 —
13 13 4 4 6 6

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 1.1 Whole Number Operations

How do you know which operation to choose

when solving a real-life problem?

1 ACTIVITY: Choosing an Operation

Work with a partner. The double bar graph shows the history of a citywide
cleanup day.

City Cleanup Day

7000
6390
Trash
6000 Recyclables
Amount collected (pounds)

4970
5000

3975
4000

3000

2130
2000

1095
1000 732
555
183
0
2010 2011 2012 2013
Year

● Copy each question below.

● Underline a key word or phrase that helps you know which operation to
use to answer the question. State the operation. Why do you think the
key word or phrase indicates the operation you chose?
● Write an expression you can use to answer the question.
Whole Numbers ● Find the value of your expression.
In this lesson, you will
● determine which operation
a. What is the total amount of trash
to perform. collected from 2010 to 2013?
● divide multi-digit numbers.
b. How many more pounds of
recyclables were collected in 2013
than in 2010?
c. How many times more recyclables
were collected in 2012 than in 2010?
d. The amount of trash collected in
2014 is estimated to be twice the amount
collected in 2011. What is that amount?

2 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 2 ACTIVITY: Checking Answers
Work with a partner.
Math
a. Explain how you can use estimation to check the reasonableness of the
Practice value of your expression in Activity 1(a).
Communicate
Precisely b. Explain how you can use addition to check the value of your expression in
What key words Activity 1(b).
should you use so c. Explain how you can use estimation to check the reasonableness of the
that your partner
understands your
value of your expression in Activity 1(c).
explanation? d. Use mental math to check the value of your expression in Activity 1(d).
Describe your strategy.

3 ACTIVITY: Using Estimation

Work with a partner. Use the map. Explain how you found each answer.
a. Which two lakes have a
combined area of about
Lake Superior
33,000 square miles? 31,698 mi2
b. Which lake covers an
area about three times
greater than the area of
Lake Huron
Lake Erie? 23,011 mi2
c. Which lake covers an Lake Ontario
Lake Michigan 7320 mi2
area that is about 16,000 22,316 mi2
square miles greater than Lake Erie
the area of Lake Ontario? 9922 mi2
d. Estimate the total area
covered by the Great Lakes.

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How do you know which operation to choose when
solving a real-life problem?
5. In a magic square, the sum of the numbers in ? 9 2
each row, column, and diagonal is the same
? 5 ?
and each number from 1 to 9 is used only once.
Complete the magic square. Explain how you 8 ? ?
found the missing numbers.

Use what you learned about choosing operations to complete

Exercises 8−11 on page 7.

Section 1.1 Whole Number Operations 3

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 1.1 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Recall the four basic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication,

and division.

Operation Words Algebra

Addition the sum of a+b
Subtraction the difference of a−b
Multiplication the product of a×b ⋅
a b
a
Division the quotient of a÷b — b )‾
a
b

EXAMPLE 1 Adding and Subtracting Whole Numbers

The bar graph shows the attendance at a three-day art festival.
a. What is the total attendance for the art festival?
Art Festival Attendance
You want to find the total attendance for the three days. 1 11
4500 2570
3876 In this case, the phrase total attendance indicates you
4000 3145
Number of people

need to find the sum of the daily attendances.

3500 3145 + 3876
3000
2570 Line up the numbers by their place values, then add. 9591
2500
2000 The total attendance is 9591 people.
1500
1000 b. What is the increase in attendance from Day 1 to Day 2?
500
0
You want to find how many more people attended on Day 2 than
1 2 3
on Day 1. In this case, the phrase how many more indicates you need
Day
to find the difference of the attendances on Day 2 and Day 1.
10
Line up the numbers by their place values, then subtract. 2 014
3145
The increase in attendance from Day 1 to Day 2 − 2570
is 575 people. 575

EXAMPLE 2 Multiplying Whole Numbers

A school lunch contains 12 chicken nuggets. Ninety-five students buy
the lunch. What is the total number of chicken nuggets served?
Study Tip You want to find the total number of chicken nuggets in 95 groups of
In Example 2, you can 12 chicken nuggets. The phrase 95 groups of 12 indicates you need to
use estimation to check find the product of 95 and 12.
the reasonableness of
your answer. 12
12 × 95 ≈ 12 × 100 × 95
= 1200 60 Multiply 12 by the ones digit, 5.
Because 1200 ≈ 1140, 108 Multiply 12 by the tens digit, 9.
the answer is 1140 Add.
reasonable.
There were 1140 chicken nuggets served.

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 Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check your answer.
Exercises 12–20 1. 1745 + 682 2. 912 − 799 3. 42 × 118

EXAMPLE 3 Dividing Whole Numbers: No Remainder

You make 24 equal payments
for a go-kart. You pay a total
of $840. How much is
each payment?
You want to find the number
mber
of groups of 24 in $840. The
phrase groups of 24 in $840
840
indicates you need to find
the quotient of 840 and 24.

Use long division to find

d the quotient.
uotient
Decide where to write the
he first digit of the quotient.

?
24 )‾
840 Do not use the hundreds place because 24 is greater than 8.

?
24 )‾
840 Use the tens place because 24 is less than 84.

So, divide the tens and write the first digit of the quotient in the
tens place.
3
24 )‾
840 Divide 84 by 24: There are three groups of 24 in 84.
− 72 Multiply 3 and 24.
12 Subtract 72 from 84.

Next, bring down the 0 and divide the ones.

35
24 )‾
840 Divide 120 by 24: There are five groups of 24 in 120.
Remember − 72
120
dividend Check Find the
= quotient − 120 Multiply 5 and 24.
divisor product of the quotient
0 Subtract 120 from 120.
So, quotient × divisor and the divisor.
= dividend.
The quotient of 840 and 24 is 35. 35 quotient
× 24 divisor
So, each payment is $35. 140
70
840 dividend ✓

Section 1.1 Whole Number Operations 5

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 Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check your answer.
Exercises 21–23 986
4. 234 ÷ 9 5. — 6. 840 ÷ 105
58
7. Find the quotient of 9920 and 320.

When you use long division to divide whole numbers and you obtain a
remainder, you can write the quotient as a mixed number using the rule
remainder
dividend ÷ divisor = quotient + —.
divisor

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

A 301-foot-high swing at an amusement park can take 64 people
on each ride. A total of 8983 people ride the swing today. All the
rides are full except for the last ride. How many rides are given?
How many people are on the last ride?
To find the number of rides given, you need to find the number
of groups of 64 people in 8983 people. The phrase groups of
64 people in 8983 people indicates you need to find the quotient
of 8983 and 64.

Divide the place-value positions from left to right.

140 R23
64)‾
8983 There is one group of 64 in 89.
− 64
258 There are four groups of 64 in 258.
Do not stop here. You − 256
must write a 0 in the ones 23 There are no groups of 64 in 23.
place of the quotient. −0
23 The remainder is 23.

23
The quotient is 140 — . This indicates 140 groups of 64, with
64
23 remaining.

So, 141 rides are given, with 23 people on the last ride.

Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check your answer.
Exercises 24–26 6096
8. — 9. 45,691 ÷ 28 10. 3215 ÷ 430
30
11. WHAT IF? In Example 4, 9038 people ride the swing. What is the least
number of rides possible?

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 1.1 Exercises
Help with Homework

VOCABULARY Determine which operation the word or phrase represents.

1. sum 2. times 3. the quotient of
4. decreased by 5. total of 6. minus
7. VOCABULARY Use the division problem shown to tell
whether the number is the divisor, dividend, or quotient. 26
34 )‾
884
a. 884 b. 26 c. 34

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

The bar graph shows the attendance at a food Food Festival Attendance
festival. Write an expression you can use to 7000
answer the question. Then find the value of 6354
your expression. 6000

8. What is the total attendance at the food Number of people 5000 4785
festival from 2010 to 2013?
4000
9. How many more people attended the 3391
food festival in 2012 than in 2011? 3000

10. How many times more people attended 2118

2000
the food festival in 2013 than in 2010?
11. The festival projects that the total 1000

attendance for 2014 will be twice the

0
attendance in 2012. What is the projected 2010 2011 2012 2013

attendance for 2014? Year

Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check your answer.
1 12. 2219 + 872 13. 5351 14. 3968 + 1879
+ 1730

15. 7694 − 5232 16. 9165 − 4729 17. 2416

− 1983

2 18. 84 19. 124 × 56 20. 419 × 236

× 37
588
3 21. 837 ÷ 27 22. — 23. 7440 ÷ 124
84
33,505
4 24. 6409 ÷ 61 25. 8241 ÷ 173 26. —
160

Section 1.1 Whole Number Operations 7

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 ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the value
of the expression.

✗
27. 28.

✗ 39
× 17
273
12)‾
19
1308
− 12
39 108
312 − 108
0

Determine the operation you would use to solve the problem.

Do not answer the question.
29. Gymnastic lessons cost $30 per week. How much will 18 weeks
of gymnastic lessons cost?

