SCIENCE 9- FIRST QUARTER LIVING THINGS SCIENCE 9- FIRST QUARTER LIVING THINGS

Challenge 4 “When Gender Matters?

In humans, hemophilia is a sex linked trait. Females can be normal, carriers, or have the
disease. Males will either have the disease or not (but they won’t ever be carriers). The MELC 3: Explain the different patterns of non - Mendelian inheritance. (S9LT -Id -29)
following are the genotypes and phenotypes:
After going through this module, you are expected to:
 explain the incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance
 describe codominant traits
 determine all possible combinations of genes for a specific blood type
 determine the probability of having a male and female gender
 explain the sex-linked and sex influenced trait

Let’s Get Started!

1. A woman named Kadita who is a carrier of hemophilia (XHXh) marries a normal man VOCABULARY BUILDING
(XHY) name Valir. What are all the possible phenotypes of their offspring? Match Column A to Column B by writing the letter of your answer.
Normal female- ______ COLUMN A COLUMN B
Female carrier- ______ 1. Heredity a. The alleles of a particular gene are different
Female hemophiliac- ______ 2. Genotype b. Not expressed when the dominant form of the trait
Normal male- _______ is present
Male hemophiliac- ________ 3. Phenotype c. Passing of traits from parents to offspring
4. Dominant d. The expressed form of a trait(cover up other forms)
2. Kagura a carrier of hemophilia (XHXh) marries Hayabusa who is a hemophiliac man (XhY). 5. Recessive e. Physical appearance of a trait
What are all the possible phenotypes of their offspring? 6. Alleles f. When two alleles of a particular gene are the same
7. Homozygous(Pure) g. Branch of biology that studies heredity
Normal female- ______ 8. Heterozygous(Hybrid) h. Different versions of a gene
Female carrier- ______ 9. Genetics i. Set of alleles that an individual has
Female hemophiliac- ______
Normal male- _______ In Science 8 modules, you have discussed that cells divide to produce new
Male hemophiliac- ________ cells and meiosis is one of the processes producing genetic variations in Mendelian
patterns of inheritance. In this module, however, we will explain the different NonMendelian
patterns of inheritance. Mendelian laws of inheritance have important
exceptions. For example, not all genes show simple patterns of dominant and
recessive alleles. We will explain them carefully throughout this module.

Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

A Mendelian pattern of inheritance refers to reproducing organisms sexually.
We know that in Mendel’s principles of heredity each parent gives one of two possible
alleles for a trait. However, Non-Mendelian inheritance is any pattern of inheritance
wherein traits do not segregate following Mendel’s law. These laws describe the
inheritance of traits linked to single genes on chromosomes in the nucleus.
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A. Incomplete Dominance
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Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

 SCIENCE 9- FIRST QUARTER LIVING THINGS SCIENCE 9- FIRST QUARTER LIVING THINGS

Incomplete Dominance is a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern where a Most humans have an XY sex-determination that is responsible for the gender
heterozygous organism does not show the traits of the parents and instead results in characterization of an individual. Sex chromosomes control whether the organism will be a male
a new phenotype intermediate between parental phenotypes. By intermediate we or a female.
mean that the new phenotype is a blend or mix of the 2 parental phenotypes. Both males and females have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and a pair of sex
The blended traits are coded for by two alleles inherited from both parents. chromosomes. Male brings X and Y chromosomes, while both X chromosomes are in females. A
Each of the two homozygous genotypes (refers to the parents) show a different male offspring will be produced when an egg fertilized by a sperm passing on a Y chromosome.
phenotype since they are still distinct and separated from each other. The resulting Similarly, a female offspring will be a result of a fertilized egg through a sperm carrying an X
phenotype of the heterozygote is typically in between the two different homozygote chromosome. Therefore, there is a fifty-percent probability of having a male and female offspring.
phenotypes.

Examples:

Red flowers ( R ) are incompletely dominant over white flowers ( r ).

When a red flower (RR) is crossed with a white flower (rr), the
offspring produced are 100% pink flowers (Rr).

