CPVC

CPVC Piping Systems

Installation Handbook:
CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping
Published by the
Plastic Pipe and Fittings Association
800 Roosevelt Road
Building C, Suite 312
Glen Ellyn, Illinois 60137
www.ppfahome.org

© 2015 PPFA All Rights Reserved

 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Introduction The statements and descriptions in this handbook

are informational only and are not intended as an
endorsement or warranty with respect to any product
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipe, tube, or system. The Plastic Pipe and Fittings Associa-
and fittings have been successfully used in hot- and tion (PPFA) and its members make no warranties
cold-water distribution systems since 1960. From or representations as to the fitness of any product or
1960 to 2000, enough CPVC tubing was sold to system for any particular purpose; the suitability of
plumb millions of typical single-family dwelling any product or system for any specific application; or
units and usage increases each year. the performance of any product or system in actual
construction.
The products consist of ASTM D2846 SDR 11
CPVC tubing manufactured to Copper Tube Size In all cases, the appropriate local authorities should
(CTS) ODs (outside diameters) and CPVC socket- be consulted concerning the requirements covering
type fittings. The ASTM D2846 standard cover sizes the use of any particular product or system in any
½-inch through 2-inch and both the tubing and fit- specific application. The manufacturer’s label and/or
tings are tan in color. As hot and cold water piping, instructions should also be followed. General ques-
the system carries a continuous use rating of 100 psi tions on piping system design or installation de-
at 180° F and 400 psi at 73° F. When sizes larger than scribed herein may be directed to the Plastic Pipe and
2-inch are needed, ASTM F441 Schedule 80 CPVC Fittings Association.
pipe made to iron pipe size (IPS) ODs and ASTM
F437 and F439 Schedule 80 CPVC fittings are used.
Plumbing codes may require proof testing of assem- SDR vs. Schedule 80
and CTS vs. IPS
blies for 48 hours at 150 psi and 210° F. Most pro-
ducers have had these tests performed to qualify their
products for use under such codes. CPVC CTS tube
and CPVC IPS Schedule 80 pipe is sold in straight SDR and Schedules are indicators of the wall thick-
lengths. Smaller diameter CTS tube is also sold in ness associated with pipe and fittings.
coils.
SDR indicates Standard Dimension Ratio, meaning a
General Information constant ratio exists between the outside diameter of
the pipe and the wall thickness. To maintain that ra-
tio, the wall thickness varies based on the diameter of
This handbook is intended to provide basic infor- the piping. A higher SDR means a thinner wall. The
mation for the installation of CPVC (Chlorinated constant ratio of SDR piping means that all diameters
PolyVinyl Chloride) piping1 for hot- and cold-water will have the same temperature/pressure rating.
distribution systems and is published for the benefit
of installers, contractors, code officials, distributors, Schedule piping uses a predefined ANSI schedule
and home owners. The information has been present- to set the wall thickness at each pipe size. Since
ed as simply and concisely as possible, but the reader the ratio of wall thickness and diameter varies in a
should be aware that more detailed information is schedule piping system, the temperature and pressure
available from the manufacturer of CPVC piping or ratings change with the piping diameter.
from the supplier of the resin material used in the
piping. Some subjects in this handbook are interre-
lated and may be discussed in more than one section.
The authors strongly recommend reading this entire
handbook, so the user will be familiar with all aspects
of the interrelated items. 1
The term piping covers pipe, tube, and fittings, and the terms
pipe and tube are used interchangeably.

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CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

CTS and IPS (Iron Pipe Size) dimensions indicate the

difference between the nominal outside diameter of How to Identify the
the piping and the actual outside diameter of the pip-
ing. Copper tube size piping manufactured to ASTM
Product
D2846 has an actual outside diameter 1/8 inch larger
In order to comply with standard ASTM D2846,
than the nominal diameter. Generally, IPS piping
CPVC tubing shall have the following information
manufactured to ASTM F441 & F442 has an outside
printed on it: (a) manufacturer’s name, (b) certifica-
diameter of at least ¼ inch larger than the nominal
tion or listing agency mark (e.g. NSF-PW or other ac-
diameter, with the difference increasing with the pipe
ceptable agency’s mark), (c) size, (d) ASTM D2846
size. For instance, 1” nominal IPS pipe has an outside
CPVC 4120, (e) SDR 11, (f) 100 psi @ 180° F.
diameter of 1.315” while 8” nominal IPS pipe has an
outside diameter of 8.625”.
In order to comply with standards ASTM F441 or
F442, CPVC pipe shall have the following informa-
In a plumbing system, CTS SDR piping will com-
tion printed on it: (a) manufacturer’s name, (b) cer-
monly be used for smaller diameters (2” and smaller)
tification or listing agency mark, (c) ASTM standard
while IPS Schedule 80 will be used for larger di-
number F441 or F442, (d) size, (e) Schedule 80 or
ameters. While this is the typical design, plumbing
SDR, (f) pressure rating at 73°F and at 180°F, (g)
codes permit any combination of CTS, IPS, SDR and
material designation (CPVC 4120-05 for materials
Schedule 80 systems that meet the temperature and
with an HDS of 500 psi at 180°F or CPVC 4120-06
pressure requirements of the applicable code. Due to
for materials with an HDS of 625psi at 180°F.
the differences between outside diameter of CTS pipe
and IPS pipe, special transition fittings are necessary
In order to comply with the standards ASTM D2846
to connect these systems.
or F439, CPVC fittings shall have molded markings
of (a) manufacturer’s name, (b) certification or listing
Pressure Rating agency mark, (c) ASTM standard number (D2846
or F439), (d) material designation (CPVC 4120 or
With both CTS SDR 11 and IPS Schedule 80 pip- CPVC for CPVC 23447).
ing, the pressure rating of the system is dependent on
the working temperature of the system. The effect of In order to comply with the standard ASTM F493,
increased temperatures on the pressure rating can be CPVC solvent cement shall have on the label (a)
calculated by multiplying the pressure rating at 73°F CPVC Solvent Cement, (b) ASTM F493, (c) certi-
by the pipe de-rating factor for the working tempera- fication or listing agency mark, (d) manufacturer’s
ture as shown in Table I. Note that there are two sets name and address.
of de-rating factors that should be used based on the
material designation. The material designation CPVC In order to comply with the standard ASTM F656,
4120, CPVC 4120-05 or CPVC 4120-06 will be sten- primer shall have on the label (a) primer, (b) ASTM
ciled on the pipe (see labeling requirements in “How F656 (c) certification or listing agency mark, (d)
to Identify the Product”). manufacturer’s name and address.