30. The scores on your first two tests were 82 and 93. By how many
points did your score improve?

31. You are setting up tables for a banquet for 150 guests. Each
table seats 12 people. What is the minimum number of tables
you will need?

32. A store has 15 boxes of peaches. Each box contains 45 peaches.

How many peaches does the store have?

33. Two shirts cost $18 and $25. What is the total cost of
the shirts?

34. A gardener works for 14 hours during a week and charges

$168. How much does the gardener charge for each hour?

Find the perimeter and area of the rectangle.

35. 36. 37.
5 in.
9 ft 8m

7 in.
12 ft 10 m

38. BOX OFFICE The number of tickets sold for the opening weekend of a movie
is 879,575. The movie was shown in 755 theaters across the nation. What was the
average number of tickets sold at each theater?

39. LOGIC You find that the product of 93 and 6 is 558. How can you use addition
to check your answer? How can you use division to check your answer?

40. NUMBER SENSE Without calculating, decide which is greater: 3999 ÷ 129 or
3834 ÷ 142. Explain.

8 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 41. REASONING In a division problem, can the remainder
be greater than the divisor? Explain.

42. WATER COOLER You change the water jug on the

water cooler. How many cups can be completely filled
before you need to change the water jug again?

43. ARCADE You have $9, one of your friends has $10, and
two of your other friends each have $13. You combine your
money to buy arcade tokens. You use a coupon to buy 8
tokens for $1. The cost of the remaining tokens is four for $1.
You and your friends share the tokens evenly. How many 10 fluid
tokens does each person get? ounces

44. BOOK SALE You borrow bookcases like the one shown to display
943 books at a book sale. You plan to put 22 books on each shelf.
No books will be on top of the bookcases.
a. How many bookcases must you borrow to display all
the books?
b. You fill the shelves of each bookcase in order, starting with
the top shelf. How many books are on the third shelf of the
last bookcase?

45. MODELING The siding of a house is Can Size Cost Coverage

2250 square feet. The siding needs
1 quart $18 80 square feet
two coats of paint. The table shows
1 gallon $29 320 square feet
information about the paint.
a. What is the minimum cost of the
paint needed to complete the job?
b. How much paint is left over?

46. Use the digits 3, 4, 6, and 9 to complete the division problem.

Use each digit once.

,000 ÷ 00 = 0

Plot the ordered pair in a coordinate plane. (Skills Review Handbook)

47. (1, 3) 48. (0, 4) 49. (6, 0) 50. (4, 2)
51. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following numbers is not prime?
(Skills Review Handbook)
A 1
○ B 2
○ C 3
○ D 5
○

Section 1.1 Whole Number Operations 9

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 1.2 Powers and Exponents

How can you use repeated factors in

real-life situations?

As I was going to St. Ives

I met a man with seven wives
Each wife had seven sacks
Each sack had seven cats
Each cat had seven kits
Kits, cats, sacks, wives
How many were going to St. Ives? Nursery Rhyme, 1730

1 ACTIVITY: Analyzing a Math Poem

Work with a partner. Here is a “St. Ives” poem written by two students.
Answer the question in the poem.

As I was walking into town

I met a ringmaster with five clowns
Each clown had five magicians
Each magician had five bunnies
Each bunny had five fleas
Fleas, bunnies, magicians, clowns
How many were going into town?

Numerical Expressions
In this lesson, you will Number of clowns: 5 =
● write expressions

as powers. Number of magicians: 5×5 =

● find values of powers.

Number of bunnies: 5×5×5 =

Number of fleas: 5×5×5×5 =

So, the number of fleas, bunnies, magicians, and clowns is .

Explain how you found your answer.

10 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 2 ACTIVITY: Writing Repeated Factors
Work with a partner. Copy and complete the table.
Math
Practice Repeated Factors Using an Exponent Value
Repeat
Calculations a. 4 × 4
What patterns do
you notice with b. 6 × 6
each problem? How
c. 10 × 10 × 10
does this help you
write exponents? d. 100 × 100 × 100

e. 3 × 3 × 3 × 3

f. 4×4×4×4×4

g. 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2

h. In your own words, describe what the two numbers in the

expression 35 mean.

3 ACTIVITY: Writing and Analyzing

alyzing
g a Math Poem
Work with a partner.
m.
a. Write your own “St. Ives” poem.
b. Draw pictures for your poem.
c. Answer the question in
your poem.
d. Show how you can use
exponents to write your
answer.

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use repeated factors in real-life
situations? Give an example.
5. STRUCTURE Use exponents to complete the table. Describe the pattern.

10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

1 2
10 10

Use what you learned about exponents to complete Exercises 4–6

on page 14.

Section 1.2 Powers and Exponents 11

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 1.2 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

A power is a product of repeated factors. The base of a power is the

Key Vocabulary
repeated factor. The exponent of a power indicates the number of times
power, p. 12
the base is used as a factor.
base, p. 12
exponent, p. 12 base exponent
perfect square, p. 13
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
34 = 3 3 3 3
power 3 is used as a factor 4 times.

Power Words

32 Three squared, or three to the second

33 Three cubed, or three to the third

34 Three to the fourth

EXAMPLE 1 Writing Expressions as Powers

Write each product as a power.
Math
Practice ⋅⋅⋅⋅
a. 4 4 4 4 4
Choose Tools Because 4 is used as a factor 5 times, its exponent is 5.
Why are calculators
more efficient when
finding the values
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
So, 4 4 4 4 4 = 45.
of expressions b. 12 × 12 × 12
involving exponents?
Because 12 is used as a factor 3 times, its exponent is 3.

So, 12 × 12 × 12 = 123.

Write the product as a power.

Exercises 4 –12
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
1. 6 6 6 6 6 6 2. 15 × 15 × 15 × 15

EXAMPLE 2 Finding Values of Powers

Find the value of each power.
a. 72 b. 53

72 = 7 7⋅ Write as repeated multiplication. ⋅ ⋅

53 = 5 5 5

= 49 Simplify. = 125

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 The square of a whole number is a perfect square.

EXAMPLE 3 Identifying Perfect Squares

Determine whether each number is a perfect square.
a. 64
Because 82 = 64, 64 is a perfect square.
b. 20
No whole number squared equals 20. So, 20 is not a perfect square.

Find the value of the power.

Exercises 14–21 3. 63 4. 92 5. 34 6. 182
and 25–32
Determine whether the number is a perfect square.
7. 25 8. 2 9. 99 10. 100

Remember The area of a square is equal to its side length squared.

The area of a figure
is the amount of
surface it covers. 3 Area = 32 = 9 square units
Area is measured in
square units.
3

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

A MONOPOLY® game board is a square with a side length of
20 inches. What is the area of the game board?
Use a verbal model to solve the problem.
area of game board = ( side length )2
20 in.
= 202 Substitute 20 for side length.
= 400 Multiply.

The area of the game board is 400 square inches.

20 in.

24 in.

11. What is the area of the square

traffic sign in square inches?
in square feet?
24 in.

Section 1.2 Powers and Exponents 13

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 1.2 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY How are exponents and powers different?

2. VOCABULARY Is 10 a perfect square? Is 100 a perfect square? Explain.
3. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which one does not belong with the other
three? Explain your reasoning.

24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 3(4) 32 = 3 × 3 ⋅ ⋅
5 5 5 = 53

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Write the product as a power.

1 4. 9 × 9 5. 13 × 13 6. 15 × 15 × 15

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
7. 2 2 2 2 2 8. 14 × 14 × 14 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
9. 8 8 8 8
10. 11 × 11 × 11 × 11 × 11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
11. 7 7 7 7 7 7 12. 16 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 16

✗
13. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the
error in writing the product as a power. ⋅ ⋅
4 4 4 = 34

Find the value of the power.

2 14. 52 15. 43 16. 25 17. 142

Use a calculator to find the value of the power.

18. 76 19. 48 20. 124 21. 175

✗
22. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the
error in finding the value of the power. ⋅
83 = 8 3 = 24

23. POPULATION The population of Virginia is about 8 × 106. About how

many people live in Virginia?

24. FIGURINES The smallest figurine in a gift shop is 2 inches tall.

The height of each figurine is twice the height of the
previous figurine. Write a power to represent
the height of the tallest figurine. Then find
the height.

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 Determine whether the number is a perfect square.
3 25. 8 26. 4 27. 81 28. 44
29. 49 30. 125 31. 150 32. 144
33. PAINTING A square painting measures 2 meters on each side. What is the area
of the painting in square centimeters?

34. NUMBER SENSE Write three powers that have values greater
than 120 and less than 130.
35. CHECKERS A checkers board has 64 squares. How many
squares are in each row?

36. PATIO A landscaper has 125 tiles to build a square patio.

The patio must have an area of at least 80 square feet.
12 in.
a. What are the possible arrangements for the patio?

b. How many tiles are not used in each arrangement?

12 in.
37. PATTERNS Copy and complete the table. Describe what
happens to the value of the power as the exponent decreases.
Use this pattern to find the value of 40.

