GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF STRINGBEANS (Phaseolus

vulgaris) AS USING BY LIQUID SMOKE

NORAISA U. PALTI

A THESIS OUTLINE SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE Of

AGRICULTURE, SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY, ACCESS
CAMPUS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE COURSE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Crop Science)

DECEMBER 2023
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of Study

Stringbeans (phaseolus vulgaris) , also known as sitao, are a widely

grown vegetable in the Philippines, a legume closely related to cowpea. They

have tender pods, young leaves, and stems that provide 2 grams of protein, 8.2

grams of carbohydrates, and calcium. They are grown throughout the year.

Stringbeans are sometimes called snap beans or green beans. They originally

came from South and Central America. Indigenous tribes spread their seeds to

other areas. Explorers also brought stringbeans to North America and other

countries in the late 1400s

String beans are one of the most popular vegetables in the Philippines,

often known as sitaw. It is a natural legume and is more closely related to

cowpea beans (black-eyed pea). The pods are edible and can be boiled or

steamed and eaten as green vegetables. The best recipe for string beans in the

Philippines is adobong sitaw. This vegetable is grown all year long, but the

optimal months to plant are May and June for planting during the wet season and

October and November for planting during the dry season. You can simply plant

string beans even in your backyard, but it needs a tree guard where the stem

freely crawls and produces string pods.

 String bean is a highly cultivated leguminous vegetable, with Asia and

Europe dominating production. China and Turkey lead in production, accounting

for 17-13%. String bean production covers over 960,272 hectares globally. In

Ethiopia, it covers 15,379 hectares and is a significant crop for foreign currency

earnings. It is used in local markets, hotels, and festivals, providing protein,

calories, vitamins, and minerals

String bean production in Ethiopia faces major production constraints due

to inconsistent genotype entries, higher diseases and pests with rain-fed varietals

screening, and high post-harvest losses. Site-specific factors, such as cultural

practices and sowing date, influence yield and yield characteristics. The optimum

sowing date and best variety are crucial for increasing quality and yield. Sowing

density and spacing have been used for different growing conditions and

locations, but a standard spacing of 40 cm x 10 cm has been adopted. Sowing

date has the greatest impact on yield, with early sowing yielding higher yield and

plant height but lower pod diameter, dry matter, and pod length. Optimum plant

population has a promising impact on improving green bean productivity, with

marketable pod yield increasing linearly with different sowing dates. In Ethiopia,

particularly in the Jimma zone, string bean production has not been successful

due to a lack of appropriate varieties and information on sowing time and

spacing. This study aims to determine the appropriate time of sowing, optimum

plant spacing, and varieties for better yield and yield attributes of string beans

under humid tropical conditions.

Objectives of the Study

General this study will be conducted to evaluate the growth and yield

performance of string beans as influenced by the liquid smoke

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. To identify the growth and yield of string beans influenced by liquid smoke

2. To determine the kilo of string beans per treatment

3. To determine which treatment has the higher number of pods.

Significant of the Study

Improved Crop Productivity: Understanding how liquid smoke affects the

growth and yield of string beans can help optimize agricultural practices. This

knowledge can lead to increased bean production and potentially higher yields

for farmers. By using liquid smoke strategically, it may be possible to enhance

crop growth and overall harvest.

Sustainable Agriculture: Liquid smoke may have the potential to replace or

reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This can contribute to

more sustainable and environmentally-friendly farming practices by reducing the

use of synthetic chemicals that can harm the environment and human health.

Enhanced Food Safety: Research into the use of liquid smoke on string beans

can help assess the safety of using this product on crops intended for human
consumption. Understanding any potential risks and benefits is essential to

ensure that the food produced is safe for consumers.

Culinary Applications: The use of liquid smoke can also have culinary

implications. It can add smoky flavor to the beans, making them more appealing

to consumers. This can lead to innovative culinary applications and potentially

higher market value for string beans.

Disease and Pest Resistance: Liquid smoke may have properties that make the

string bean plants more resistant to diseases and pests. Understanding these

potential benefits can help reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides and

promote healthier, more resilient crops.

Environmental Impact: By using liquid smoke to enhance crop growth and

yield, there is the potential to reduce the environmental impact of traditional

agriculture. Fewer chemical inputs can lead to reduced soil and water pollution,

making farming more sustainable and eco-friendly.

Alternative Farming Practices: Liquid smoke can be considered as an

alternative or supplementary tool for farmers. Studying its effects on string beans

can offer insights into how this product can fit into diversified and sustainable

farming practices.

Consumer Preferences: As consumers become more health-conscious and

environmentally aware, understanding the influence of liquid smoke on string

beans can help meet their preferences for safer and sustainably grown food

products.

Research and Innovation: Investigating the impact of liquid smoke on string

beans contributes to the ongoing research and development in agriculture,

horticulture, and food science. It provides valuable data for further innovation in

farming and food production.

