THEME 7- CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS Key Concepts: Renaissance and Urban Centres |. The two important events which modernised Europe are- Renaissance and Reformation 2. Renaissance means ‘rebirth’. It denotes the cultural awakening of Europe. It describes the cultural changes in Europe from fourteenth to the end of the seventeenth century. 3. Urban centres promoted Renaissance. After the fall of western Roman Empire many of towns emerged which became the centres of art of learning. 4, Emergence of Italian towns such as Florence and Venice played a central role for Renaissance. 5. These urban centres promoted free thinking and the traders of these towns patronised the artists, writers etc. Humanism Humanities is a word derived from the Latin term Humanitas, which meant culture. By the early fifteenth century, the term ‘humanist’ was used for masters who taught grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy. 8. Humanists claimed to have restored ‘true civilisation’ after centuries of darkness, as they believed that ‘a dark age’ had started after the fall of Roman Empire. 9. They called the new age as Modern Age. They claimed that during the dark age (Middle ‘Age) the Church had much control on free thinking and all the learning of the Greeks and Romans had been wiped out. 10. The Humanist used the word ‘Modern’ for the period from fifteenth century. no Spread of Humanism through Art, Architecture and books 11. The Humanist ideas were effectively transmitted through Art, Architecture and Books. 12. Artists were inspired by studying works of the past. 13.In 1416, Donatello (1386-1466) surprised the world with his lifelike statues. 14.Artist's efforts to be accurate was helped by the work of scientists. Andreas Vesalius who was a Belgian and a professor of medicine at the University of Padua, was the first to dissect the human body. This was the beginning of modem physiology. il15. Leonardo da Vinci had a range of interests from botany to anatomy to mathematics and art. He had painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. He dreamt to fly and he used to observe the birds in flight and he designed a flying machine. 16. Albrecht Durer is known for his famous drawing known as ‘Praying Hands’ and Michelangelo is famous for his painting, The Pieta. Printing Press 17. Invention of Printing Press was another important factor which led to Renaissance. Johannes Gutenberg who was a German had invented first printing press and 150 copies of Bible was printed first time. 18.A printed book promoted new ideas which could reach easily to hundreds of readers. It also developed the habit of reading among people. Aspiration of Women 19.Some women were intellectually very creative and sensitive about humanist ideas. Venetian Cassandra Fedele (1465-1558) and Marchesa of Mantua, Isabella d’Este (1474-1539) were famous among them. Protestant Reformation 20. Humanist ideas attracted many followers of the Church who emphasised to practise religion in the way laid down in ancient text of their religion. 21.Christian humanists like Thomas More (1478-1535) in England and Erasmus (1466- 1536) in Holland critised the Church for being greedy and for being an institution to extort money from the ordinary people. 22. They openly critised Church for selling ‘indulgences’ which, as Church claimed, were documents which freed the buyer from the burden of all sins committed. 23.Martin Luther, a German monk launched a campaign against the Catholic Church and insisted that a person did not need priests to establish contact with God. He guided his followers to have faith in God because faith alone could guide them to the right life and entry into heaven. This movement was called Protestant Reformation. 24,Martin Luther's ideas were popularised by Ulrich Zwingli and Jean Calvin in Switzerland, Counter Reformation25.In Spain and Italy, the Churchmen tried to bring reforms in Catholic Church in order to counter Protestant Reformation. They emphasised the need for a simple life and service to the poor. 26.In Spain, Ignatius Loyola had set up the Society of Jesus in 1540. His followers were called Jesuits, whose mission was to serve the poor and to widen their knowledge of other cultures, Impact of Renaissance on Science 27. Renaissance promoted learning and scientific experiments. The scientists questioned Church's Earth Centric idea, Church believed that since the earth was a sinful place and the heavy burden of sin made it immobile and other planets move around it. 28. But Copernicus, asserted that the planets, including the Earth, rotate around the sun. Afraid of the possible reaction from the Church he did not allow his manuscript, ‘de revolutionibus’, to be printed .Only at his death bed he handed it to his disciple and it took years to accept his ideas by the world. 