Power 46 45 44 43 42 41

Value 4096 1024

2
38. REASONING Consider the equation 56 = . The missing number is
between what two whole numbers?
Repeated
39. Reasoning How many blocks do you need to add to Square 6 to get Square 7?
to Square 9 to get Square 10? to Square 19 to get Square 20? Explain.

Square 3
Square 4
Square 5
Square 6

Find the value of the expression. (Skills Review Handbook)

40. 6 × 14 41. 11 × 15 42. 56 ÷ 7 43. 112 ÷ 16
44. MULTIPLE CHOICE You buy a box of gum that has 12 packs. Each pack has
5 pieces. Which expression represents the total number of pieces of gum?
(Skills Review Handbook)
A 12 + 5
○ B 12 − 5
○ C 12 × 5
○ D 12 ÷ 5
○

Section 1.2 Powers and Exponents 15

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 1.3 Order of Operations

What is the effect of inserting parentheses

into a numerical expression?

1 ACTIVITY: Comparing Different Orders

Work with a partner. Find the value of the expression by using different orders
of operations. Are your answers the same? (Circle yes or no.)
a. Add, then multiply. Multiply, then add. Same?

3+4×2= 3+4×2= Yes No

b. Add, then subtract. Subtract, then add. Same?

5+3−1= 5+3−1= Yes No

c. Divide, then multiply. Multiply, then divide. Same?

⋅
12 ÷ 3 2 = ⋅
12 ÷ 3 2 = Yes No

d. Divide, then add. Add, then divide. Same?

16 ÷ 4 + 4 = 16 ÷ 4 + 4 = Yes No

e. Multiply, then subtract. Subtract, then multiply. Same?

8×4−2= 8×4−2= Yes No

f. Multiply, then divide. Divide, then multiply. Same?

Numerical Expressions
In this lesson, you will
● evaluate numerical
⋅
8 4÷2= ⋅
8 4÷2= Yes No
expressions with
whole-number exponents.
g. Subtract, then add. Add, then subtract. Same?

13 − 4 + 6 = 13 − 4 + 6 = Yes No

h. Multiply, then add. Add, then multiply. Same?

1×2+3= 1×2+3= Yes No

16 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 2 ACTIVITY: Using Parentheses
Work with a partner. Use all the symbols and numbers to write an expression
that has the given value.

Symbols and Numbers Value Expression

a. ( ), +, ÷, 3, 4, 5 3

b. ( ), −, ×, 2, 5, 8 11

c. ( ), ×, ÷, 4, 4, 16 16

d. ( ), −, ÷, 3, 8, 11 1

e. ( ), +, ×, 2, 5, 10 70

3 ACTIVITY: Reviewing Fractions and Decimals

Work with a partner. Evaluate the expression.
Math
Practice
Use Operations
a.
3
4 ( )
—− —+—
1
4
1
2
=

How do you know

which operation to
perform first?
b. ( )
5
—−— −—
6
1
6
1
12
=

c. 7.4 − (3.5 − 3.1) =

d. 10.4 − (8.6 + 0.9) =

e. ($7.23 + $2.32) − $5.40 =

f. $124.60 − ($72.41 + $5.67) =

4. In an expression with two or more operations, why is it necessary

to agree on an order of operations? Give examples to support your
explanation.
5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS What is the effect of inserting parentheses into
a numerical expression?

Use what you learned about the order of operations to complete

Exercises 3 – 5 on page 20.

Section 1.3 Order of Operations 17

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 1.3 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

A numerical expression is an expression that contains only numbers and

Key Vocabulary operations. To evaluate, or find the value of, a numerical expression, use a
numerical expression, set of rules called the order of operations.
p. 18
evaluate, p. 18
order of operations,
p. 18
Order of Operations
1. Perform operations in Parentheses.
2. Evaluate numbers with Exponents.
3. Multiply or Divide from left to right.
4. Add or Subtract from left to right.

EXAMPLE 1 Using Order of Operations

a. Evaluate 12 − 2 × 4.

12 − 2 × 4 = 12 − 8 Multiply 2 and 4.
=4 Subtract 8 from 12.
b. Evaluate 7 + 60 ÷ ( 3 × 5 ).

7 + 60 ÷ (3 × 5) = 7 + 60 ÷ 15 Perform operation in parentheses.

=7+4 Divide 60 by 15.
= 11 Add 7 and 4.

EXAMPLE 2 Using Order of Operations with Exponents

Evaluate 30 ÷ ( 7 + 23 ) × 6.
Study Tip Evaluate the power in parentheses first.
Remember to multiply
30 ÷ ( 7 + 23 ) × 6 = 30 ÷ (7 + 8) × 6 Evaluate 23.
and divide from left to
right. In Example 2, you = 30 ÷ 15 × 6 Perform operation in parentheses.
should divide before
multiplying because the =2×6 Divide 30 by 15.
division symbol comes
= 12 Multiply 2 and 6.
first when reading from
left to right.

Evaluate the expression.

Exercises 6–14
⋅
1. 7 5 + 3 2. (28 − 20) ÷ 4 3. 6 × 15 − 10 ÷ 2
4
4. 6 + 2 − 1 5. ⋅ 2
4 3 + 18 − 9 6. 16 + ( 52 − 7 ) ÷ 3

18 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 ⋅
The symbols × and are used to indicate multiplication. You can also use
parentheses to indicate multiplication. For example, 3(2 + 7) is the same
as 3 × (2 + 7).

EXAMPLE 3 Using Order of Operations

a. Evaluate 9 + 7(5 − 2).

9 + 7(5 − 2) = 9 + 7(3) Perform operation in parentheses.

= 9 + 21 Multiply 7 and 3.
= 30 Add 9 and 21.
b. Evaluate 15 − 4(6 + 1) ÷ 22.

15 − 4(6 + 1) ÷ 22 = 15 − 4(7) ÷ 22 Perform operation in parentheses.

= 15 − 4(7) ÷ 4 Evaluate 22.
= 15 − 28 ÷ 4 Multiply 4 and 7.
= 15 − 7 Divide 28 by 4.
=8 Subtract 7 from 15.

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

You buy foam spheres,
Item Quantity Cost per Item
paint bottles, and wooden
rods to construct a model Spheres 9 $2
of our solar system. What Paint 6 $3
is your total cost? Rods 8 $1

Use a verbal model to solve the

h problem.
bl
cost of 9 spheres + cost of 6 paint bottles + cost of 8 rods
⋅
9 2 + ⋅
6 3 + ⋅
8 1
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
9 2 + 6 3 + 8 1 = 18 + 18 + 8 Multiply.
= 44 Add.

Your total cost is $44.

Evaluate the expression.

8(3 + 4)
Exercises 18– 23 7. 50 + 6(12 ÷ 4) − 82 8. 52 − 5(10 − 5) 9. —
7
10. WHAT IF? In Example 4, you add the dwarf planet Pluto to your
model. Use a verbal model to find your total cost assuming you
do not need more paint. Explain.

Section 1.3 Order of Operations 19

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 1.3 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. WRITING Why does 12 − 8 ÷ 2 = 8, but (12 − 8) ÷ 2 = 2?

2. REASONING Describe the steps in evaluating the expression 8 ÷ (6 − 4) + 32.

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Find the value of the expression.

3. (4 × 15) − 3 4. 10 − (7 + 1) 5. 18 ÷ (6 + 3)

Evaluate the expression.

1 2 6. 5 + 18 ÷ 6 7. (11 − 3) ÷ 2 + 1 8. 45 ÷ 9 × 12

⋅
9. 62 − 3 4 10. 42 ÷ ( 15 − 23 ) ⋅
11. 42 2 + 8 7 ⋅
2
12. 3 + 12 ÷ (6 − 3) × 8 13. (10 + 4) ÷ (26 − 19) 14. ( 5 2
− 4 ) ⋅ 2 − 18

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in evaluating the expression.

✗ ✗
15. 16.
9 + 2 × 3 = 11 × 3 19 − 6 + 12 = 19 − 18
= 33 =1

17. POETRY You need to read 20 poems in 5 days for an English project. Each
poem is 2 pages long. Evaluate the expression 20 × 2 ÷ 5 to find how many
pages you need to read each day.

Evaluate the expression.

3 18. 92 − 8(6 + 2) 19. (3 − 1)3 + 7(6) − 52 ( 1
20. 8 1— + — ÷ 4
6
5
6 )
(
21. 72 − 2 — − —
11
8
3
8 ) 22. 8(7.3 + 3.7) − 14 ÷ 2 23. 24(5.2 − 3.2) ÷ 4

24. MONEY You have four $10 bills and eighteen

$5 bills in your piggy bank. How much money
do you have?

25. THEATER Before a show, there are 8 people

in a theater. Five groups of 4 people enter,
and then three groups of 2 people leave.
Evaluate the expression 8 + 5(4) − 3(2) to
4($10) + 18($5)
find how many people are in the theater.