The following standards apply to CPVC and related

products:

• ASTM D2846 — Standard Specification for Chlo-

rinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hot
and Cold Water Distribution Systems;
• ASTM F439 — Standard Specification for Chlo-
rinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe

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 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Fittings, Schedule 80;

• ASTM F441 — Standard Specification for Chlo- Basics
rinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe,
Schedules 40 and 80; Since most of the system design parameters, e.g.
• ASTM F442 — Standard Specification for Chlo- minimum pressure, fixture unit or flow sizing of pipe,
rinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe and limiting velocity, are prescribed in the applicable
(SDR–PR); plumbing code, CPVC tube is usually used as a direct
• ASTM F493 — Standard Specification for Sol- size-for-size replacement for copper tube. However,
vent Cements for CPVC Pipe and Fittings; because CPVC is a thermoplastic rather than a metal,
• ASTM F656 – Standard Specification for Prim- there are certain differences in handling, cutting, join-
ers for Use in Solvent Cement Joints of Poly (Vinyl ing, and installation, and these are detailed here.
Chloride)(PVC) Plastic Pipe and Fittings;
• NSF/ANSI Standard 14 — Plastic Piping Compo-
nents and Related Materials;
Storage & Handling
• NSF/ANSI Standard 61 — Drinking Water Sys-
CPVC pipe and fittings should be stored indoors or
tem Components — Health Effects;
covered with a non-transparent material to protect
• NSF/ANSI 3721 — Drinking Water System Com-
from direct sunlight exposure if stored outdoors.
ponents - Lead Content; and
• ASTM F402 — Standard Practice for Safe Han-
CPVC solvent cements, primers, and cleaners should
dling of Solvent Cements, Primers and Cleaners2 for
be stored indoors between 40°F and 110°F or as spec-
Joining Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings.
ified on the label. Do not store near heat, sparks, open
flames or other sources of ignition.
Product that does not have legible marking or has a
marking that does not contain all pertinent informa-
Avoid contamination with solvents, oils or other
tion may not conform with the applicable standard.
chemical additives that can cause damage to CPVC
(refer to chemical resistance section for more infor-
Verify local code approval before installing CPVC
mation)
piping
Do not drop, drag, step on, or throw CPVC pipe and
CPVC piping is included in the International Plumb-
fittings.
ing Code (IPC) and the Uniform Plumbing Code
(UPC); plus the International Residential Code (IRC)
Prior to installation, always inspect pipe and fittings
for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, the National
for physical damage (splits, cuts and gouges) that
Standard Plumbing Code (NSPC) and FHA/HUD
can occur during shipping or from improper handling
Use of Materials Bulletins. State and local govern-
such as from being dropped or struck by another
ment/agencies can adopt these model codes as pub-
object.
lished or modify them.
See Appendix A for further details on avoiding physi-
Therefore, among the questions to be asked are the
cal damage to pipes and fittings.
following:
Is a model code being used in your projects jurisdic-
tion?

If so, which one has been adopted, and have any

modifications been made in regard to CPVC piping?
1
NSF/ANSI 372 replaces NSF/ANSI Standard 61, Annex G
2
Cleaner, chemical-an organic solvent used to remove foreign
matter from the surface of plastic pipe or fittings

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CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Installation
Wheel cutters: Wheel–type plastic tubing cut-
With Primer or One-step Sol- ters2 with blades made for cutting plastic pipe may
vent Cementing Method be used if blades are regularly sharpened. However,
these type cutters will create raised ridges that are
CPVC piping and fittings are joined with CPVC ce- caused by material displacement from the downward
ments. The solvent cement process can be a one- or force of the cutting wheel and the ridges must then be
a two-step process. The one-step cement does not removed.
require the use of a primer and the cement will be
yellow in color. The two-step process does require
the use of a primer and the cement will be orange in
color. Both types of cements are manufactured under
ASTM F493 for use with CPVC hot- and cold-water
piping. The label on the can will indicate the cement
color and whether a primer is required. Before using
one-step cement, check to determine if the local code
permits its use or if a two-step cement with primer is
required. Primer is manufactured under ASTM F656
and can be clear or purple in color (also verify local Image 2. Tubing Style Cutter with a Reaming Tool
code requirements for required primer color).
Fine tooth saw: When saw cutting, a miter box
Joining CTS CPVC Tube and should be used to ensure a square cut. Cutting tubing
Fittings as squarely as possible provides optimal bonding area
within a joint.
Note: Scissor-style cutters are not recommended
Step 1: Cutting because of the extreme forces that may be applied to
the pipe.
A variety of cutting tools are available and recom-
mended for use with CPVC pipe. CTS CPVC can
be easily cut with a wheel type plastic tubing cutter, Cutting previously installed CPVC: Pip-
ratchet cutter, or fine tooth saw, depending on the tool ing that has been in service for long periods of time
size available. should be cut with a fine tooth saw or a wheel-type
cutter. In such instances, ratchet cutters may cause
end cracking on the aged pipe and are not recom-
Ratchet cutters: The use of ratchet cutters 1 is
mended.
permitted under certain condition, but blades must be
regularly sharpened and should not be used when am-
If any indication of damage or cracking is evident at
bient temperature is below 50oF due to the increased
the tubing end, cut off 3 at least 2” beyond any visible
risk of overstressing the pipe.
damage.