29. Later on, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) further popularised new theories.From the fourteenth to the end of the seventeenth century towns were growing in many countries of Europe. Adistinct ‘Urban Culture’ also developed. Florence, Venice and Rome became centers of art and leaming. The invention of printing atthe same time made books and prints available to many people. Asense of history also developed in Europe. Religion came to be se en as something which each individual should choose for himself. The church's belief was overturned by Scientists. The revival of Italian cities Western Europe was being reshaped by feudal bonds and unified under the Latin Church and eastern Europe under the Byzantine Empire, and Islam was Creating a common civilisation further west, Italy was weak and fragmented. The portson the Italian coast revived. Independent City States - Florence and Venice - _ Rich merchants and bankers actively participated in governing the city. Univercities and Humanism The universities of Padua and Bologna had been centers of legal studies. Increased demand for lawyers and notaries By the early fifteenth century, the term ‘humanist’ was used for masters who taught grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy. The Latin word humanitas, from which ‘humanities’ was derived, had been used many centuries ago by the Roman lawyer and essayist Cicero. The term‘ Renaissance Manis often used to describe a person with many interests and skills. Periodisation used by humanists Sth-14thCentury ‘The MiddleAges Sth-9th Century - TheDarkAges 9th-11thCentury = ~The Early MiddleAges. 11th-14thCentury - The Late MiddleAges 15th Century onwards - TheModemAge Science and Philosophy The Arab's Contribution. In the fourteenth century, many scholars began to read translated works of greek writers Plato and Aristotle. + These were works on Natural science, Mathematics, astronomy, medicine and chemistry. Muslim writers were regarded as men of wisdom in the Italian world, were Ibn Sin a and al-Razi. Humanist Subjects began to be introduced in Schools. Artists and Realism Knowledge of geometry helped them understand perspective and that by noting the changing quality oflight, their pictures acquireda three- dimensional quality.Anatomy, Geometry, physics, as well as.a strong sense of what was beautiful, gave anew quality toltalian art, which was to be called realism’ Aspirations of women- The first printed book -Anew conceptof human beings the Copernican Revolution. Sources: Cathedral of Florence, Ptolemy's Almagest, The Pieta ' by Michelangelo, The Prince by Machiavell ; The Courtier by Bathasar Castiglione Time Line The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries - Referto page No. 155 of Text Book The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries - referto page No.-165 of Text Book Key Words Humanism- The Latin word humanists from which ‘humanities’ was derived, had been used many centuries ago by the Roman lawyer and essayist Cicero. Itisnotdrawn fromor connected with religion. ‘The New Testament - ‘The New Testamentis the section of the Bible dealing with the life and teachings of Christand his early followers. The Renaissance Man- The term‘ Renaissance Man‘ is often used to describe a person with many interests and skills. ‘They were scholar - diplomat - theologian - artist combined inone.1687 G3HSNENd SOLLWNSHLVW VIdIONId SNOLMN OWS! | 4673 ‘STVd NIdN Las SSONSIOS 40 ANBQVOV 1628 NOLWINDUID GOO HIM LEW3H SHNIT ASAYVH. 1582 | IX AUOODSUD AdOd AG GIONGOULN BVONSTVO NVIuVOSuO 1569 Hikva SHL JO dv WHONIIAS Sauvdaud SnouvHEsS _ ‘GV3H SV SN33ND ONY SOND! HLIM GNVIONA NI GSHSMIEVLS SUNITO NYO TONY i AWOLWNW NO SALILUM SNITWS3A SVaHONY 1559 Road Map of Cultural Change 1543, 1525 ANVWH9 NI ONISIY dn INvSvad 1522 NVAU39 O1NI 3161 SHI SALVISNVUL USHLNT a SSS3HLSAld ALSNIN SHL S3LUM YSHLNT NILEVA 1517 1516 ‘GaSNgNd VidOLN SAYOW SVWOHL