Scope and Limitations

This study will be focused only an influenced by liquid smoke on the

growth and yield performance of stringbeans.

Time and Place of the Study

This study will be conducted from November 2023 to March 2024 at

Laguilayan, Isulan, Sultan Kudarat.

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the growth and yield performance of

stringbeans by influenced liquid smoke.

There is a significant difference growth and yield performance of

stringbeans by influenced liquid smoke.

Conceptual Framework

This experimental study on the growth and yield performance of

stringbeans (phaseolus

vulgaris) as affected by liquid smoke.

Independent Process Dependent

 Land Application of liquid smoke

Preparation T1: Pure water (control)
T2: Liquid smoke (leaves)
 Seeds Growth and yield
T3 Liquid smoke (stalks)
 Water T4: Liquid smoke (fruits) performance of
management T5:Liquid smoke (mix stringbeans
 Nutrients different plants parts)

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the growth and yield performance of string

beans as influenced by liquid smoke.

Definition of terms

Liquid Smoke- may have the potential to replace or reduce the need for
chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This can contribute to more sustainable and
environmentally-friendly farming practices by reducing the use of synthetic
chemicals that can harm the environment and human health.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Stringbeans (phaseolus vulgaris ) is an important vegetable crop widely

used as a protein source and for other nutrients in many developing countries.

The total worldwide cultivated area of stringbeans is 1,527,613 hectares,

producing 21,720,588 tons, as reported by FAO (FAOSTAT,2017).

Stringbeans (phaseolus vulgaris) are an important farm crop grown chiefly

for processing to meet the expanding demand for convenience foods. The use of

efficient one-pass mechanical harvesters has enabled the expansion of the crop,

with freshly harvested pods taken direct from the farm to the processing plant for

canning, freezing or drying. Stringbeans may also be grown for the fresh market

or pick-your-own and are not as perishable as peas or broad beans. String beans

also referred to as green beans have long edible pods and small inner seeds.

They are used for human consumption, they are high in protein, fibre,

phosphorus, iron, vitamin B1 and have no cholesterol (Queiroz et al., 2002).

String beans are one of the important vegetable legumes grown by farmers.

Legumes are tolerant of heat and drought conditions and produce well on

marginal soils. They are noted as like other legumes for their ability to fix nitrogen

in the soil (Amanuel et al., 2000) and are used to improve soil conditions. In

Swaziland, string beans are grown on a limited scale, over a wide range of

climatic zones, however it is possible to produce large quantities of green beans

every year (Van Schoonhoven and Voysest, 1993). According to Herbert (1995),
developing countries like Swaziland are mainly made up of low-earning -

population, hence animal meat source is not readily affordable to the whole

society. String beans are rich in protein and relatively cheaper than meat, which

is an essential source of protein, making beans highly competitive and important

on the diet of the poor people in Africa. As a food, legumes may be consumed

as dried beans or in the fresh state as green beans. They are also widely used

as a vegetable when harvested while the young tender pods are still immature.

In different locations, these immature pods are referred to as string beans, snap

beans, French beans or green beans. They are rich in protein and iron and

contain essential nutrients such as ascorbic acid, Vitamin A, Vitamin B and

calcium (Kelly and Scott, 1992; Ndegwa et al., 2006). Green beans are a very

valuable crop when cultivated for the fresh market and are a means by which

local farmers can diversify their agricultural production.

String beans, grown for their tender pods require between 50-75 days,

depending upon variety and planting season. An important first step in the

production of high yielding stringbeans is the selection of the appropriate

varieties, since some varieties are more suited to other climate and soil

conditions. By cultivating the appropriate varieties, local farmers can become

leading producers of this specialty crop. The evaluation and selection of high

yielding, disease tolerant varieties with quality characteristics acceptable to

the local market are essential to the improvement of local production (Kelly

and Scott, 1992; Ndengwa et al., 2006). Total world production exceeds 17
million tonnes, with China, Indonesia, India and Turkey among the largest

producers and consumers of this crop (FAOSTAT, 2010).

Growth

Stringbeans need to be grown in loams and the lighter types of soil. It is a

late-sown, short-season crop and so requires a deep, free-draining, moisture-

retentive soil. Avoid soils that cap, and those of a high organic matter content

(peat soils), which will produce excessive vegetative growth. A site offering

shelter and a southerly aspect should be selected. A four-year crop rotation

between all leguminous crops should be practised. Most of the crop is grown in

the eastern counties south of the Wash.