Image 1. Ratchet Type Cutter Image 3. Cutting

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 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Step 2: Deburring/Beveling Step 4: Solvent Cement Application

Burrs and filings finding their way into the joint Use only CPVC cement conforming to ASTM F493 or
can prevent proper contact between tube and fitting joint failure may result.
during assembly, and should be removed from the
outside and inside of the tubing. A chamfering tool4 is One-step cement is the technically preferred method
preferred but a pocketknife or file are suitable for this for joining CTS tubing. However, if required by local
purpose. A slight bevel on the end of the tubing will code, primer, when properly applied, will have no
ease entry of the tubing into the fitting socket and negative effect on joint integrity. Before using one-
minimize the chances of pushing solvent cement to step cement, check to determine if the local code
the bottom of the joint. permits its use or if a two-step cement with primer is
required. Primer is manufactured under ASTM F656
and can be clear or purple in color (also verify local
code requirements for required primer color).

When making a joint, apply a heavy, even coat of ce-

ment to the pipe end6. Use the same applicator with-
out additional cement to apply a thin coat inside the
fitting socket7. Too much solvent cement may puddle
in fittings and/or in the pipe and soften the material
to the point of failure under pressure. Too little ce-
Image 4. Deburring ment applied can result in gaps and leak paths. Too
little cement can also dry too quickly, increasing the
Step 3: Fitting Preparation chance of a dry joint and making full insertion im-
possible.
Using a clean and dry rag, wipe dirt and moisture
from the fitting sockets and tubing end. Check the dry Do not allow excess cement to puddle in the fitting
fit of the tubing and fitting. The tubing should make and pipe assembly as this may lead to premature
contact with the socket wall 1/3 to 2/3 of the way failure.
into the fitting socket. At this stage there should be an
interference fit, tubing should not bottom out in the
socket5.

Image 6 and 7. Cement application

Step 5: Assembly

Immediately insert the tubing into the fitting socket,

Image 5. Socket fit rotating the tube 1/4 to ½ turn while inserting. This
motion ensures an even distribution of cement within
the joint. Properly align the fitting. Hold the assem-
bly for approximately 10 seconds, allowing the joint
to set-up8. An even bead of cement should be visible

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CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

around the joint. If this bead is not continuous around minimize chances of pushing solvent cement to the
the socket edge, it may indicate that insufficient ce- bottom of the joint.
ment was applied. In this case, remake the joint to
avoid potential leaks. Wipe excess cement from the
tubing and fittings surfaces for an attractive, profes-
sional appearance

Image 8. Assembly
Image 10. Deburring
Joining IPS CPVC Pipe and
Step 3: Fitting Preparation
Fittings
Using a clean dry rag, wipe dirt and moisture from
Step 1: Cutting the fitting socket and pipe end11. Moisture can slow
the curing, and dirt can prevent adhesion. Check the
IPS CPVC pipe can be easily cut with a mechanical dry fit of the pipe and fitting12. For a proper interfer-
saw9 or fine-toothed saw. To ensure a square cut, a ence fit, the pipe should enter the fitting socket 1/3 to
miter box should be used. Cutting the pipe as square- 2/3 of the depth.
ly as possible provides maximum bonding area in the
most effective part of the joint.

Image 11 and 12. Fitting preparation

Step 4: Initial Fitting Priming

Image 9. Saw cutting
USE PRIMER CONFORMING TO ASTM F656.
Step 2: Deburring/Beveling Using an applicator one-half the size of the pipe
diameter13, aggressively work the primer into the
Burrs and filings finding their way into the joint can fitting socket. Re-dip the applicator in the primer as
prevent proper contact between the pipe and fitting required. Keep the socket and applicator wet until the
during assembly, and should be removed from both surface has been softened. Once primed, remove any
the inside and outside of the pipe using a chamfering puddles of primer from the socket.
tool, file10 or reamer. A slight bevel should be placed
at the end of the pipe to ease entry into the socket and

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 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Using an applicator one-half the size of the pipe

diameter, aggressively work a heavy, even layer of
cement16 onto the pipe end equal to the depth of the
fitting socket.

Image 13. Applicator

Step 5: Pipe Priming

Once the fitting socket has been primed, aggressively Image 16. Cement application
work the primer14 around the end of the pipe to a
depth of about ½” beyond the socket depth. Step 8: Fitting Solvent Cement Applica-
tion

Without re-dipping the applicator in the cement, ag-

gressively work a medium layer of cement into the
fitting socket17. Avoid puddling the cement in the
fitting socket.

Image 14. Priming

Step 6: Fitting Re-priming

Apply a second coat of primer15 to the fitting socket.

Immediately, while both surfaces are still tacky, begin
the solvent cementing process that follows. Image 17. Cement application

Step 9. Pipe Reapplication

Apply a second full, even layer of cement on the

pipe18.

Image 15. Cement application

Step 7: Pipe Solvent Cement Application

USE ONLY CPVC SOLVENT CEMENT CON-

FORMING TO ASTM F493.
Acceptable CPVC solvent cements are available
that are both orange and gray in color. Verify code Image 18. Cement application
requirements for acceptable color of solvent cement.

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CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Step 10: Assembly inches with every 100°F degree temperature increase.
Expansion does not vary with pipe diameter. Mea-
While the cement is still wet, immediately assemble sured expansion of installed piping is typically well
the pipe and fitting, rotating the pipe ¼ to ½ turn (if below the theoretical values. Although some expan-
possible) until the fitting stop is reached. Hold the sion joints are available, they are rarely used in water
assembly together for approximately 30 seconds to distribution systems.
avoid push out19. A continuous bead of cement should
be evident around the pipe and fitting juncture. If the Generally, thermal expansion can be accommodated
bead is not continuous, sufficient cement was not ap- with changes in direction; however, a long straight
plied and the joint may be defective. In this case, the run may require an offset or loop. Only one expan-
fitting should be discarded and the joint reassembled. sion loop, properly sized, is required in any single
Wipe excess cement from the pipe and fittings sur- straight run, regardless of its total length. If more
faces for an attractive, professional appearance20. convenient, two or more smaller expansion loops,
properly sized, can be utilized in a single run of pipe
to accommodate the thermal movement. In addition,
there are many ways to compensate for expansion
and contraction in vertical piping, always consult the
pipe manufacturer for specific recommendations.