20 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 Evaluate the expression.
6(3 + 5) 122 − 4(6) + 1 26 ÷ 2 + 5
26. — 27. ——
2 28. —
2
4 11 3 −3

29. FIELD TRIP Eighty students are going on a field

trip to a history museum. The total cost includes
● 2 bus rentals and
● $10 per student for lunch.
What is the total cost per student? Daily Bus Rental
$
960 per bus

30. OPEN-ENDED Use all four operations

without parentheses to write an
expression that has a value of 100.

31. SHOPPING You buy 6 notebooks, 10 folders, 1 pack

of pencils, and 1 lunch box for school. After using a
$10 gift card, how much do you owe? Explain how
PE #2
you solved the problem.
NC
IL
S

32. LITTER CLEANUP Two groups collect litter along the

side of a road. It takes each group 5 minutes to clean
up a 200-yard section. How long does it take to clean
up 2 miles? Explain how you solved the problem.

33. Copy each statement. Insert +, −, ×, or ÷ symbols to make each

statement true.

a. 27 3 5 2 = 19 b. 92 11 8 4 1 = 60

c. 5 6 15 9 = 24 d. 14 2 7 3 9 = 10

Add or subtract. (Skills Review Handbook)

34. 5.2 + 0.5 35. 8 − 1.9 36. 12.6 − 3 37. 0.7 + 0.2

1
38. MULTIPLE CHOICE You are making two recipes. One recipe calls for 2— cups of
3
1
flour. The other recipe calls for 1— cups of flour. How much flour do you need
4
to make both recipes? (Skills Review Handbook)
1 1 2 7
A 1— cups
○ B 3 — cups
○ C 3 — cups
○ D 3 — cups
○
12 12 7 12

Section 1.3 Order of Operations 21

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 1 Study Help
Graphic Organizer

You can use an information frame to help you organize and remember concepts.
Here is an example of an information frame for powers.

Words:
A power is a product of repeated factors. The
base of a power is the common factor. The
exponent of a power indicates the number
of times the base is used as a factor.

Numbers: Numbers:
Powers
52 = 5 • 5 43 = 4 • 4 • 4

Example:

Find the value of the power.

24 = 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 = 16

Make information frames to help you

study these topics.
1. adding whole numbers
2. subtracting whole numbers
3. multiplying whole numbers
4. dividing whole numbers
5. order of operations
After you complete this chapter, make
information frames for the following topics.
6. prime factorization
“Dear Mom, I am sending you an
information frame card for Mother’s Day!”
7. greatest common factor (GCF)
8. least common multiple (LCM)
9. least common denominator (LCD)

22 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1.1–1.3 Quiz
Q uiz
Progress Check

Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check

your answer. (Section 1.1)
1. 4265 + 3896 2. 5327 − 2624

3. 276 × 49 4. 648 ÷ 72

Find the value of the power. (Section 1.2)

5. 33 6. 112

Determine whether the number is a perfect square. (Section 1.2)

7. 36 8. 15

Evaluate the expression. (Section 1.3)

4(12 − 3)
9. 6 + 21 ÷ 7 10. —
12

11. 16 ÷ 23 + 6 − 2 12. 2 × 14 ÷ ( 32 − 2 )

13. AUDITORIUM An auditorium has a total of 592 seats. There

are 37 rows of seats, and each row has the same number of seats.
How many seats are there in a single row? (Section 1.1)

14. SOFTBALL The bases on a softball field are square.

What is the area of each base? (Section 1.2)

15 in.

15 in.

15. DUATHLON In an 18-mile

-mile duathlon, you run
run, then bike
12 miles, and then run again. The two runs are the same
un again
distance. Find the distance of each run. (Section 1.3)

16. AMUSEMENT PARK Tickets for an amusement

park cost $10 for adults and $6 for children.
Find the total cost for 2 adults and 3 children.
(Section 1.3)

Sections 1.1–1.3 Quiz 23

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 1.4 Prime Factorization

Without dividing, how can you tell when a

number is divisible by another number?

1 ACTIVITY: Finding Divisibility Rules for 2, 3, 5, and 10

Work with a partner. Copy the set of numbers (1– 50) as shown.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
a. Highlight all the numbers that are divisible by 2.
b. Put a box around the numbers that are divisible by 3.
c. Underline the numbers that are divisible by 5.
d. Circle the numbers that are divisible by 10.
e. STRUCTURE In parts (a)–(d), what patterns do you notice? Write four rules to
determine when a number is divisible by 2, 3, 5, and 10.

Common Factors
and Multiples 2 ACTIVITY: Finding Divisibility Rules for 6 and 9
In this lesson, you will
● use divisibility rules to Work with a partner.
find prime factorizations
of numbers. a. List ten numbers that are divisible by 6. Write a rule
to determine when a number is divisible by 6. Use a
calculator to check your rule with large numbers.
b. List ten numbers that are divisible by 9. Write
a rule to determine when a number is divisible
by 9. Use a calculator to check your rule with
large numbers.

24 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 3 ACTIVITY: Rewriting a Number Using 2s, 3s, and 5s
Work with three other students. Use the following rules and only the prime
factors 2, 3, and 5 to write each number below as a product.
● Your group should have four sets of cards: a set with all 2s, a set
with all 3s, a set with all 5s, and a set of blank cards. Each person
gets one set of cards.
● Begin by choosing two cards to represent the given number as
a product of two factors. The person with the blank cards writes
any factors that are not 2, 3, or 5.
● Use the cards again to represent any number written on a blank
card as a product of two factors. Continue until you have represented
each handwritten card as a product of two prime factors.
● You may use only one blank card for each step.

a. Sample: 108

What numbers are

factors of 108?
108
What numbers are
factors of 54?

What numbers are

Math factors of 18?
Practice What numbers are
Interpret factors of 6?
Results
How do you Both factors are prime.
know your answer
makes sense?
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
108 = 2 3 3 3 2

b. 80 c. 162 d. 300
e. Compare your results with those of other groups. Are your steps the same
for each number? Is your final answer the same for each number?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS Without dividing, how can you tell when a
number is divisible by another number? Give examples to support
your explanation.
5. Explain how you can use your divisibility rules from Activities 1 and 2 to
help with Activity 3.

Use what you learned about divisibility rules to complete

Exercises 4 –7 on page 28.

Section 1.4 Prime Factorization 25

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 1.4 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

⋅
Because 2 is factor of 10 and 2 5 = 10, 5 is also a factor of 10. The pair
2, 5 is called a factor pair of 10.

EXAMPLE 1 Finding Factor Pairs

The brass section of a marching band has
Key Vocabulary 30 members. The band director arranges the
factor pair, p. 26 brass section in rows. Each row has the same
prime factorization, number of members. How many possible
p. 26 arrangements are there?
factor tree, p. 26
Use the factor pairs of 30 to find the number of arrangements.

⋅
30 = 1 30 There could be 1 row of 30 or 30 rows of 1.
30 = 2 ⋅ 15 There could be 2 rows of 15 or 15 rows of 2.
Study Tip 30 = 3 ⋅ 10 There could be 3 rows of 10 or 10 rows of 3.
When making an 30 = 5 ⋅ 6 There could be 5 rows of 6 or 6 rows of 5.
30 = 6 ⋅ 5
organized list of factor
pairs, stop finding pairs The factors 5 and 6 are already listed.
when the factors begin There are 8 possible arrangements: 1 row of 30, 30 rows of 1, 2 rows of
to repeat.
15, 15 rows of 2, 3 rows of 10, 10 rows of 3, 5 rows of 6, or 6 rows of 5.

List the factor pairs of the number.

Exercises 8–15 1. 18 2. 24 3. 51
4. WHAT IF? The woodwinds section of the marching band has
38 members. Which has more possible arrangements, the brass
section or the woodwinds section? Explain.

Prime Factorization
Remember The prime factorization of a composite number is the number
written as a product of its prime factors.
A prime number is a
whole number greater You can use factor pairs and a factor tree to help find the prime
than 1 with exactly two factorization of a number. The factor tree is complete when only
factors, 1 and itself. A
prime factors appear in the product. A factor tree for 60 is shown.
composite number is a
whole number greater 60
than 1 with factors
other than 1 and itself. ⋅ 30
2
2 ⋅ 15
3 ⋅ 5
60 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5, or 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
2

26 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 EXAMPLE 2 Writing a Prime Factorization
Write the prime factorization of 48.

Choose any factor pair of 48 to begin the factor tree.

Tree 1 Tree 2
Study Tip Find a factor pair and
48 48
Notice that beginning
⋅ 24 3 ⋅ 16
draw “branches.”
with different factor 2
2 ⋅ 12 2 ⋅ 8
pairs results in the same Circle the prime factors
prime factorization. as you find them.
Every composite 4 ⋅ 3 4 ⋅ 2
Find factors until each branch
number has only one 2 ⋅ 2 ends at a prime factor. 2 ⋅ 2
prime factorization.