E. Sex-Related Inheritance
1. Sex-Linked Genes
The offspring of a black feathered chicken (BB) and a white feathered Sex-linked genes are genes found either on X or Y chromosomes which are inherited
chicken (bb) are blue chicken (Bb) and are called Andalusian chicken. differences among male and a female. Sex-linked traits determined by an X-linked gene when an X
chromosome takes control. On the other hand, the socalled Y-linked genes are those located on
the Y chromosome.
Other examples: Wavy hair, Tay-Sachs, Sickle cell anemia, Wavy fur in dogs, Coat color in horses, Examples: Colorblindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy
Pink color in snapdragons, Pink color in carnations. 2. Sex-Limited Trait
Sex-limited traits are those traits limited to only one sex. Lactation is a good
example of a sex-limited trait that is exclusively exhibited among females. However,
Challenge 1 “My Incompleteness, Complete Me.” cattle carry genes for lactation on both males and females.
Lactating gene (L) is a dominant gene over the non-lactating recessive gene (l).
In female cattle carrying one dominant gene (XXLl), or two dominant genes (XXLL)
Fill in the Punnett squares with the correct genotypes based on the key pictures that illustrate
lactation will be shown. Nevertheless, neither male cattle having dominant genes
incomplete dominance. Then answer the following questions. Provide a separate sheet of paper
nor in male cattle that have recessive genes will lactate.
for your answer.
3. Sex-Influenced Traits
Sex-influenced traits are autosomal traits that are expressed in both sexes but more
frequently in one than in the other sex. One classic example of this is pattern baldness which is
expressed in females but is more often manifested in males. The gene has two alleles, “bald” (B)
and “non-bald” (b), and these genes are highly influenced by the hormones individually. We know
that all humans have testosterone, but males have higher level of testosterone than females do.
This shows that, although baldness alleles (XYBB, XYBb, or XXBB) behave like a dominant allele in
males, they are recessive in females (XXBb, XXb 7
D.2Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination C. Multiple Alleles: (ABO Blood Types)
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A single gene that has more than two alleles is called multiple alleles. The ABO blood
groups in humans as an example of a gene that has multiple alleles is the one that controls the
inheritance. There are four blood group systems A, B, AB, and O.
We know that there are three different alleles for ABO blood types, however,
only two are present in an individual at a time.

Challenge 3 “BLOOD TYPE & INHERITANCE”

In blood typing, the gene for type A and the gene for type B are codominant. The gene for type O
is recessive. Using Punnett squares, determine the possible blood types of the offspring when:
1. Father is type O (ii), Mother is type O (ii)

2. Father is type A, homozygous (IAIA); Mother is type B, homozygous (IBIB)

B. Codominance

Codominance is another non-Mendelian inheritance pattern where a heterozygous

organism exhibits the traits of both parents. In this form of inheritance, the alleles of a gene pair
in a heterozygote offspring are fully expressed or exhibited. As a result, the offspring’s phenotype
3. Father is type A, heterozygous (IAi); Mother is type B, heterozygous (IBi) is the combination of the parent’s phenotype due to a shared dominance.

Examples:

In short horn cattle, when a red bull (RR) is crossed with a white cow
(WW), all offspring are roan-a spotted, red and white or milky red
color (RW).
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 SCIENCE 9- FIRST QUARTER LIVING THINGS SCIENCE 9- FIRST QUARTER LIVING THINGS

A cross between a black (BB) and white chicken (WW) will produce Challenge 2 “Who’s My Family?
chicken with both black and white feathers called Speckled chicken
(BW). The alleles for black feathers in some varieties of chicken is
codominant with the allele for white feathers.

Another example that shows how the co-dominance pattern of inheritance is determined
by genes is in the blood typing in humans. An antigen is a protein- bound to a sugar molecule
found on the surface of our red blood cells. A pair of alleles (IA and IB) which controls one group
of antigens, help in determining the blood types of an individual.

Examples:
1. Pretend that Brad Pitt is homozygous for the type B (IBIB) allele, and Angelina Jolie is
type O (ii). What are all the possible blood types of their baby?

IB IB Type A Blood- 0%
i I Bi I Bi Type B Blood- 100%
Type AB Blood- 0%
i I Bi I Bi Type O Blood- 0%
2. Draw a Punnett square showing all the possible blood types for the offspring produced
by a type 'O" mother (ii) and a Type "AB" father (IAIB).

IA IB Type A Blood- 50%

i IAi I Bi Type B Blood- 50%
Type AB Blood- 0%
i IAi I Bi Type O Blood- 0%

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