Image 19 and 20. Joining and Cleaning

Safe Handling of Primer,

Cleaner & Cement
Solvent cements, primers and cleaners must be han-
dled properly. To do so, refer to ASTM F402, “Stan-
dard Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent Cements,
Primers and Cleaners”, available here: The size of the loop required to accommodate ther-
http://www.astm.org/Standards/F402.htm mal expansion is derived by an equation that consid-
ers the length and diameter of the pipe, change in
Expansion & Contraction temperature, and other physical properties of CPVC
including the coefficient of thermal expansion, modu-
lus of elasticity and the working stress at maximum
CPVC, like all other materials, undergoes changes in
operating temperature. Tables 2 and 3 give examples.
length as a result of temperature variations above and
Consult pipe and fitting manufacturers for additional
below the installation temperature. Excessive stress
recommendations.
and restriction of movement from thermal expansion
can damage any piping material. When designing or
installing a CPVC system, you must properly com-
pensate for the expansion and/or contraction of the
system due to the temperature fluctuations. See Ap-
pendix A to learn about what to avoid when compen-
sating for expansion and contraction.

A 100-foot run of CPVC piping will expand about 4

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 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Support Spacing

Piping systems should be uniformly supported.

Failure to properly support pipe places stress on the
piping system.

Vertical piping should be supported at each floor

level or as required by expansion/contraction design.
Provide mid-story guides.

Horizontal runs of CPVC pipe should be supported

per the hanger support spacing found in Tables 4 and
5 or per code requirements. For horizontal spacing,
these tables show the maximum spacing of supports
based on various operating temperatures.

Note: The values in Table 1 and Table 2 above were

derived from the following equation and conditions:

Supports

Point support must not be used for thermoplastic

piping, and in general the wider the bearing surface
of the support, the better. Supports should be smooth,
with no rough or sharp edges should come in contact
with the pipe. Supports should not be clamped in a
way that restrains the axial movement of pipe that
will normally occur due to thermal expansion and
contraction. Concentrated loads, such as valves, must
be separately supported.

Where pipes go through wood studs, provide oversize Although such incremental variations are technically
holes to allow pipe to move. When installed through correct, most codes use the simplified version shown
metal studs, provide some form of plastic insulators, in Table 6.
pipe insulation or similar devices to protect the pipe
from abrasion and to prevent noise. Verify the insu-
lating device is chemically compatible with CPVC.
See Appendix A for further details.

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CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

socket in the same way as an all-CPVC fitting.

The standard practice is to thread a male thread

adapter into the female threaded part, such as a valve
or stop, and then solvent cement to the CPVC pipe.
Additional support should be added near concen- However, when using the male thread adapter, there
trated loads, such as valves or transitions to or from are two limitations that the installer must consider
metal piping. when deciding where and how to use it. First, the
male thread adapter may develop a drip leak if the
joint is subjected to too broad a temperature range.
Transition Joints & Secondly, some thread paste sealants contain sol-
vents, oils or other chemical additives that can cause
Fittings damage to CPVC. Only compatible thread sealants
and tapes should be used. If CPVC is damaged in
Special transition fittings 21 or joints are used when- an area where thread sealant has been applied, the
ever CPVC piping is connected to a metal valve, fit- type of thread seal used should be determined. (see
ting, or other appurtenance such as a filter, or to parts Thread Sealants section). The preferred method of
made of another plastic. When preparing to make transitioning between metal and CPVC plumbing
this type of transition, cutting oils should be removed components is to use an insert molded metal-in-
from metallic pipe prior to connecting to CPVC pipe CPVC fitting or true union with a metal and a CPVC
by fully cleaning the inside and outside of the pipe end.
before it is assembled in the piping system.
Female threaded CPVC adapters without an elasto-
These special transition fittings can have many forms. meric seal should never be used.
One common form is the true union with a metal end
and a CPVC end held together with a plastic or metal If a tapered pipe thread connection between the
gland nut and having an elastomeric seal between CPVC and metal components must be made, use
them. Other forms are the flanged joint, the grooved a CPVC male thread adapter. Consult the fittings
joint, insert molded metal in CPVC fittings, patented manufacturer for additional limitations.
push-on type fittings, and finally the CPVC female
threaded adapter with an elastomeric seal at the bot-
tom of the thread. The latter fittings are designed so
that they have no thread interference and rely entirely
on the elastomeric seal for water tightness. They re-
quire only minimal torque to attain an adequate seal.

Standard compression fittings 22 that utilize brass or

plastic ferrules can be used to assemble CPVC. How-
ever, PTFE tape should be applied over the brass fer-
rule to compensate for the dissimilar thermal expan-
sion rates of the brass and CPVC that could possibly Image 21. Sample transition fittings
otherwise result in a drip leak. Care should be taken
not to over-torque the compression connection.