48 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 48 = 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2

The prime factorization of 48 is 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3, or 2 ⋅ 3. 4

EXAMPLE 3 Using a Prime Factorization

What is the greatest perfect square that is a factor of 1575?
Because 1575 has many factors, it is not efficient to list all of its factors
and check for perfect squares. Use the prime factorization of 1575 to
find any perfect squares that are factors.
1575
25 ⋅ 63
5 ⋅5 ⋅9 7
3 ⋅3
1575 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7

The prime factorization shows that 1575 has three factors other than
1 that are perfect squares.

⋅
3 3=9 ⋅
5 5 = 25 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
(3 5) (3 5) = 15 15 = 225

So, the greatest perfect square that is a factor of 1575 is 225.

Write the prime factorization of the number.

Exercises 16– 23 5. 20 6. 88 7. 90 8. 462
and 29–32
9. What is the greatest perfect square that is a factor of 396? Explain.

Section 1.4 Prime Factorization 27

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 1.4 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY What is the prime factorization of a number?

2. VOCABULARY How can you use a factor tree to help you write the prime
factorization of a number?
3. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which factor pair does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

2, 28 4, 14 6, 9 7, 8

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Use divisibility rules to determine whether the number is divisible by 2, 3, 5, 6, 9,

and 10. Use a calculator to check your answer.
4. 1044 5. 1485 6. 1620 7. 1709

List the factor pairs of the number.

1 8. 15 9. 22 10. 34 11. 39
12. 45 13. 54 14. 59 15. 61

Write the prime factorization of the number.

2 16. 16 17. 25 18. 30 19. 26
20. 84 21. 54 22. 65 23. 77

24. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and

✗ 2
72
36
The prime factorization of
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
72 = 2 2 2 9
correct the error in writing the
prime factorization.

⋅
2 18
= 23 9.
2 9

25. FACTOR RAINBOW You can use a factor rainbow

to check whether a list of factors is correct.
To create a factor rainbow, list the factors of
a number in order from least to greatest. Then
draw arches that link the factor pairs. For
perfect squares, there is no connecting arch

1 2 3
in the middle. So, just circle the middle
number. A factor rainbow for 12 is shown.
Create factor rainbows for 6, 24, 36, and 48.
4 6 12
28 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 Find the number represented by the prime factorization.
⋅ ⋅
26. 22 32 5 ⋅ ⋅
27. 32 52 7 ⋅ ⋅
28. 23 112 13

Find the greatest perfect square that is a factor of the number.

3 29. 244 30. 650 31. 756 32. 1290
33. CRITICAL THINKING Is 2 the only even prime number?
Explain.
34. BASEBALL The coach of a baseball team separates the
players into groups for drills. Each group has the same
number of players. Is the total number of players on
the baseball team prime or composite? Explain.
35. SCAVENGER HUNT A teacher divides 36 students
into equal groups for a scavenger hunt. Each group should
have at least 4 students but no more than 8 students. What are
the possible group sizes?
36. PERFECT NUMBERS A perfect number is a number
that equals the sum of its factors, not including
itself. For example, the factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28.
Because 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28, 28 is a perfect number.
What are the perfect numbers between 1 and 28?
37. BAKE SALE One table at a bake sale has 75 cookies. Another table has
60 cupcakes. Which table allows for more rectangular arrangements when
all the cookies and cupcakes are displayed? Explain.
38. MODELING The stage manager of a school play creates a rectangular
acting area of 42 square yards. String lights will outline the acting area.
To the nearest whole number, how many yards of string lights does the
manager need to enclose this area?

Rectangular Prism
39. The volume of a rectangular
prism can be found using the formula
volume = length × width × height. Using
only whole number dimensions, how many
different prisms are possible? Explain.
Volume ä 40 cubic inches

Find the difference. (Skills Review Handbook)

40. 192 − 47 41. 451 − 94 42. 3210 − 815 43. 4752 − 3504

44. MULTIPLE CHOICE You buy 168 pears. There are 28 pears in each bag. How
many bags of pears do you buy? (Skills Review Handbook)
A 5
○ B 6
○ C 7
○ D 28
○

Section 1.4 Prime Factorization 29

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 1.5 Greatest Common Factor

How can you find the greatest common factor

of two numbers?
A Venn diagram uses circles to describe relationships between two or more sets.
The Venn diagram shows the names of students enrolled in two activities. Students
enrolled in both activities are represented by the overlap of the two circles.

Overlap of two circles

Debate Team Swim Team

Nicole Joe Ken Ange
Luis
Jen Melissa Hong Lee
Abby Rob Linda
Megan
Amy Mary Kim
Carlos Frank
Chris Jeff
Phil Nancy
Students on Pedro Students on
debate team only swim team only
Students on debate
team and swim team

1 ACTIVITY: Identifying Common Factors

Work with a partner. Copy and complete the Venn diagram. Identify the
common factors of the two numbers.
a. 36 and 48 b. 16 and 56

Factors of Factors of Factors of Factors of

36 48 16 56

Common Factors
In this lesson, you will
● use diagrams to identify c. 30 and 75 d. 54 and 90
common factors.
● find greatest common

factors. Factors of Factors of Factors of Factors of

30 75 54 90

e. Look at the Venn diagrams in parts (a)–(d). Explain how to identify the greatest
common factor of each pair of numbers. Then circle it in each diagram.
30 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 2 ACTIVITY: Interpreting a Venn Diagram of Prime Factors
Work with a partner. The Venn diagram represents the prime factorization of
two numbers. Identify the two numbers. Explain your reasoning.
a. b.

2
3 3 2
2 5 11
3 3
3

3 ACTIVITY: Identifying Common Prime Factors

Work with a partner.
Math
Practice a. Write the prime factorizations of 36 and 48. Use the results to
Interpret a complete the Venn diagram.
Solution
What does the
Prime Prime
diagram of the factors factors
resulting prime of 36 of 48
factorization mean?

b. Repeat part (a) for the remaining number pairs in Activity 1.

c. STRUCTURE Compare the numbers in the overlap of the Venn diagrams
to your results in Activity 1. What conjecture can you make about the
relationship between these numbers and your results in Activity 1?

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find the greatest common factor
of two numbers? Give examples to support your explanation.
5. Can you think of another way to find the greatest common factor of
two numbers? Explain.

Use what you learned about greatest common factors to complete

Exercises 4–6 on page 34.

Section 1.5 Greatest Common Factor 31

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 1.5 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Factors that are shared by two or more numbers are called common factors.
The greatest of the common factors is called the greatest common factor
(GCF). One way to find the GCF of two or more numbers is by listing factors.

EXAMPLE 1 Finding the GCF Using Lists of Factors

Find the GCF of 24 and 40.
Key Vocabulary List the factors of each number.
Venn diagram, p. 30
Factors of 24: 1 , 2 , 3, 4 , 6, 8 , 12, 24
common factors, Circle the common factors.
p. 32 Factors of 40: 1 , 2 , 4 , 5, 8 , 10, 20, 40
greatest common
factor, p. 32 The common factors of 24 and 40 are 1, 2, 4, and 8. The greatest of these
common factors is 8.
So, the GCF of 24 and 40 is 8.
Another way to find the GCF of two or more numbers is by using
prime factors. The GCF is the product of the common prime factors
of the numbers.

EXAMPLE 2 Finding the GCF Using Prime Factorizations

Find the GCF of 12 and 56.
Make a factor tree for each number.
Study Tip 12 56
Examples 1 and 2 show
two different methods
2 ⋅ 6 7 ⋅ 8
for finding the GCF. 2 ⋅3 2 ⋅4
2 ⋅2
After solving with one
method, you can use
the other method to Write the prime factorization of each number.
check your answer.
⋅ ⋅
12 = 2 2 3
Circle the common prime factors.
56 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 7

2 ⋅2 = 4 Find the product of the common prime factors.

So, the GCF of 12 and 56 is 4.

Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors.

Exercises 7–18 1. 8, 36 2. 18, 72 3. 14, 28, 49
Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations.
4. 20, 45 5. 32, 90 6. 45, 75, 120

32 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 EXAMPLE 3 Finding Two Numbers with a Given GCF
Which pair of numbers has a GCF of 15?
A 10, 15
○ B 30, 60
○ C 21, 45
○ D 45, 75
○
The number 15 cannot be a factor of the lesser number 10. So, you can
eliminate Statement A.
The number 15 cannot be a factor of a number that does not have a 0 or
5 in the ones place. So, you can eliminate Statement C.
List the factors for Statements B and D. Then identify the GCF for each.
Choice B: Factors of 30: 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 15 , 30
Factors of 60: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 5 , 6 , 10 , 12, 15 , 20, 30, 60
The GCF of 30 and 60 is 30.
Choice D: Factors of 45: 1 , 3 , 5 , 9, 15 , 45
Factors of 75: 1 , 3 , 5 , 15 , 25, 75
The GCF of 45 and 75 is 15.
D .
The correct answer is ○

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

You are filling piñatas for your sister’s birthday party. The list shows
the gifts you are putting into the piñatas. You want identical groups of
gifts in each piñata with no gifts left over. What is the greatest number
of piñatas you can make?
The GCF of the numbers of gifts represents the greatest number of
identical groups of gifts you can make with no gifts left over. So, to
find the number of piñatas, find the GCF.

