Thermodynamics II (ME333)

Section 10 – Psychrometry Introduction

ENG. ZIAD ASHRAF ABOULSEOUD

College of Engineering & Technology

Mechanical Engineering Department (Mechatronics Program)
 Content
• Psychrometric chart
• Air conditioning processes
• Solving questions

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 1. Dry-bulb temperature - 𝒕𝒅𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝑩𝑻 (°𝑪)
2. Humidity ratio (absolute humidity) - 𝝎 (𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓, 𝒈/𝒌𝒈)
3. Relative humidity - 𝐑𝐇 𝐨𝐫 ∅ (%)
4. Specific enthalpy -h (𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓)
5. Wet-bulb temperature -𝒕𝒘𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝑩𝑻 (°𝑪)
6. Dew-point temperature -𝒕𝒅𝒑 𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝑷𝑻 (°𝑪)
7. Specific volume - 𝑣 (𝒎3 /𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓)
8. Density of air - 𝜌 (𝒌𝒈/𝒎3 )

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 𝟏
𝝆(𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚) =
𝒗

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 Air conditioning processes

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 Simple (sensible) Heating and Cooling (𝝎 = constant)
𝒕𝑨𝑫𝑷 > 𝒕𝒅𝒑𝟏
(𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒊𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)

Heating Capacity Cooling Capacity

𝟏𝐓𝐑 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝐤𝐖

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 Humidification
Steam humidifier 𝒕𝒅𝒃 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝝎𝟐 > 𝝎𝟏
Humdifier Capacity
(amount of humidification/moisture content)

𝐦ሶ 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐚 𝛚𝟐 − 𝛚𝟏 (𝐤𝐠 𝐰 /𝐬)

Heating capacity (Amount of heat added)

(kW)
Heating & Humidification
= 𝐦ሶ 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝒉𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎
Steam injection 𝒕𝒅𝒃 ≠ 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝝎𝟐 > 𝝎𝟏
𝐱≠𝟏 𝐱=𝟏
𝒉𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 = 𝒉𝒇𝒈 𝒉𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 = 𝒉𝒈

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 Cooling & Humidification
WBT & h lines are almost
Air washer/Adiabatic saturation/Adiabatic humidification [h=constant] parallel to each other
Evaporative cooling/Desert conditioner [WBT=constant] therefore error is not
significant in the answer
• Process across air washer is (h=constant) unless extra information given such as: Air washed with
recirculated spray water (WBT=constant)
• Process across evaporative cooling is (WBT=constant) unless told otherwise in problem
(amount of humidification/moisture content/make up water)

𝐦ሶ 𝐰 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐚 𝛚𝟐 − 𝛚𝟏 (𝐤𝐠 𝐰 /𝐬)

Since (h=constant) heating capacity equals zero

∅ 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Humidification efficiency (𝜼𝑯𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒓 )
length 𝝎𝟐 > 𝝎𝟏
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏 − 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 𝛚𝟐 − 𝛚𝟏 𝟏𝟐
𝜼𝑯𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒓 = = = =
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏 − 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝒔 𝛚𝐬 − 𝛚𝟏 𝟏𝒔

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 Cooling & Dehumidification
Coil surface temperature/Apparatus dew point (ADP)
is less than air dew point

𝒕𝑨𝑫𝑷 < 𝒕𝒅𝒑𝟏

(𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)

(𝑹𝑯𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎 − 𝟗𝟓%) Chilled water spray (𝑹𝑯𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%)

Doesn’t reach saturation Reach saturation

Chilled water cooling coil DX (direct expansion) coil

𝒉𝟏
𝒉𝒙 Cooling Capacity
𝒉𝟐 𝝎𝟏
𝟏𝐓𝐑 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝐤𝐖
𝝎𝟐
Amount (rate) of condensation/moisture content
𝑹𝑯𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎%

𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏 𝐦ሶ 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐚 𝛚𝟏 − 𝛚𝟐 (𝐤𝐠 𝐰 /𝐬)

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 Cooling & Dehumidification
Bypass factor (BPF)
𝒉𝟏
𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒚𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 − 𝒕𝑨𝑫𝑷
𝑩𝑷𝑭 = =
𝑨𝒍𝒍 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏 − 𝒕𝑨𝑫𝑷 𝒉𝒙
𝝎𝟐 − 𝝎𝑨𝑫𝑷
= 𝒉𝟐 𝝎𝟏
𝝎𝟏 − 𝝎𝑨𝑫𝑷
𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝑨𝑫𝑷
= 𝝎𝟐
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝑨𝑫𝑷
𝟐𝑨𝑫𝑷 𝑹𝑯𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎%
=
𝟏𝑨𝑫𝑷
Contact factor (CF)/[efficiency of coil] 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏

𝑪𝑭 = 𝟏 − 𝑩𝑷𝑭
For chilled water spray BPF = 0 (CF = 1)
Mass of bypassed air (𝒎ሶ 𝒃𝒚𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔)
(𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 = 𝒕𝑨𝑫𝑷 )
𝒎ሶ 𝒃𝒚𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒂 𝑩𝑷𝑭

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 Cooling & Dehumidification
Recall sensible change (heating/cooling)
𝒉𝟏
𝝎 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒕𝒅𝒃 ≠ 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒉𝒙

Recall latent change (moisture added/removed) 𝝎𝟏

𝒉𝟐
𝝎 ≠ 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝝎𝟐
𝒕𝒅𝒃 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑹𝑯𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎%
𝒉𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒉𝒙 ∶ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆
𝒉𝒙 𝒕𝒐 𝒉𝟐 ∶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏
𝒉𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒉𝟐 ∶ 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆
𝟎 ≤ 𝑺𝑯𝑭 ≤ 𝟏
𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐)
𝑸ሶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝟎 𝑸ሶ 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸ሶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆
𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑸ሶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒙 − 𝒉𝟐
𝑺𝑯𝑭 𝑺𝑯𝑹 = = = 𝑸ሶ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟎
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑸ሶ 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐

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 Cooling & Dehumidification
𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐)

𝒉𝟏

𝒉𝒙

𝒉𝟐 𝝎𝟏

𝝎𝟐

𝑹𝑯𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎%

𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏

𝟎 ≤ 𝑺𝑯𝑭 ≤ 𝟏

𝑸ሶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝟎 𝑸ሶ 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸ሶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆

𝑸ሶ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟎

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 Cooling & Dehumidification
𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐)

𝒉𝟏

𝒉𝒙

𝒉𝟐 𝝎𝟏

𝝎𝟐

𝑹𝑯𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎%

𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏

𝟎 ≤ 𝑺𝑯𝑭 ≤ 𝟏

𝑸ሶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝟎 𝑸ሶ 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸ሶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆

𝑸ሶ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟎

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 Cooling & Dehumidification
𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐)

𝒉𝟏

𝒉𝒙

𝒉𝟐 𝝎𝟏
summer winter
𝝎𝟐

𝑹𝑯𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎%

𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏

𝟎 ≤ 𝑺𝑯𝑭 ≤ 𝟏

𝑸ሶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝟎 𝑸ሶ 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸ሶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆

𝑸ሶ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟎

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 Cooling & Dehumidification
𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐)
𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐭 (𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞) 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭/𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐞
𝒉𝟏
𝑫𝑩𝑻 = 𝟐𝟒℃
𝑹𝑯 = 𝟓𝟎% 𝒉𝒙

𝒉𝟐 𝝎𝟏

𝝎𝟐

𝑹𝑯𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎%

𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏

𝟎 ≤ 𝑺𝑯𝑭 ≤ 𝟏

𝑸ሶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝟎 𝑸ሶ 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸ሶ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆

𝑸ሶ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟎

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 Dehumidification
𝒕𝒅𝒃 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

Heat rejection (latent change)

Moisture content removed

𝐦ሶ 𝐰 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐚 𝛚𝟏 − 𝛚𝟐 (𝐤𝐠 𝐰 /𝐬)

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 Heating & Dehumidification
Adiabatic chemical dehumidification/Adiabatic drier [h=constant]

(amount of dehumidification/moisture removal)

𝐦ሶ 𝐰 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐚 𝛚𝟏 − 𝛚𝟐 (𝐤𝐠 𝐰 /𝐬)

Dehumidification efficiency [dehumidifier effectiveness ] (𝜼𝑫𝒆𝒉𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒓 )

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 − 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏 𝛚𝟏 − 𝛚𝟐 𝟏𝟐

𝜼𝑫𝒆𝒉𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒓 = = = = 𝑹𝑯𝒔
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝒔 − 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏 𝛚𝟏 − 𝛚𝐬 𝟏𝒔

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 Adiabatic mixing of two air streams

𝒎ሶ 𝟏

𝒎ሶ 𝟐

𝒎ሶ 𝒘𝟏
𝝎𝟏 =
𝒎ሶ 𝒂𝟏

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 Adiabatic mixing of two air streams

𝒎ሶ 𝟏

𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟑 − 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟐 32
= = 𝒎ሶ 𝟐
𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟏 − 𝒕𝒅𝒃𝟑 13

𝑚ሶ 1 23
= Distance 23 can be calculated
𝑚ሶ 3 21
𝑚ሶ 1 𝑚ሶ 2
+ =1
𝑚ሶ 3 𝑚ሶ 3

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