Metal fittings with CPVC socket inserts are also

available. The tubing is cemented directly into the

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 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Water Heater
Connections
Some plumbing codes contain detailed requirements
for connections to gas or electric storage type water
heaters. Determine whether your jurisdiction has
such code requirements and satisfy them.
Image 22. Sample compression fittings
If no detailed requirements exist, use the following
Thread Sealants information. On electric water heaters CPVC can
be piped directly to the heater with special metal-to-
Threaded CPVC fittings with tapered pipe threads CPVC transition fittings. On high-efficiency, gas wa-
(e.g. male thread adapters) must be used with a suit- ter heaters that use plastic vent piping, CPVC can be
able thread sealant to insure leak-proof joints. Over connected directly to the heater just like the electric
the years, PTFE tape has been the preferred thread water heater connections 23. On all other gas water
sealant and it is still the most widely accepted and heaters there should be at least 6 inches of clearance
approved sealant. between the exhaust flue and any CPVC piping 24.
Six-inch long metal nipples or appliance connectors
Some paste sealants may negatively affect CPVC should be connected directly to the heater so that the
fittings; therefore only sealants recommended for CPVC tubing cannot be damaged by the build-up of
use with CPVC by the thread sealant manufacturer excessive radiant heat from the flue.
should be used.
An approved temperature/pressure (T/P) relief valve
should be installed so that the probe or sensing ele-
Chemical Resistance ment is in the water at the top of the heater. CPVC
is approved by all the model codes for use as relief
CPVC piping products can be susceptible to stress valve drain line piping. Although CPVC is rated for
cracking agents that may be found in certain ancillary 100 psi at 180 ºF, it is suitable for the higher tempera-
products. The information in Appendix A, “Analy- ture of 210 ºF, because the pressure is nearly zero psi
sis of Improper Use or Installation Issues”, has been for a discharge pipe that is open to the atmosphere.
generated to create awareness that the potential for Water heater temperature relief valves are generally
damage exists. Contact the CPVC manufacturer for set to open at 210 ºF.
additional detailed information.
Use a metal-to-CPVC transition fitting to connect to
When choosing ancillary products that are intended the relief valve and continue the pipe full size to the
to be in direct contact with the piping system, such as outlet. For horizontal runs, slope the pipe toward the
thread sealants, fire stopping materials, pipe insula- outlet and support it at three-foot centers or closer.
tion, etc., the installer should choose products that The pipe must discharge to the atmosphere at an ap-
have demonstrated little or no effect on the piping proved location.
material. ALWAYS CHECK with the pipe and fittings
manufacturer if you have questions regarding chemi- While CPVC piping systems are suitable for use with
cal compatibility. If chemical compatibility with the properly controlled residential tank less water heat-
plastic remains in question, it is recommended to ers, do not use CPVC pipe and fittings with commer-
isolate the suspect product from direct contact with cial-type, non-storage water heaters. Many residential
the CPVC pipe or fittings. tank less water heaters in North America are limited

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CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

to the temperature range of 122ºF to 140ºF. This also a factor in the joint setting and curing process.
temperature is within the specific range of CPVC Joint setting time refers to the time required for the
materials used in plumbing applications. solvent-cement joint to reach handling strength.

Do not use CPVC pipe and fittings where operat- Joint set and cure times are a function of pipe size,
ing temperatures can exceed 180°F. Exceeding the temperature, humidity, degree of interference, and
temperature/pressure ratings of the pipe is not recom- even length of the pipes being handled. Curing time
mended and may result in system failure. is shorter for drier environments, smaller sizes, and
higher temperatures. Follow the solvent cement
manufacturer’s recommended set and cure times.

The joint set time is the necessary time to allow be-

fore the joint can be carefully handled.

The joint cure time is the time required before a

system containing newly cemented joints can be
pressure tested and/or put into service. While mini-
mum joint cure times are usually not a factor in new
installations, where piping is installed long before the
Image 23. Gas water heater connection plumbing system is brought online, they may be a
factor in repair jobs or minor revisions to piping.
CPVC piping systems should be pressure tested per
local code requirements after the solvent cement
joints have cured for the recommended amount of
time.

CPVC must not be used for piping systems intended

to convey air or other compressed gases and should
not be tested with air or other compressed gases.
Image 24. CPVC electric water heater connection

Thermal Conductiv-
Pressure Testing ity, Condensation, &
(Joint Cure Time) Sweating
When pressure testing CPVC piping, the focus is on In general, plastic materials have low coefficients of
time required for the solvent-cemented joints to gain thermal conductivity when compared with metallic
sufficient strength to permit pressure testing without materials (see table below). Because of this, some
affecting the long-term strength and durability of the users ask whether insulation is necessary to prevent
system. ASTM D2846 contains pipe OD and socket heat loss from hot water piping or sweating of cold-
ID tolerance requirements that are more restrictive water piping. Generally, it is not necessary to insulate
than those in most other pressure piping standards. CPVC piping within heated buildings unless it is
Because of this, the solvent-cemented joints gain required by local codes. Following are some factors
strength very quickly after assembly. to support this:

Furthermore, it is widely recognized that pipe size is 2” Schedule 80 CPVC pipe (2.375” OD - 0.230”

13
 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

wall) would lose about 140 BTU/h/LF while convey- this condition immediately stops the flow of water at
ing 170° F water in a 70° F air environment. the fixture, it may or may not have progressed to the
point of rupturing the pipe. Therefore, immediate
2” Type M copper tube (2.125” OD - 0.060” wall) steps should be taken to eliminate the source of air
would lose about 5,000 BTU/h/LF under the same causing the freeze condition, locate the frozen section
conditions. and thaw the water line, if possible.

However, both the CPVC and the copper pipe will As soon as the frozen section is located, close any
cool to ambient temperature in a short time when outside openings with insulation, circulate warm
there is no flow. air into the area, or direct heated air onto the piping
using a low wattage heater/blower. A second op-
CPVC piping carrying 180° F water will have an tion is to apply electrical heat tapes to the problem
outside surface temperature of about 150° F in an air- area. Limit the heat source to 180° F or less. If the
conditioned building. frozen section is substantially inaccessible, it may be
possible to cut open the line at an accessible point
Under most use conditions that cause copper tube to and insert a small flexible tube and pump hot water
sweat and drip, CPVC will remain free of condensa- directly to the ice plug. As the hot water is pumped
tion. in and the ice is melted, the excess flows back out
around the flexible tube.
Thermal conduction is defined as “transfer of heat
from one part of a body to another part of the same Once the ice plug has melted, check to see if any pipe
body, or from one body to another in physical con- or fitting is ruptured, make repairs if necessary, and
tact with it, without appreciable displacement of the insulate the area or pipe to prevent future freezing.
particles of the body.” This definition leads us to the Do not use an open flame to heat the frozen pipe.
commonly used “K” factor Table 7, which refers to
thermal conductivity.