⋅ ⋅
18 = 2 3 3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
24 = 2 3 2 2
42 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7

2 ⋅3 = 6 Find the product of the common prime factors.

The GCF of 18, 24, and 42 is 6.
So, you can make at most 6 piñatas.

7. Write a pair of numbers whose greatest common factor is 10.

Exercises 23– 25 8. WHAT IF? In Example 4, you add 6 more pairs of earrings.
Does this change your answer? Explain your reasoning.

Section 1.5 Greatest Common Factor 33

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 1.5 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY What is the greatest common factor (GCF) of two numbers?

2. WRITING Describe how to find the GCF of two numbers by using prime factorization.
3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What is the greatest common factor of 24 and 32?

What is the greatest common divisor of 24 and 32?

What is the greatest prime factor of 24 and 32?

What is the product of the common prime factors of 24 and 32?

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Use a Venn diagram to find the greatest common factor of the numbers.
4. 12, 30 5. 32, 54 6. 24, 108

Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors.

1 7. 6, 15 8. 14, 84 9. 45, 76
10. 39, 65 11. 51, 85 12. 40, 63

Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations.

2 13. 45, 60 14. 27, 63 15. 36, 81
16. 72, 84 17. 61, 73 18. 189, 200

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the GCF.

✗ ✗
19. 20.
⋅ ⋅
42 = 2 3 7 ⋅
36 = 22 32
154 = 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 ⋅ ⋅
60 = 22 3 5
The GCF is 7. The GCF is 2 ⋅ 3 = 6.

21. CLASSROOM A teacher is making identical activity packets using

92 crayons and 23 sheets of paper. What is the greatest number of
packets the teacher can make with no items left over?
22. BALLOONS You are making balloon arrangements for a birthday party. There
are 16 white balloons and 24 red balloons. Each arrangement must
be identical. What is the greatest number of arrangements
you can make using every balloon?

34 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 Find the GCF of the numbers.
4 23. 35, 56, 63 24. 30, 60, 78 25. 42, 70, 84
26. OPEN-ENDED Write a set of three numbers that have a GCF of 16. What
procedure did you use to find your answer?
27. REASONING You need to find the GCF of 256 and 400. Would you rather list
their factors or use their prime factorizations? Explain.

CRITICAL THINKING Tell whether the statement is always, sometimes, or never true.
28. The GCF of two even numbers is 2.
29. The GCF of two prime numbers is 1.
30. When one number is a multiple of another, the GCF of the
numbers is the greater of the numbers.

31. BOUQUETS A florist is making identical bouquets using

72 red roses, 60 pink roses, and 48 yellow roses. What is
the greatest number of bouquets that the florist can make if
no roses are left over? How many of each color are in each bouquet?
32. VENN DIAGRAM Consider the numbers 252, 270, and 300.
a. Create a Venn diagram using the prime factors of the numbers.
b. Use the Venn diagram to find the GCF of 252, 270, and 300.
c. What is the GCF of 252 and 270? 252 and 300? Explain how you found
your answer.
33. FRUIT BASKETS You are making fruit baskets using 54 apples, 36 oranges, and
73 bananas.
a. Explain why you cannot make identical fruit baskets without leftover fruit.
b. What is the greatest number of identical fruit baskets you can make with the least
amount of fruit left over? Explain how you found your answer.
Problem
34. Solving Two rectangular, adjacent rooms share a wall.
Room 1 Room 2
One-foot-by-one-foot tiles cover the floor of each room.
Describe how the greatest possible length of the adjoining
wall is related to the total number of tiles in each room.
Draw a diagram that represents one possibility. adjoining wall

Tell which property is being illustrated. (Skills Review Handbook)

35. 13 + (29 + 7) = 13 + (7 + 29) 36. 13 + (7 + 29) = (13 + 7) + 29
37. (6 × 37) × 5 = (37 × 6) × 5 38. (37 × 6) × 5 = 37 × (6 × 5)

39. MULTIPLE CHOICE In what order should you perform the operations in the
expression 4 × 3 − 12 ÷ 2 + 5? (Section 1.3)
A
○ ×, −, ÷, + B
○ ×, ÷, −, + C
○ ×, ÷, +, − D
○ ×, +, −, ÷

Section 1.5 Greatest Common Factor 35

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 1.6 Least Common Multiple

How can you find the least common multiple

of two numbers?

1 ACTIVITY: Identifying Common Multiples

Work with a partner. Using the first several multiples of each number,
copy and complete the Venn diagram. Identify any common multiples
of the two numbers.
a. 8 and 12
Multiples Multiples
of 8 of 12

b. 4 and 14
Multiples Multiples
of 4 of 14

c. 10 and 15
Multiples Multiples
of 10 of 15

Common Multiples
In this lesson, you will
● use diagrams to identify
d. 20 and 35
common multiples.
● find least common Multiples Multiples
multiples. of 20 of 35

e. Look at the Venn diagrams in parts (a)–(d). Explain how to identify the least
common multiple of each pair of numbers. Then circle it in each diagram.

36 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 2 ACTIVITY: Interpreting a Venn Diagram of Prime Factors
Work with a partner.
a. Write the prime factorizations of 8
and 12. Use the results to complete Prime Prime
factors factors
the Venn diagram. of 8 of 12
b. Repeat part (a) for the remaining
number pairs in Activity 1.
c. STRUCTURE Compare the numbers
from each section of the Venn
diagrams to your results in Activity 1. What conjecture can you make about
the relationship between these numbers and your results in Activity 1?

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find the least common multiple of two
Math numbers? Give examples to support your explanation.
Practice
Construct 4. The Venn diagram shows the prime factors of two numbers.
Arguments
How can you use
diagrams to
support your 2 3
explanation? 2 5
2
3

Use the diagram to do the following tasks.

a. Identify the two numbers.
b. Find the greatest common factor.
c. Find the least common multiple.
5. A student writes the prime factorizations of 8 and 12 in a table as shown. She
claims she can use the table to find the greatest common factor and the least
common multiple of 8 and 12. How is this possible?

8= 2 2 2
12 = 2 2 3

6. Can you think of another way to find the least common multiple of two or
more numbers? Explain.

Use what you learned about least common multiples to complete

Exercises 3–5 on page 40.

Section 1.6 Least Common Multiple 37

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 1.6 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Multiples that are shared by two or more numbers are called common
multiples. The least of the common multiples is called the least common
multiple (LCM). You can find the LCM of two or more numbers by listing
multiples or using prime factors.

EXAMPLE 1 Finding the LCM Using Lists of Multiples

Find the LCM of 4 and 6.
Key Vocabulary List the multiples of each number.
common multiples, Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12 , 16, 20, 24 , 28, 32, 36 , . . . Circle the common
p. 38
least common Multiples of 6: 6, 12 , 18, 24 , 30, 36 , . . . multiples.
multiple, p. 38
Some common multiples of 4 and 6 are 12, 24, and 36. The least of these
common multiples is 12.
So, the LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.

Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples.

Exercises 6–11 1. 3, 8 2. 9, 12 3. 6, 10

EXAMPLE 2 Finding the LCM Using Prime Factorizations

Find the LCM of 16 and 20.
Make a factor tree for each number.
16 20
2 ⋅ 8 4 ⋅ 5
2 ⋅4 2 ⋅2
2 ⋅2
Write the prime factorization of each number. Circle each different
factor where it appears the greater number of times.

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
16 = 2 2 2 2 2 appears more often here, so circle all 2s.

20 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 5 appears once. Do not circle the 2s again.

2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 = 80 Find the product of the circled factors.

So, the LCM of 16 and 20 is 80.

Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations.

Exercises 12–17 4. 14, 18 5. 28, 36 6. 24, 90

38 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 EXAMPLE 3 Finding the LCM of Three Numbers
Find the LCM of 4, 15, and 18.

Write the prime factorization of each number. Circle each different

factor where it appears the greatest number of times.

4=2 2 ⋅ 2 appears most often here, so circle both 2s.

15 = 3 ⋅ 5 5 appears here only, so circle 5.

18 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 3 appears most often here, so circle both 3s.

2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 = 180 Find the product of the circled factors.

So, the LCM of 4, 15, and 18 is 180.

Find the LCM of the numbers.

Exercises 22– 27
7. 2, 5, 8 8. 6, 10, 12
9. Write a set of numbers whose least common multiple is 100.

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

A traffic light changes every 30 seconds. Another traffic
light changes every 40 seconds. Both lights just changed.
After how many minutes will both lights change at the
same time again?
Find the LCM of 30 and 40 by listing multiples of each
number. Circle the least common multiple.

Multiples of 30: 30, 60, 90, 120 , . . .

Multiples of 40: 40, 80, 120 , 160, . . .

The LCM is 120. So, both lights will change again after
120 seconds.
Because there are 60 seconds in 1 minute, there are
120 ÷ 60 = 2 minutes in 120 seconds.
Both lights will change at the same time again after 2 minutes.

