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5 Structure of
materials
5.1 The structure of the atom
Exercise 5.1A Labelling the structure
of the atom
Focus
In this exercise, you will label a diagram of the structure of an atom and
identify facts about the particles in an atom.
1 Label the diagram showing the structure of the atom.
Use the labels given here.

proton neutron electron nucleus of the atom

+ +

2 What is the white area inside the circle in the diagram?

Label it.

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5.1 The structure of the atom

3 Tick (✓) the statements that are correct.

Electrons have less mass than protons do.
Protons have a negative electrical charge.
Electrons have a negative electrical charge.
Neutrons have an electrical charge.
Neutrons have more mass than electrons do.
Electrons are found in the nucleus of the atom.

Exercise 5.1B Models of the structure

of the atom
Practice
In this exercise, you will compare models of the structure of
the atom.
1 Draw and label two diagrams to show J.J. Thompson’s and
Rutherford’s models of the structure of the atom.

2 Give a difference between J.J. Thompson’s model and Rutherford’s

model of the structure of the atom.

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5 Structure of materials

3 Name another scientist whose work contributed to the model of

the atom that is used today.

Exercise 5.1C Rutherford’s gold

foil experiment
Challenge
In this exercise, you will explain what happened in Rutherford’s gold foil
experiment and what he proved.

1 Complete the diagram to show what happened to the particles

when they hit the gold foil.
fast-moving particles gold foil

2 What did the results of Rutherford’s experiment tell him about the
structure of the atom?

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5.2 Purity

5.2 Purity
Exercise 5.2 Purity
Focus
In this exercise, you will explain what is meant by ‘purity’ and calculate
the purity of silver.
1 What does a scientist mean by a ‘pure element’?

2 Choose words from the list to complete the paragraph. Each word
may be used once, more than once or not at all.
diamonds carbon atoms blue yellow green nickel
hydrogen boron elements nitrogen compounds
most common rarest coloured colourless
Diamonds are made of atoms.

When diamonds are coloured they have of

different mixed in with the carbon atoms.

When they have atoms the diamonds will be a

blue colour.
If diamonds have nitrogen atoms mixed with the carbon atoms the
diamond will be a colour.

The colour of diamond is green. Green

diamonds have nitrogen, or hydrogen mixed

in with the carbon atoms.

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5 Structure of materials

3 A piece of silver marked 900 tells you that 900 parts out of 1000
of the piece are silver and the rest is made up of other elements.
The percentage of silver is calculated as:
900
_____
× 100 = 90%
1000
Calculate the percentage of silver in a bracelet marked 925.

Practice
In this exercise, you will calculate the purity of gold.
Gold objects are usually marked in carats, to tell you how much gold
they contain. A carat stands for one twenty-fourth. So you can work out
exactly what percentage of the object is pure gold.
1 24
24 carat gold is 24 × ___ = ___
24 24
It is twenty-four twenty-fourths gold, so it is pure gold.
To work out the percentage of gold:
24
___
× 100 = 100% gold
24
1 18
18 carat gold is 18 × ___ = ___
24 24
18
It is ___ gold. The remaining six parts are other metals; these are usually
24
copper or silver.
To work out the percentage of gold:
18
___
× 100 = 75% gold
24

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5.2 Purity

4 a Calculate the percentage of gold in 9 carat gold.

Give your answer correct to one decimal place.

%
b Calculate the percentage of gold in 22 carat gold.
Give your answer correct to one decimal place.

%
c Calculate the percentage of gold in 14 carat gold.
Give your answer correct to one decimal place.

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5 Structure of materials

Challenge
In this exercise, you will practise handling, displaying and
interpreting data.
The purity of gold has an effect on how much it costs and also on how
hard it is. In Stage 7, you learnt about how alloys are harder than the
pure metal.
In a jewellery store an assistant advises a customer to buy a gold ring
that is less than 24 carat. He tells the customer that a ring with a lower
proportion of gold looks almost the same as pure gold but is harder.
Is this true? The table shows some data on the hardness of ‘gold’.

Purity of gold alloy Purity of gold alloy Hardness in

in carats as a percentage arbitrary units
9 80
14 90
18 75 120
22 40
24 100 30
5 Complete the table. The percentages should be correct to one
decimal place.
6 Use the information from the table to plot a graph.
Plot the percentage of gold against its hardness.

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