Hydraulic Shock (Wa-

ter Hammer)
Although the peak surge pressure that results from
interrupting flow in a CPVC pipe is smaller than the
pressure in metal pipe, when the velocity is the same,
both can produce “hydraulic shock.” While some
codes prescribe the use of accessible water hammer
Insulation lubricants may cause severe stress crack- arresters adjacent to each solenoid operated valve,
ing of CPVC fittings. Only compatible non-lubricated other codes do not speak to the subject and leave the
insulation products should be used with CPVC sys- decision up to the designer or installer. Water ham-
tems. mer arresters or air chambers are recommended when
line pressure is high or where there are high flow
fixtures with solenoid valves.
Freezing & Thawing
One of the most common conditions that can stop the Grounding
function of the water distribution system is freezing.
Model plumbing codes require that piping exposed to Because CPVC is electrically non-conductive, it can-
freezing temperatures be properly protected. While not be used as an electrical ground, and care must be

14
CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

taken to provide a suitable ground whenever CPVC slab must be pressure-tested3 before pouring the slab.
piping is installed to replace metal piping that has The tube should be sleeved where it penetrates the
been used as a ground. Because plastic water service slab and at construction joints in the slab.
lines are being used extensively, and because of gal-
vanic corrosion to metal piping systems from ground CPVC water piping, manufactured in accordance
faults, many codes prohibit grounding to any type of with ASTM D2846, is available in coils for underslab
hot and cold water pipe. Check your local code. installations. When turning the end up through the
slab, into walls, etc., be careful not to kink the pipe.

Fire Rated Construc- Should a kink result, it must be cut out to avoid pos-
sible failure. Follow the pipe manufacturer’s installa-
tion tion instructions for minimum bend radius permitted
to be imposed on the coiled pipe.
CPVC water piping can be used within fire rated
buildings provided all penetrations of fire barriers
(e.g. walls or floor slabs) are made in such a way that
CPVC in Plenums
the fire rating of the barrier will not be compromised. CPVC plumbing pipe is safe for installation in return
Most codes and code officials accept penetration air plenums; however, the installation must be ap-
sealing systems or devices that have qualified for UL proved by the local jurisdiction. Even though CPVC
Certification and Listing or have passed appropriate is considered a combustible material, it will not burn
ASTM E119 or E814 tests. The PPFA manual Plastic without a significant external flame source. CPVC
Pipe in Fire Resistive Construction provides more requires an environment with at least 60% oxygen
detailed information on this subject and lists available to sustain a flame, Earth’s atmosphere contains only
test reports. (Or see the current issue of the Under- 21% oxygen, meaning that once a flame source is
writers Laboratories, Inc. Directories of Fire Resis- removed, CPVC will not sustain combustion.
tance - Vol. II or WHI Certification Listings.). Some
fire stop sealants contain solvents or other chemical Testing indicates that water filled CPVC in diameters
additives that can cause damage to CPVC. Only use 6 inches or less will pass the 25/50 flame smoke
compatible fire stop materials, systems or devices developed requirements for non-metallic material in
which are recommended for use with CPVC. return air plenums. Refer to piping manufacturer for
specific test reports and approvals.
Underslab Installa- CPVC fire sprinkler pipe tested and listed in accor-
tions dance with UL 1887, “Fire Test of Plastic Sprinkler
Pipe for Flame and Smoke Characteristics,” meets
CPVC is approved for underslab installations, with
model code requirements for installation in return air
joints, in all model plumbing codes. Some local
plenums.
codes contain restrictions on joints underslab and
other installation practices; always verify local code
requirements. Revision Policy
The PPFA CPVC Product Line Committee has initial
When performing underslab installations, it is im- responsibility for assuring that the data and other in-
portant that the tube is evenly supported on a smooth
bottom. The bedding and backfill should be sand or
clean soil free of sharp rocks and other debris that 3
The IAPMO IS 20 (Installation Standard for CPVC SOL-
could damage the tube. Systems with joints under VENT CEMENTED HOT AND COLD WATER DISTRIBU-
TION SYSTEMS) requires a pressure test for 2 hours. This
requirement applies only to pipe installed under a slab.

15
 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

formation in this handbook are current and accurate.

All suggestions and recommendations for revisions
to this handbook should be addressed to PPFA, 800
Roosevelt Road, Building C, Suite 312, Glen Ellyn,
IL 60137, Attn.: CPVC Product Line Committee,
and the Committee will respond to them as promptly
as reasonably possible. The CPVC Committee will
review and update the handbook as required based on
comments or questions. A complete review will be
made at least once every three years.

16
Installation Handbook:
CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping
Appendix A: Analysis of Improper
Use or Installation Issues

© 2015 PPFA All Rights Reserved

 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Section One is damaged in an area where thread sealant has been

applied, the type of thread seal used should be deter-
Chemical Compatibil- mined.

ity Damage Fire Stop Material: Some fire stop sealants

contain solvents or other chemical additives that can
Damage from incompatible plasticizers, chemicals, cause damage to CPVC. Only compatible fire stop
stress cracking agents in thread sealants, fire stops, materials should be used. If CPVC is damaged in an
and other products, and heat from spray foam insula- area where firestopping is present 1, the type of fire-
tion can lead to performance issues. These issues can stop used should be determined.
be fairly easy to spot, if you know what to look for,
and the damage is in proximity to the incompatible
product.

CPVC piping products resist corrosion from aggres-

sive environments and chemicals that are corrosive
to metallic piping, and as such, have been used
successfully for many years for applications such
as chemical lab waste due to this inherent corrosion
resistance. However, CPVC pipe materials may be
damaged by contact with certain chemicals found
in some construction and ancillary products such
as thread sealants, lubricants, anti-freeze solu- Image 1. Appearance of Incompatible Flame Retar-
tions, firestop materials, etc. It is important to dant Damage
verify the compatibility of materials that come in
contact with the plastic system prior to installation Anti-Freeze Solutions: DO NOT USE GLY-
to ensure long-term performance. COL BASE ANTI- FREEZE SOLUTIONS. The use
of improper anti-freeze solutions such as ethylene
ALWAYS CHECK with the pipe and fittings manu- glycol, propylene glycol and/or contaminated glyc-
facturer if you have questions regarding chemical erin solutions can cause stress cracking of CPVC
compatibility. If chemical compatibility with the resulting piping system failure.
plastic remains in question, it is recommended to
isolate the suspect product from direct contact with Soldering/Hot Work/Flux: Soldering of metal-
the CPVC pipe or fittings. lic components in close proximity to CPVC piping
may cause thermal damage to the plastic piping sys-
Compatibility Concerns: tems. Direct contact with heat (open flame), solder,
In general, CPVC piping products can be susceptible and soldering flux is not recommended. These types
to stress cracking agents that can be found in cer- of products should be isolated from direct contact.
tain ancillary products. The following list has been CPVC contact with solder flux can cause cracks,
generated to create awareness that the potential for leaks and breaks in the piping system.
damage exists. Contact the CPVC manufacturer
for additional detailed information. Flexible Wire or Grommets: Direct contact
with flexible wire, cable, or grommets should be
Thread Sealants: Some thread paste sealants avoided as the insulation for the wire and cable can
contain solvents, oils or other chemical additives contain plasticizers that can cause CPVC piping sys-
that can cause damage to CPVC. Only compatible tems to crack, leak or break. The finished installation
thread sealants and tapes should be used. If CPVC should be inspected to verify that the plastic piping

