Water Hammer Water hammer is a hydraulic shock that occurs in pipes when the flow of water is suddenly stopped or slowed down. This sudden change in velocity causes a pressure wave that can result in damage to pipes, fittings, and valves. Water hammer can occur in any type of piping system, including water supply systems, heating and cooling systems, and fire protection systems. It can also occur in pipelines that are used to transport liquids, such as oil, gas, and chemicals. The pressure wave is caused by the sudden change in velocity of the water, which creates a shockwave that moves through the pipes. This shockwave can result in high pressure spikes that can cause damage to the pipes and other components in the system. To prevent water hammer, it is important to properly design and install piping systems. This includes the use of air chambers, which absorb the pressure wave and reduce the risk of damage. Additionally, proper pipe sizing and the use of high-quality valves and fittings can also help prevent water hammer. In summary, water hammer is a serious issue that can result in damage to pipes, fittings, and valves in a piping system. Proper design, installation, and maintenance can help prevent water hammer and reduce the risk of damage and leaks.What are Unit Quantities of a Turbine? Unit Quantities of a Turbine are certain quantities related to a turbine, which are obtained when the turbine operates under unit head (i.e. H = 1m). It is assumed that efficiency of the turbine remains same in both the cases (i.e. when turbine is working at unit head and when turbine is working at full head). While studying turbines it is important to understand following three unit quantities. e Unit Power (Py) ¢ Unit Discharge (Qy) ¢ Unit Speed (Ny)What is Unit Power (Py) of a Turbine? Unit Power of a Turbine is the power generated by a turbine working at unit head. Py = P/H9/2 Where: H = Available head to turbine P = Power generated by the turbine at the given head i.e. H What is Unit Discharge (Q,) of a Turbine? Unit discharge of a Turbine is the discharge of turbine working at unit head. Qu = Q/H"2 Where: H = Available head to turbine Q = Discharge of the turbine at the given headie HWhat is Unit Speed (N,) of a Turbine? Unit speed of a turbine is the speed of turbine working under unit head. Nu = N/H1/2 Where: H = Available head to turbine N = Speed of the turbine at the given head i.e. H Application of Unit Quantities of a Turbine The values of unit quantities of a turbine remain constant for a particular turbine. Hence some vary useful relations can be anhtainad fram thamRelations obtained from unit quantities of a turbine Pi = P,/H,3/2 = P,/H,°/2 Qu = Qy/H1"/7= Qo/H2"/4 Nu = Nq/Hy1/2 = No/Hy¥/?What role does draft tube plays in improving the performance of hydraulic turbine The draft tube in a hydraulic turbine increases the hydraulic efficiency by recovering the pressure energy of the discharged water, which would otherwise be lost to the atmosphere. [This increased pressure can then be utilized to drive the turbine, resulting in higher power output. The draft tube also helps to reduce cavitation and turbulence in the discharge flow, which can improve the stability and reliability of the turbine operation.TURBINE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE. Introduction « These are curves which are characteristic of a particular turbine which helps in studying the performance of the turbine under various conditions. « These curves pertaining to any turbine are supplied by its manufacturers based on actual tests. + The data that must be obtained obtained in testing a turbine are the following: 21, The speed of the turbine N 22. The discharge Q 23. The net head H 24. The power developed P 25. The overall efficiency n 26. Gate opening (this refers to the percentage of the inlet passages provided for water to enter the turbine) CONSTANT HEAD CHARACTERISTICS CURVES + 2Head and gate opening are kept constant. + ZSpeed is varied by changing water flow through inlet opening. + Overall efficiency and unit quantities are calculated and plotted against speed as abscissa. PELTON TURBINENis constant ANCIS TURBINE 100% GO ny SX Nu PLAN TURBINE A Nis constant 100% GO |_ 75%G0 50% GO Qu | 25% GO LC NyNts constant Significances of main characteristics curve zDischarge of pelton wheel depends only on gate opening. . zDischarge decreases and increases respectively for francis and kaplan turbines with increase in speed. 2Power is max at a particular speed and so is efficiency. + ZMax efficiency of pelton wheel occurs at same speed irrespective of %of GO. Constant speed characteristics curves ZIn this case tests are conducted at a constant speed varying the head H and suitably adjusting the discharge Q. . The power developed P is measured mechanically. zThe overall efficiency is aimed at its maximum value. + ZThe curves drawn are PvsQ novsQ no vs Pu na may ve % Fr]] InadNis constant > 2% Full load Significances of constant speed characteristics curves + ZAt 100% full load overall efficiency is near about maximum efficiency . - 2The max. overall efficiency of all turbines is same. « ZA min discharge is required to set turbine runner into motion. + ZOutput power is directly proportional to discharge for constant head. + ZOverall efficiency remains nearly constant beyond a particular value of discharge. Constant efficiency curves « ZThese curves are plotted from data which can be obtained from the constant head and constant speed curves. + 2The object of obtaining this curve is to determine the zone of constant efficiency so that we can always run the turbine with maximum efficiency. « 2This curve also gives a good idea about the performance of the turbine at various efficiencies.MssSV