10. WHAT IF? In Example 4, the traffic light that changes every 40
seconds is adjusted to change every 45 seconds. Both lights just
changed. After how many minutes will both lights change at the
same time again?

Section 1.6 Least Common Multiple 39

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 1.6 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY What is the least common multiple (LCM) of two numbers?

2. WRITING Describe how to find the LCM of two numbers by using prime
factorization.

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Use a Venn diagram to find the least common multiple of the numbers.
3. 3, 7 4. 6, 8 5. 12, 15

Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples.

1 6. 2, 9 7. 3, 4 8. 8, 9
9. 5, 8 10. 15, 20 11. 12, 18

Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations.

2 12. 9, 21 13. 12, 27 14. 18, 45
15. 22, 33 16. 36, 60 17. 35, 50

✗
18. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct
6 × 9 = 54
the error in finding the LCM.
The LCM of 6 and 9 is 54.

19. AQUATICS You have diving lessons every fifth day

and swimming lessons every third day. Today you
have both lessons. In how many days will you have
both lessons on the same day again?

20. HOT DOGS Hot dogs come in packs of 10, while buns
come in packs of eight. What are the least numbers
of packs you should buy in order to have the same
numbers of hot dogs and buns?

21. MODELING Which model represents an LCM that is different from the other
three? Explain your reasoning.
A. B.

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24

C. D.

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24

40 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 Find the LCM of the numbers.
3 22. 2, 3, 7 23. 3, 5, 11 24. 4, 9, 12
25. 6, 8, 15 26. 7, 18, 21 27. 9, 10, 28
28. REASONING You need to find the LCM of 13 and 14. Would you rather list
their multiples or use their prime factorizations? Explain.

CRITICAL THINKING Tell whether the statement is always, sometimes, or never true.
29. The LCM of two different prime numbers is their product.
30. The LCM of a set of numbers is equal to one of the numbers in the set.
31. The GCF of two different numbers is the LCM of the numbers.

32. SUBWAY At Union Station, you notice

Subway Arrival
that three subway lines just arrived at the Line Time
same time. The table shows their arrival
A every 10 min
schedule. How long must you wait until
all three lines arrive at Union Station at B every 12 min
the same time again? C every 15 min

33. RADIO CONTEST A radio station gives away $15 to every

15th caller, $25 to every 25th caller, and free concert tickets
to every 100th caller. When will the station first give away
all three prizes to one caller?
34. TREADMILL You and a friend are running on treadmills. You run
0.5 mile every 3 minutes, and your friend runs 2 miles every
14 minutes. You both start and stop running at the same time
and run a whole number of miles. What is the least possible
number of miles you and your friend can run?

Prime Prime
factors factors 35. VENN DIAGRAM Refer to the Venn diagram.
of 16 of 24
2
a. Copy and complete the Venn diagram.
b. What is the LCM of 16, 24, and 40?
Prime factors
c. What is the LCM of 16 and 40? 24 and 40?
of 40

36. When is the LCM of two numbers equal to their product?

Write the product as a power. (Section 1.2)

37. 3 × 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
38. 5 5 5 5 39. 17 × 17 × 17 × 17 × 17

40. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which two powers have the same value? (Section 1.2)
A 13 and 31
○ B 24 and 42
○ C 32 and 23
○ D 43 and 34
○

Section 1.6 Least Common Multiple 41

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 Extension
1.6 Adding and Subtracting Fractions
A
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary Recall that you can add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators by
least common writing equivalent fractions with a common denominator. One way to do this
denominator, p. 42 is by multiplying the numerator and the denominator of each fraction by the
denominator of the other fraction.

EXAMPLE 1 Adding Fractions Using a Common Denominator

5 1
Find — + — .
8 6
Rewrite the fractions with a common denominator. Use the product of
the denominators as the common denominator.
5
—+—=—+—
1 ⋅
5 6 1 8 ⋅ Rewrite the fractions using a
8 6 ⋅
8 6 6 8 ⋅ ⋅
common denominator of 8 6 = 48.
30 8
Study Tip =—+— Multiply.
48 48
A fraction is in 38
simplest form when
=— Add the numerators.
48
the numerator and the
denominator have no
1
=—
2 19 ⋅ Divide out the common factor 2.
common factors other 2 24
1 ⋅
than 1. 19
=— Simplify.
24

The least common denominator (LCD) of two or more fractions is the least
common multiple (LCM) of the denominators. The LCD provides another
method for adding and subtracting fractions with unlike denominators.

EXAMPLE 2 Adding Fractions Using the LCD

5 1
Find — + — .
8 6
Find the LCM of the denominators.

Multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24 , 32, 40, 48 , . . .

Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24 , 30, 36, 42, 48 , . . .
Common Multiples
In this extension, you will The LCM of 8 and 6 is 24. So, the LCD is 24.
● use least common

multiples to add and 5

—+—=—+—
1 ⋅
5 3 1 4 ⋅ Rewrite the fractions using the LCD, 24.
subtract fractions.
8 6 ⋅
8 3 6 4 ⋅
15 4
=—+— Multiply.
24 24
19
=— Add the numerators.
24

42 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 To add or subtract mixed numbers, first rewrite the numbers as improper
fractions. Then find the common denominator.

EXAMPLE 3 Subtracting Mixed Numbers

3 3
Find 4 — − 2 — .
4 10

Write the difference using improper fractions.

3 3 19 23
4— − 2— = — − —
4 10 4 10

Method 1: Use the product of the denominators as the

Study Tip common denominator.
Notice that Method 1 19
—−—=—−—
23 ⋅
19 10 23 4⋅ Rewrite the fractions using a common
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
uses the same
procedure shown
4 10 4 10 10 4 denominator of 4 10 = 40.
in Example 1. You 190 92
can generalize the
=—−— Multiply.
40 40
procedure using
98
the rule =— Subtract the numerators.
a c ad ± bc
40
— ± — = —.
b d bd 49 9
= —, or 2 — Simplify.
20 20

Method 2: Use the LCD. The LCM of 4 and 10 is 20.

19
—−—=—−—
23 ⋅
19 5 23 2⋅ Rewrite the fractions
4 10 ⋅
4 5 10 2⋅ using the LCD, 20.
95 46
=—−— Multiply.
20 20
49 9
= —, or 2 — Simplify.
20 20

Use the LCD to rewrite the fractions with the same denominator.
1 3 4 3 5 2 3 5 1
1. —, — 2. —, — 3. —, — 4. —, —, —
6 8 7 10 12 9 4 8 10

Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.

4 5 5 3 2 24 9 7
5. — — 6. — — 7. 2 — — 8. 4 — 4—
5 6 14 8 5 10 25 20

Add or subtract. Write the answer in simplest form.

2 3 6 1 7 5 13 5
9. — + — 10. — + — 11. — − — 12. — − —
3 4 7 2 10 12 18 8
1 4 3 1 5 3 2 4
13. 2 — + 3 — 14. 4 — + 1— 15. 1— − — 16. 3 — − 2—
6 9 16 10 6 4 3 11

17. COMPARING METHODS List some advantages and disadvantages of each method
shown in the examples. Which method do you prefer? Why?

Extension 1.6 Adding and Subtracting Fractions 43

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 1.4 –1.6 Quiz
Progress Check

List the factor pairs of the number. (Section 1.4)

1. 48 2. 56

Write the prime factorization of the number. (Section 1.4)

3. 60 4. 72

Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors. (Section 1.5)
5. 18, 42 6. 24, 44, 52

Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations. (Section 1.5)
7. 38, 68 8. 68, 76, 92

Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples. (Section 1.6)
9. 8, 14 10. 3, 6, 16

Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations. (Section 1.6)
11. 18, 30 12. 6, 24, 32

Add or subtract. Write the answer in simplest form. (Section 1.6)

3 2 7 3
13. — + — 14. — − —
5 3 8 4

15. PICNIC BASKETS You are creating identical

picnic baskets using 30 sandwiches and
42 cookies. What is the greatest number
of baskets that you can fill using all of the
food? (Section 1.5)

16. RIBBON You have 52 inches of yellow ribbon

and 64 inches of red ribbon. You want to cut
the ribbons into pieces of equal length with
no leftovers. What is the greatest length of the
pieces that you can make? (Section 1.5)

17. MUSIC LESSONS You have piano lessons every fourth day and
guitar lessons every sixth day. Today you have both lessons.
In how many days will you have both lessons on the
same day again? Explain. (Section 1.6)

18. HAMBURGERS Hamburgers come in packs of

20, while buns come in packs of 12. What is the
least number of packs you should buy in order to
have the same numbers of hamburgers and buns?
(Section 1.6)

44 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1 Chapter Review
Vocabulary Help

Review Key Vocabulary

power, p. 12 factor pair, p. 26 common multiples, p. 38
base, p. 12 prime factorization, p. 26 least common multiple
exponent, p. 12 factor tree, p. 26 (LCM), p. 38
perfect square, p. 13 Venn diagram, p. 30 least common denominator
numerical expression, p. 18 common factors, p. 32 (LCD), p. 42
evaluate, p. 18 greatest common factor
order of operations, p. 18 (GCF), p. 32

Review Examples and Exercises

1.1 Whole Number Operations (pp. 2–9)

Use the tens place because 203 is less than 508.