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CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

system is not being used to support wire or cable, and the product (i.e. product identification, listing marks,
that runs of wire and cable have not been pulled over etc.) and to change color of the pipe and fittings from
the installed CPVC system. its identifiable color prior to painting.

Rubber and Flexible Materials: CPVC is Cooking Oils and Grease: When CPVC pipe
not compatible with many rubber and flexible plastic is installed in kitchen areas the pipe must be protect-
materials as these materials may contain certain types ed from contact with grease or cooking oils. Certain
of plasticizers, which when placed in contact with cooking oils can cause the CPVC piping to crack,
CPVC can cause the piping system to crack, leak leak, or break when applied to the piping system.
or break 2. (Incompatible plasticizers include, but
are not limited to, phthalates, adipates, trimellitates, Spray On Coatings: Certain types of spray-on
dibenzoates, etc.) Incompatible rubber and flexible coatings that form a peelable film to protect fixtures
plastic materials can be found in plastic hangers or during construction may be incompatible with CPVC.
plastic coated hangers, hoses and tank linings and in Care should be used to protect exposed piping from
the fluids that come in contact with them. over-spray when this type of protective coating is
applied.

Termiticides and Insecticides: When per-

forming installations under slab or where the pres-
ence of insecticides or termiticides is likely, care
should be taken to isolate CPVC pipe from direct
contact with large quantities of these chemicals.
CPVC can be damaged when termiticides or insecti-
cides are injected into the annular space between the
pipe wall and sleeving material trapping the termiti-
Image 2. Damage from plasticizer contact cide against the pipe wall or in areas where puddling/
pooling of these chemicals may occur.
Metallic Pipe Transitions / Cutting Oils:
Transitions from metallic pipe and CPVC pipe can be Mold Abatement and Fungicides: Building
made through a variety of methods such as threaded, restoration projects used to repair water damage often
flanged, and grooved transition components. Cutting include the use of mold abating products such as fun-
oils may be incompatable and should be removed gicides. These products can damage PVC and CPVC
from metallic pipe prior to connecting to CPVC pipe piping systems and can cause cracks, leaks, or breaks
by fully cleaning the inside and outside of the pipe in the system. When performing repairs or modifica-
before it is assembled in the piping system. Incom- tions care should be taken to isolate the plastic piping
patible cutting oils have been used to manufacture system from direct contact with fungicide products.
some HVAC evaporators/heat exchangers. Failures When repairs are made to an existing system, and the
typically occur with new units when the A/C is used possibility exists that fungicides will be applied to
for the first time and the oil from the blades is washed treat damp drywall and wood framing surrounding
into the drain lines. the repair site, exposed piping should be sleeved with
a compatible plastic sleeving or pipe insulation mate-
Paint: Oil or solvent-based paints may be chemical- rial to prevent direct contact of the fungicide with the
ly incompatible with CPVC. Water-based acrylic or plastic piping system.
latex paint is the preferred paint to use on CPVC pipe
and fittings. The installation contractor must take
responsibility for obtaining approval from the Au-
thority Having Jurisdiction to cover the markings on

19
 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Improper use of two part spray foam

insulation: Improper installation of two-part ex-
panding foam insulation can result in extremely high
surface temperatures that can damage piping 3 and
other products.

Image 3. Excessive heat damage caused by improper

installation of two-part spray foam

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CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Section Two
Thermal / Thermal
Expansion Damage
Excessive stress and restriction of movement from
thermal expansion can damage any piping material. Image 5 & 6. Thermal expansion / contraction dam-
age to fitting
CPVC, like all other materials, undergoes changes in
length as a result of temperature variations above and
below the installation temperature. When designing
or installing a CPVC system, you must compensate
for the expansion and/or contraction of the system
due to the temperature fluctuations.
Image 7. Pipe under excessive flexural stress
There are three primary methods for controlling or
compensating for expansion and contraction:offsets, Improperly designed expansion loops:
loops and changes of direction. Below are examples 4 Properly designing expansion loops, offsets and
of each. changes in direction will ensure that excessive flex-
ural stresses do not contribute to the system failure
or property damage. In the image 8 you can see that
there was no area for movement in the loop.In the
second photo9 you can see that room for expansion
was incorporated and the system was allowed to
move, relieving flexural stresses.

Image 4. Examples of proper layouts to control ther-

mal expansion

Uncontrolled excessive stress: If compensa-

tion is not provided for the changes in length, exces- Image 8. Too tight expansion loop failure
sive flexural stresses are introduced at concentrated
areas. Excessive flexural stresses caused by the lack
of compensation for expansion and contraction can
result in system failure and/or property damage. In
the photo sequence below 5,6,7 a 90° elbow assembly
experienced stress such that a crack resulted in the
inside radius area of the fitting.

Image 9. Proper offset loop design allows movement

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 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Hangers restricting movement: Proper sizing Non-uniform support: Piping systems should
of offsets, loops and changes of direction are critical also be uniformly supported, and installed away
to the overall effectiveness of the compensation for from sources of high heat, such as a combustion flue.
expansion and contraction, as are the accurate place- Failure to properly locate or support pipe can damage
ment of guides and anchors. If movement occurs and or place stress on the piping system, as seen in the
the system is constrained either by a stationary object photo examples 12, 13 below.
or anchor, therefore restricting movement, stresses
and forces may cause damage to the pipe system. In
the example below 10 you can see that restraints are
improperly placed on the vertical arms of the expan-
sion loop, thereby obstructing expansion.