sb sb AE's P for full gate opening, SMS let roma netesDefine specific speed of the turbine? An expression for the specific speed. What is the significance of the specific speed Specific speed of a turbine refers to the relationship between the flow rate, head and rotational speed of the turbine. It is defined as the speed in RPM (revolutions per minute) that a geometrically similar turbine would have to operate at, in order to deliver metre cube per second The expression for specific speed is: Nq = (n/N)*0.5 * (Q/n*3)*0.5 * (H/n*2)*0.5 where N is rotational speed (RPM), nis the specific speed, H is the head (ft), and Q is the flow rate The significance of specific speed is that it provides a simple means of classifying and comparing turbines of different designs. It can be used to predict the overall behavior of a turbine and its performance characteristics, such as efficiency and power output, making it an important design parameter in hydraulic engineering. Additionally, it can also be used to determine the type of turbine that is best suited for a specific application based on the flow and head conditionsCavitation in Turbine: Definition, Effects, Prevention Cavitation in a turbine is a phenomenon where low-pressure regions form and collapse, producing bubbles that cause damage to the blades and other components. Effects: Noisy operation Vibration Reduced efficiency Blade erosion Impaired performance Possible failure of the turbine Precautions: Maintaining adequate NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) Proper suction pipe design Optimal impeller design Avoiding high speed operation Implementing regular maintenance and inspection Installing anti-cavitation devices such as vents or diffusers.€—_ What is governing system of turbine an... : What is governing system of turbine and it's working? Published on Feb 3, 2017 - = nesistive Force beet Motive Force to . eee - } | f SULTAN ZAFAR (Rtd),C.E.0, GENCO-iii T.P.S + Follow MUZAFFARGARH (Punjab) The main function of governor is to maintain constant speed of turbine during fluctuations ofload by varying steam input to the turbine. It has following function- i) The run up of the turbine from rest t rated speed and synchronizing with the grid. ii) Meeting the system load variations in a predetermined manner, when running in parallel with other machines. iii) Protecting the machine by reducing the load or shutting off completely in abnormal ©S 31 9 comments s 9 @ 4 Like Comment Repost Sendand emergency situations. The governing system also includes other devices to protect the turbine from abnormal conditions that may arise during operation. iv) To assist in matching the power generated to that demanded by responding to the network frequency changes. Types of governing system:- a) Throttle Governing- Here the supply of steam is controlled by single valves or two or more valves operating in parallel .The flow of steam is controlled by throttling position of valve, For increase of load the valve opening is increased and vice versa. Most of governing system used now a days is throttle governing due to it’s reliable operation. b) Nozzle Governing - In this type of governing the first stage is divided in no of groups. The steam supply to each group of nozzles is controlled by a valve and the number of valves opened is varied according to the load on the turbine. The no of nozzles opened as per increase demand of load. c) By-pass Governing- Here a bypass valve is provided in main stream line when demand of load is less than original steam flow steam flowTypes of governors:- Here are the types of governor mentioned as- Electro-hydraulic governor,Hydraulic, Mechanical governor, Electrical governor. Here we discuss about electro-hydraulic governor,Components of electro-hydraulic governing:- a) electro-hydraulic controller-The parameter is to be controlled i.e load, speed, pressure are measured and converted into electrical signal by means of transducer. The signal are then fed to electro-hydraulic converter where it is converted into hydraulic signal for actuating the hydraulic operated control element/control valves. The control loops are generally speed, loop and boiler pressure. b) speed controller-The speed controller is used to starting the turbine up to synchronization and full loading. It can also operate over the full load range during emergency such as turbine tripping from full load to house load operation. The speed controller is always kept in readiness for operation. c) Speed control loop-The turbine speed is sensed by digital speed pick-up probes mounted on the turbine shaft in the front bearing pedestal and fed to the speed controller as the actual speed signal(N act).The speed reference value is indicated on two instruments, one with rating 0-3000 & 2700-3300 rpm for finer adjustment. The incoming speed reference signal is fed into high gain DC voltage amplifier. The signal is then passes to an integrator which generates the LIMITED SPEED reference.NR limit is transmitted to the controller module where it is compared to the actual speed N act and generate final output signal of the speed controller. d) Load controller- The load controller is used for controlling turbine output during load operation. For selecting load controller a push button on/off load controller switch is provided. The load controller must be switched ON if it has come to action. It takes several signal like load limiter set point, load reference etc. Load controller is provided on the turbine control panel which glows andPISTON ROD OF CONTROL VALVE _RELAY OR CONTROL VALVE TO TURBINE al _— MAIN SHAFT ESSN OIL PUMP PIS ROD OF RELAY CYLINDER RELAY CYLINDER db nome SERVOMOTOR , Governing of Pelton wheel (Spear regulation)