H.J.S. Finch, ... G.P.F. Lane, in Lockhart and Wiseman's Crop Husbandry

Including Grassland (Eighth Edition), 2002

Yield

As cited by Balasubramanian and Vandenberg (2004), planting date may

affect seed yield through its association with seedling stand, anthesis and

maturity (Henderson, et al., 1998). In the work of Dapaah et. al. (1999) on the

influence of six sowing dates and irrigation on the growth and yield of string

beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in a sub-humid temperate environment, both

irrigation and sowing date had a marked effect on growth and yield. He further

stated that there was a faster pod growth rate and higher percentage of stored

assimilates that contributed to the pod qgrowth when planted mid-to late

November with irrigation than those planted late October to early November.

Yoldas and Esiyok (2009) stated that when planting is delayed, the yield of string
beans will decrease significantly. Delayed planting affects growth, yield and yield

components. Late planting results to decreased yield because of the short

vegetation period of the crop. Delayed planting decreased the number of days as

well as the thermal time from emergence to harvest. According to Tibig (2008),

the impact of climate change can be positive or negative; yield of any crops can

be increased when activities are at the right time i.e, planting dates, application of

irrigation, use of pesticides and others. Climate change can be devastating in

areas where agriculture is the only source of income. Decreased rainfall, warmer

temperature can damage crops and can reduce yield because animals and

plants are more susceptible to disease and insect pests. Smith and Pryor (1962)

studied the best dates for planting bean varieties. Five varieties of beans for dry

seed production were planted in dates varying from late April to late July at two

weeks intervals. Results indicated that four out of five varieties increased in

production between late April plantings up to mid-June and early July, when

yields were maximum. The yields of the late-July plantings declined in all

varieties. They also studied the effect of high temperatures on growth,

development and yield of bean plants and have indicated that high temperature

reduced the percent of flowers that set seed. If plants were to bloom on days of

high temperatures, there was a high mortality. They further indicated that the low

yields of the June and July plantings can be attributed to the adverse effects of

the high temperatures at the time of flower-bud differentiation and during

flowering period or pod set of bean plants.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers to methods and procedures applied to achieve the

objectives of the study. This includes the research design, subject of the study

and the locale of the study, materials, methods, and date gathering.

Research Design

Experimental research is a study that strictly adheres to the scientific

research design. It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be measured,

calculated and compare.

Materials

The materials will be used in this study are be followed:

Tissue culture of string beans seedlings

Shovel

Sacks

Smart phone

Record book

Steel tape
Procedure

This study will be conducted Complete Randomized Design (CR) of

stringbeans will randomly be selected and placed in five (5) treatment replicated

three times.

The treatments were as follows:

Treatment 1: Pure water (control)

Treatment 2: Liquid smoke (leaves)

Treatment 3: Liquid smoke (stalks)

Treatment 4: Liquid smoke (fruits)

Treatment 5: Liquid smoke (mix different plants parts)

Data to be gathered

The following data will be gathered for this study.

1 Growth - This will be taken two ( 2 ) weeks after transplanting.

Plant Height (cm). This will taken by measuring the height from the

ground to the top of the plant using measuringtools every two weeks or 15

days after applying the treatments and will be stop after first harvesting.

Number of leaves. This will taken by counting the number of leaves every

two weeks or 15 days after applying the treatments and will be stop after

first harvest.
2.Yield - This will be taken during the first ( 1st ), up to six ( 6 ) harvesting.

Weight of fruits per plant. This will taken by adding the total number of
pods per
Nutrients management

Watering

Shall be done manually to make the soil moist.

Pest Prevention and Control

Cleaning the surroundings and spraying insecticide in the experimental area is

done to prevent insect pest and infections.

T1 R1 T2 R2 T4R3 T4R4
Field Layout

T2 R1 T1 R2 T3R3 T5R4

T3 R1 T5R2 T2R3 T1R4

T4 R1 T3R2 T5R3 T2R4

T5 R1 T4R2 T1R3 T3R4

Legend

T1: Pure water (control)

T2: Liquid smoke (leaves)

T3: Liquid smoke (stalks)

T4: Liquid smoke (fruits)

T5: Liquid smoke (mix different plants parts)

Land Preparation

The experiment area of 20 by 30 square meters was divided into four (4)

blocks, which correspond with the number of replications. Then each block

measuring 2.5 meters was divided into five (5) experimental plots doth the five

(5) treatments. The distance between plots and between blocks was 1 meter.

The randomization was done by drawing lots for all the four (4) replications. The

layout of the experimental area is shown below.

Transplanting

String beans will be transplanted in prepared plots by the researcher and

upon transplanting will be also be the start of applying the treatments.

Pest Prevention and Control

Cleaning the surroundings and spraying insecticide in the experimental

area is done to prevent insect pest and infections.

Statistical analysis

The study will be using prescriptive analysis to analyze and collects data

to discern the effects of liquid smoke to the growth and yield performance of

stringbeans. This analysis will give the researcher best course of action base on
the results of the study as it is a type of statistical analysis that helps you make

an informed decision