Image 12. Pipe installed near high heat

Image 10. Improperly positioned supports restrict

expansion

Failure to properly align the system can also cause

undue stress to the assembly that can result in failure.
In the photo below 11, the dashed lines represent a
straight course and it is easy to see that the assembly
was under stress, which resulted in permanent defor-
mation and ultimately failure of this assembly. Image 13. Pipe support stress example

For more information regarding Expansion and

contraction of CPVC or for designing and installing
information, contact the manufacturer of the material
pipe and fittings or consult a licensed engineer.

Image 11. Stress failure example

22
CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Section Three Installation of damaged pipe or fitting:

A longitudinal crack located near an area that con-
Physical Damage tains a scuff or marred surface is typically caused by
impact to the pipe from a foreign object, stepped on
CPVC pipe and fittings should be handled with pipe, driven over, etc. If prior to joining, the ends of
reasonable care. CPVC which is stored outside for the pipe or fitting show any indication of damage or
extended periods should be covered with opaque pro- cracking 17, remove at least two inches beyond any
tection 14 to reduce exposure to sunlight, which over visible damage.
time will reduce pipe ductility.

Image 17. Damaged Tubing End

Image 14. CPVC in UV protective cover Dull cutting blades: Tools used to cut pipe
must be in good condition. Cutting blades should
Prior to installation, CPVC pipe and fittings should be sharpened regularly to prevent overly stressing
be inspected for physical damage that can occur dur- the pipe that can create minute breaks in the pipe 18
ing shipping or from improper handling such as from that can grow to create leaks. A longitudinal crack,
being dropped or struck by another object. Improper which caused a leak located several inches back from
handling of CPVC pipe and fittings 15, 16 can create the end of the joint, is an indication that the pipe was
minute cracks at or near the area of impact. These possibly overly stressed due to improper cutting such
cracks often occur near the ends of the pipe. While as from dull cutting blades.
these cracks may not be immediately visible, in ser-
vice they can grow to eventually permeate the pipe Cold weather use of cutters: The use of
wall and cause leaks. Longitudinal cracks may occur ratchet cutters is permitted under certain condition,
along an extrusion line on the inside wall of the pipe. but should not be used when ambient temperature is
These extrusion lines are not the cause of the crack or below 50oF due to the increased risk of overstressing
leak, but rather concentration points for the stresses the pipe.
that result from improper cutting or improper han-
dling.

Image 15 and 16. Pipe or fitting damaged before Image 18. End crack shown in cutaway
installation

23
 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Scissor-style cutters: Scissor-style cutters 19

are not recommended because of the extreme forces
which may be applied to the pipe.

Image 19. Scissor Cutter: not recommended for

CPVC

24
CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Section Four Expired cement/ incorrect cement: Cement

in poor condition, or of the wrong type, may cause
Improper solvent ce- multiple joint failures.

menting Debris in solvent cement and/or dirty pipe

& fittings: Foreign materials finding their way into
Improper application of solvent cement can cause is- the joint and/or cement will interfere with the quality
sues with a system. of the joint.

Too much solvent cement: Too much solvent Pipe not cut square & ends not cham-
cement may puddle in fittings and/or in the pipe and fered or beveled: Since the strength of the sol-
soften the material to the point of failure under pres- vent welded joint is found at the bottom of the socket,
sure. The damage will usually be aligned to where an uneven cut will weaken the joint. Such improper
gravity settles the excess cement 20, 21. installation will be easy to spot.

Image 20 and 21. Excess cement in fitting damage

Too little solvent cement/dry joints/small

applicator: Too little cement applied can result in
gaps & leak paths. Dry areas of the pipe and fitting
may be observed, and gaps allowing leaks 22, 23. Too
little cement can also dry too quickly, increasing the
chance of a dry joint and making full insertion im-
possible.

Image 22 and 23. Insufficient cement/dry joint

Failure to insert pipe to bottom of fitting

socket: Most the strength in a solvent welded joint
is at the bottom of the fitting. The damage will be
caused by the reduction in joint strength, and will be
obvious on examination.

25
 CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Section Five source to 180°F or less. If the frozen section of pipe

is accessible, heated air can be blown directly onto
Extreme Fluid Tem- the freeze area by using a low wattage heater/blower.
A second option is to apply electrical heat tapes to the
peratures problem area.

Fluid temperature extremes, both hot and cold, can

result in failure of piping systems. System design
and installation must maintain fluid temperatures
within the temperature/pressure limits established
by the applicable standards and the pipe and fitting
manufacturer recommendations.

Excessively High Temperature: In all ther-

moplastic piping systems, including CPVC, the pres-
sure rating will decrease as the operating temperature Image 25. Examples of damage resulting from freez-
increases. For example, an SDR 11 CTS pipe made ing
to the requirements of ASTM D2846 will be rated at
400 psi @ 73°F. The same pipe will be rated at 100
psi @ 180°F.

Exceeding the temperature/pressure ratings of the

pipe is not recommended and may result in system
failure 24.

Image 24. Excessive temperature and pressure dam-

age

Freeze damage: CPVC is a ductile material,

which expands and contracts more than metallic
plumbing pipe. However, CPVC, like all other pip-
ing materials, needs to be protected from freezing or
breakage may result 25.

If water filled CPVC pipe becomes frozen, immedi-

ate action should be taken to eliminate the source of
air causing the freeze condition. Then thaw the water
line, if possible. When thawing a frozen CPVC water
line, it is important to remember to limit the heat

26
CPVC Piping Systems - Installation Handbook: CPVC Hot & Cold Water Piping

Published on: April 15, 2015

This document can be viewed online at:

http://ppfahome.org/pdf/ppfa_CPVC_installation_handbook_2015.pdf
© 2015 PPFA. All Rights Reserved.

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