SCIENCE 9- SECOND QUARTER CHEMISTRY SCIENCE 9- SECOND QUARTER CHEMISTRY

Examples: Outermost e- shell

Valence e- = 2 Quantum Mechanical Model of
Outermost e- shell an Atom
Valence e- = 7
MELC 6: Explain how the Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom describes the
energies and positions of the electrons.
Outermost e- shell
Valence e- = 8 After going through this module, you are expected to:
 Trace the history of the atomic model
 Understand the Quantum mechanical model of an atom
 infer that electrons can stay only in definite energy levels
Challenge 3 “VALENCE ELECTRON AND ITS LEDS”  identify the energy levels, sublevels, and atomic orbitals in an atom
 determine the maximum number of electrons that can stay in an energy level
Instruction: Identify the electron configuration, Number of Valence Electrons
and Draw the Lewis Dot Structure of each element. Let’s Get Started!
MIND MAPPING MATTER
Element Electron No. of Valence LEDS Using the mind map provided, write 10 words that are related to the word
Configuration electron/s MATTER. Do this on your notebook.
Ex. B5 1s22s22p1 3

Li3
F9
Al13 MATTE
Zn30
Xe54

In previous grade, you learned about Rutherford’s atomic theory. According

to this theory, an atom is mostly empty space and its mass is concentrated in a small
region at the center called nucleus. The protons (p+) and neutrons (n0) are located
inside the nucleus while the electrons (e-) are distributed around the nucleus.
In this module, you will learn about Niels Bohr’s atomic model. Furthermore,
you will gain an understanding about the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
This is important so you will understand that the characteristics of matter are related
to how electrons are distributed inside the atoms.

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Challenge 1 “SUBATOMIC SCAVENGER HUNT:

COUNTING PROTONS, ELECTRONS AND
NEUTRONS”
Challenge 2 “TRY TO E-FIGURE!”
2
Instruction: Using a periodic table as your guide, fill in the missing information on
the table below. Follow the example given. Instruction: Write the electron configuration of the elements and show the
orbital diagram using the Hund’s Rule and Pauli’s Principle.
Calculating the number of each particle in an atom: Atomic Number
# Protons = Atomic Number Element Symbol Element Orbital Diagram Electron
# Electrons = Protons Element Name Configuration
# Neutrons = Atomic Mass – Atomic Number Atomic Mass Ex. Be4

Element Symbol Atomic Atomic Protons Electrons Neutrons Mg12

Number Mass (p+) (e-) (n0) Ti22
Ex. Boron B 5 11 5 5 6 Ni28
Sodium 11 24 Si14
Copper 29 35 Sn50
Nitrogen N 7
Thallium 81 204
Argon Ar 18 VALENCE ELECTRON and LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE

To understand the history of the atomic model, below is the timeline on how VALENCE ELECTRON….
the modern atomic model was developed.
 An outer shell electron
 Can exist only in the outermost electron shell (Main Group Element)
 Can also be in an inner shell (Transition Metals)
 The number of valence electrons of an element can be determined by the
periodic table group (vertical column) in which the element is categorized.
 Note: Chemists use Lewis Dot Structures to show the valence electrons
of an element as dots.
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 It takes an energy to move an electron away from the nucleus to an outer

circle.
 The farther the shell from the nucleus, the more electron is can hold.

2. Shells are divided into subshells or sublevels, identified as s, p, d, f.

Sublevel or subshell – region of space within an electron shell that
contains electrons that have the same energy.

3. The number of sublevels/subshells in each principal energy level or shell is

equal to the number of that energy level.
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3
THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF AN ATOM by Erwin Schrodinger THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF AN ATOM by Erwin Schrodinger
3
This
This model…
model… This model…
 views
views an
an electron
electron as as aa cloud
cloud of
of negative
negative charge
charge  views an electron as a cloud of negative
having certain
having certain geometrical
geometrical shapes.
shapes. charge having certain geometrical shapes.
 shows
shows how
how likely
likely an
an electron
electron could
could be
be found
found  shows how likely an electron could be found
in various locations around the nucleus.
in various locations around the nucleus. in various locations around the nucleus.
The
The volume
volume or
or region
region of of space
space around
around the
the nucleus
nucleus The volume or region of space around the nucleus
where
where the electron is most likely to be found is
the electron is most likely to be found is called
called where the electron is most likely to be found is called
an atomic orbital.
an atomic orbital. an atomic orbital.

THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL STATES THE FOLLOWING: THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL STATES THE FOLLOWING:

1. Electrons that surround the nucleus are confined to regions called principal 1. Electrons that surround the nucleus are confined to regions called principal
energy levels or shells. energy levels or shells.

Principal Energy Level or Shell – region of space Principal Energy Level or Shell – region of space
around a nucleus containing electrons having around a nucleus containing electrons having
approximately the same energy. approximately the same energy.

 Shells are numbered, n = 1,23,4,5,6,7 or named as K, L, M, N, O, P, Q  Shells are numbered, n = 1,23,4,5,6,7 or named as K, L, M, N, O, P, Q
 Electrons closer to the nucleus are held tightly and are lower in energy.  Electrons closer to the nucleus are held tightly and are lower in energy.
 Electrons farther from the nucleus are held less tightly and are higher in  Electrons farther from the nucleus are held less tightly and are higher in
energy. energy.
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 It takes an energy to move an electron away from the nucleus to an outer B. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle - electrons occupying the same orbital must have
circle. opposite spin ↑↓.
 The farther the shell from the nucleus, the more electron is can hold. C. Hund’s Rule - when electrons enter a sublevel with more than one orbital,
they will spread out to the available orbitals with the same spin before
2. Shells are divided into subshells or sublevels, identified as s, p, d, f. pairing.
Sublevel
Sublevel or subshell
or subshell – region
– region of space
of space within
within an electron
an electron shellshell
that that
contains electrons that have the same energy.
contains electrons that have the same energy.

3. The number of sublevels/subshells in each principal energy level or shell is

equal to the number of that energy level.

4. These subshells consist of orbitals. 4.These subshells consist of orbitals.

Orbital – region of space where the probability of finding an electron is high. Orbital – region of space where the probability of finding an electron is high.
 Each subshell contains a specific number of orbital.  Each subshell contains a specific number of orbital.
 Each orbital can hold two electrons  Each orbital can hold two electrons

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Steps in writing the electron configuration of elements in neutral state: Steps in writing the electron configuration of elements in neutral state:
1. Determine the element’s atomic number. 1. Determine the element’s atomic number.
2. Apply the rules in deriving the electron configuration: 2. Apply the rules in deriving the electron configuration:
A. Aufbau Principle - electron's occupy orbitals in order of increasing energy. A. Aufbau Principle - electron's occupy orbitals in order of increasing energy.
SCIENCE 9- SECOND QUARTER CHEMISTRY SCIENCE 9- SECOND QUARTER CHEMISTRY

B. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle - electrons occupying the same orbital must have
opposite spin ↑↓.
C. Hund’s Rule - when electrons enter a sublevel with more than one orbital,
they will spread out to the available orbitals with the same spin before
pairing.