2
203 ‾
5081 Divide 508 by 203: There are two groups of 203 in 508.
− 406 Multiply 2 and 203.
102 Subtract 406 from 508.
Next, bring down the 1 and divide the ones.
25 R6
203 ‾ 5081 Divide 1021 by 203: There are five groups of 203 in 1021.
− 406
1021
− 1015 Multiply 5 and 203.
6 Subtract 1015 from 1021.
6
The quotient of 5081 and 203 is 25 —.
203

Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check your answer.
1. 4382 + 2899 2. 8724 − 3568
3. 192 × 38 4. 216 ÷ 31

1.2 Powers and Exponents (pp. 10–15)

Evaluate 62.
⋅
62 = 6 6 = 36 Write as repeated multiplication and simplify.

Find the value of the power.

5. 73 6. 26 7. 44

Chapter Review 45

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 1.3 Order of Operations (pp. 16–21)

Evaluate 43 − 15 ÷ 5.

43 − 15 ÷ 5 = 64 − 15 ÷ 5 Evaluate 43.
= 64 − 3 Divide 15 by 5.
= 61 Subtract 3 from 64.

Evaluate the expression.

8. 3 × 6 − 12 ÷ 6 9. 20 × ( 32 − 4 ) ÷ 50 10. 5 + ( 42 + 2 ) ÷ 6

1.4 Prime Factorization (pp. 24–29)

Write the prime factorization of 18.

18 Find a factor pair and draw “branches.”
2 ⋅9 Circle the prime factors as you find them.
3 ⋅3 Continue until each branch ends at a prime factor.

⋅ ⋅
The prime factorization of 18 is 2 3 3, or 2 32. ⋅

List the factor pairs of the number.

11. 28 12. 44 13. 63

Write the prime factorization of the number.

14. 42 15. 50 16. 66

1.5 Greatest Common Factor (pp. 30–35)

a. Find the GCF of 32 and 76. b. Find the GCF of 45 and 63.
Factors of 32: 1 , 2 , 4 , 8, 16, 32 45 63
Factors of 76: 1 , 2 , 4 , 19, 38, 76 5 ⋅ 9 7 ⋅ 9
The greatest of the common
factors is 4.
⋅3
3 3 ⋅3
45 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
So, the GCF of 32 and 76 is 4.
63 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7
3 ⋅3 = 9
So, the GCF of 45 and 63 is 9.

46 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors.
17. 27, 45 18. 30, 48 19. 28, 48, 64

Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations.

20. 24, 90 21. 52, 68 22. 32, 56, 96

1.6 Least Common Multiple (pp. 36–43)

a. Find the LCM of 8 and 12.

Make a factor tree for each number.

8 12
2 ⋅ 4 2 ⋅ 6
2 ⋅2 2 ⋅3
Write the prime factorization of each number. Circle each different factor
where it appears the greater number of times.
⋅ ⋅
8=2 2 2 2 appears more often here, so circle all 2s.
12 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 3 appears once. Do not circle the 2s again.
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 = 24 Find the product of the circled factors.
So, the LCM of 8 and 12 is 24.

1 1
b. Find — + —.
2 3
The LCM of 2 and 3 is 6. So, the LCD is 6.
1 1
—+—=—+—=—+—=— ⋅
1 3 ⋅
1 2 3 2 5
2 3 ⋅
2 3 ⋅
3 2 6 6 6

Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples.

23. 4, 14 24. 6, 20 25. 12, 28

Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations.

26. 6, 45 27. 10, 12 28. 18, 27

Add or subtract. Write the answer in simplest form.

2 1 5 3 5 7
29. — + — 30. — + — 31. 3 — − 2 —
7 4 9 8 6 15
2 5
32. WATER PITCHER A water pitcher contains — gallon of water. You add — gallon
3 7
of water to the pitcher. How much water does the pitcher contain?

Chapter Review 47

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 1 Chapter Test
Test Practice
Find the value of the expression. Use estimation to check
your answer.
1. 3963 + 2379 2. 6184 – 2348
3. 184 × 26 4. 207 ÷ 23

Find the value of the power.

5. 23 6. 152 7. 54

Evaluate the expression.

8. 11 × 8 − 6 ÷ 2 9. 5 + 23 ÷ 4 − 2 10. 6 + 4(11 − 2) ÷ 32

List the factor pairs of the number.

11. 52 12. 66

Write the prime factorization of the number.

13. 46 14. 28

Find the GCF of the numbers using lists of factors.

15. 24, 54 16. 16, 32, 72

Find the GCF of the numbers using prime factorizations.

17. 52, 65 18. 18, 45, 63

Find the LCM of the numbers using lists of multiples.

19. 14, 21 20. 9, 24

Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorizations.

21. 26, 39 22. 6, 12, 14

23. BRACELETS You have 16 yellow beads, 20 red beads, and 24 orange beads to
make identical bracelets. What is the greatest number of bracelets that you
can make using all the beads?

24. MARBLES A bag contains equal numbers of green

and blue marbles. You can divide all the green marbles
into groups of 12 and all the blue marbles into groups of
16. What is the least number of each color of marble
that can be in the bag?

3
25. SCALE You place a 3 —-pound weight on the left
8
1
side of a balance scale and a 1—-pound weight on the
5
right side. How much weight do you need to add to
the right side to balance the scale?

48 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 1 Cumulative Assessment
Test-Takin
g Strateg
Solve Dir y
1. You are making identical bagel platters using ectly or E
liminate
40 plain bagels, 30 raisin bagels, and 24 blueberry Choices
bagels. What is the greatest number of platters
that you can make if there are no leftover bagels?

A. 2 C. 8

B. 6 D. 10

2. The top of an end table is a square with a

side length of 16 inches. What is the area of
the tabletop?
“Which
one: solv strategy would
e directl y
y or elim ou use on this
inate ch
oices?”

16 in.

16 in.

F. 16 in.2 H. 64 in.2

G. 32 in.2 I. 256 in.2

3. Which number is equivalent to the expression below?

⋅
3 23 − 8 ÷ 4

A. 0 C. 22

B. 4 D. 214

4. What is the least common multiple of 14 and 49?

Cumulative Assessment 49

ms_green pe_01sa.indd 49 1/28/15 11:51:41 AM

 5. Which number is equivalent to the expression 7059 ÷ 301?
136
F. 23 H. 23 —
301
136
G. 23 — I. 136
7059

6. You are building identical displays for the school fair using 65 blue boxes and
91 yellow boxes. What is the greatest number of displays you can build using
all the boxes?

A. 13 C. 91

B. 35 D. 156

7. You hang the two strands of decorative lights shown below.

Strand 1: changes between Strand 2: changes between green

red and blue every 15 seconds and gold every 18 seconds

Both strands just changed color. After how many seconds will the strands
change color at the same time again?

F. 3 seconds H. 90 seconds

G. 30 seconds I. 270 seconds

29
8. Which expression is equivalent to —?
63
28 1 5 2
A. — + — C. — + —
60 3 21 9
4 25 22 7
B. — + — D. — + —
27 36 47 16

9. Which expression is not equivalent to 32?

F. 62 − 8 ÷ 2 H. 30 + 42 ÷ (2 + 6)

G. 30 ÷ 2 + 52 − 8 I . 82 ÷ 4 − 2

10. Which number is equivalent to the expression 148 × 27?

A. 3696 C. 3946

B. 3896 D. 3996

50 Chapter 1 Numerical Expressions and Factors

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 11. You have 60 nickels, 48 dimes, and 42 quarters. You want to divide
the coins into identical groups with no coins left over. What is the
greatest number of groups that you can make?

12. Erica was evaluating the expression in the box below.

56 ÷ (23 − 1) × 4 = 56 ÷ (8 − 1) × 4
= 56 ÷ 7 × 4
= 56 ÷ 28
=2

What should Erica do to correct the error that she made?

F. Divide 56 by 8 because operations are performed left to right.

G. Multiply 1 by 4 because multiplication is done before subtraction.

H. Divide 56 by 7 because operations are performed left to right.

I. Divide 56 by 8 and multiply 1 by 4 because division and multiplication

are performed before subtraction.

13. Find the greatest common factor for each pair of numbers.

10 and 15 10 and 21 15 and 21

What can you conclude about the greatest common factor of 10, 15,
and 21? Explain your reasoning.

14. Which number is not a perfect square?

A. 64 C. 96

B. 81 D. 100

15. Which number pair has a least common multiple of 48?

F. 4, 12 H. 8, 24

G. 6, 8 I. 16, 24

16. Which number is equivalent to the expression below?

3(6 + 22) + 2
——
8
A. 3 C. 7
1
B. 4 D. 24—
4

Cumulative Assessment 51

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