Cryptography: A Technique for Information Security Section H-Research paper

Cryptographic Algorithms: Current Status and Future

Directions

1
Roopesh Kumar
1
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
Banasthali Vidyapith
Banasthali, Newai, Rajasthan, India -304022

Email: [email protected]
ORCID ID:- https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7293-744X
2
Dr.Ajay Kumar Yadav
2
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
Banasthali Vidyapith
Banasthali, Newai, Rajasthan, India -304022

Email: [email protected]
ORCID ID:- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3032-3105

Abstract—
Cryptography is significant in every area of IT applications, as security is essential in every small area
that aids in thwarting the deciphering of the encrypted data. Since it is necessary to protect the privacy
of data that is spreading across a network and to assure the security of information transmission,
academics, professionals, and researchers have used a variety of cryptographic algorithms. The goal of
the current work is to give readers suggestions for their future research areas by providing a review of
popular cryptographic algorithms at the moment.
Keywords: Cryptography; Privacy; Security; Information.

I. INTRODUCTION
In contemporary communication networks, network security and data encryption have become critically
significant. Ensuring the confidentiality of information when transmitting sensitive content between two
parties (e.g. client –server) is of paramount importance, preventing unauthorized access by hackers or
intruders. This necessitates encrypting messages in a manner that renders decryption impossible without
the corresponding decryption key. The realm of cryptography is currently experiencing rapid growth as
researchers strive to create robust encryption algorithms that thwart any attempts by intruders to
intercept encrypted communications. Cryptography traces its origins to the Greek terms kryptos,
signifying "concealed," and grafein, denoting "to inscribe." Throughout history, its primary objective
has been safeguarding messages by obscuring their substance from potential eavesdroppers, frequently
using conventional methods of communication.[1].The primary goal is to ensure secure communication
by rendering information incomprehensible to those without authorization. Encryption stands as a
fundamental method in contemporary cryptography, encompassing the conversion of plain text into
cipher text. This process allows solely authorized entities to reverse the encryption and regain the
original information. Cryptography also encompasses the creation and assessment of protocols and

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algorithms dedicated to enhancing the security of information and communication pathways. Examining
mathematical techniques related to aspects of information security, such as maintaining confidentiality, assuring
data integrity, authenticating the identification of entities, and establishing the source of data, is what
cryptography entails. One subset of the approaches used to ensure information security is cryptography. In
general, cryptography provides privacy and helps to authenticate entities [1].Simply we can understand working
of cryptography by the following diagram:

Figure1: Concept fo cryptography

In cryptography we simply take original text and modified it using encryption technique which
produces cipher text to send the other party. After receiving the cipher text, the recipient decrypts the
message using the identical algorithm, resulting in the plain text or original text. Classification of
cryptography can be given as fig.2

Figure2: Classification of cryptography

Since W.Diffie and M.Hellman have proposed the public key cryptography for the first time in 1976. It
attracts more attention of the computer security department [2]. Open networks like the Internet
frequently use data encryption to ensure security. The capabilities of cryptosystems like RSA and
Diffie-Hellman have become insufficient due to the rapid improvements in computer technology and
cryptography research, primarily because they require large numbers of bits [3].

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The paper's organization can be outlined as follows:

The subsequent section offers a descriptive exploration or related data study. In Section III, we have
conducted a summarized analysis of the data. Finally, Section IV presents the conclusion..

RELATED WORK
II.
Here authors have improved the public key cryptography using chaotic neural network. “They used the
amplified Logistic mapping to select the attraction domain and regarding low phenomenon of avalanche
effect test result, hybrid encoding is used to make every bit of code influenced by the pervious code”[2].
An affine point transforms the plaintext ASCII value. It is necessary because the character's single-digit
ASCII integer is translated into a set of coordinates to fit the EC and add non-linearity, completely
masking the character's identity. This character is used for encryption and decryption by elliptic curve
cryptography [3, 5]. The author introduces a revolutionary visual cryptography technique that involves
creating shares using a visual cryptography model. It works with binary inputs, converting real-world
images into halftone images having white and black pixels [4]. “In the present work the authors have
introduced an integrated symmetric key cryptographic method DJMNA which combine two
independent methods (i) Modified Generalized Vernam Cipher (MGVC) method and (ii) DJSA method
which is an extension of MSA method. The Generalized Vernam Cipher algorithm extends text
encryption to any type of data encryption [6]”. This paper concentrated on various security concerns
related to establishing a secure and efficient cryptographic technique within the framework of a block
cipher. Many of these concerns arise when users neglect their keys, opt for easily memorable keys, or
persist with the same keys for extended periods. Here solution tool is also provided [7]. The study offers
a DNA-based cryptography method and discusses its potential extension using cutting-edge ideas in
steganography, authentication, signature, and encryption. The approach makes use of DNA computing's
potential and can tackle practical problems in industrial and management engineering [8]. With the help
of a key-dependent transposition scheme and traditional substitution, this work introduces a new block
cipher. The cipher is constrained by a poor key schedule, despite successfully combating frequency
analysis and utilizing dependency. One-way functions or hash-based keys creations are proposed as
improvements [9] This paper introduces a novel text encryption algorithm leveraging natural language
processing. It outlines the prerequisites and details the procedures for both text encryption and text
distillation [10]. The abstract compares 160-bit field elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) to 1024-bit
RSA, showing similar attack resistance with shorter ECC keys for better storage and performance. ECC
offers computational benefits over ElGamal and MVECC, requiring fewer operations and avoiding
certain complexities like inverse calculations and point embedding for plaintext [11]. The paper
provides an improved RSA method that strengthens security against factorization attacks by removing
the weakness of 'n' and replacing it with a newly generated value. The algorithm's overall security is
improved by this change, albeit at the cost of a slight increase in time complexity [12]. The authors
suggested an attribute-encryption method based on identity-based broadcast encryption with constant
cipher texts that supports zero inner product inclusion. Decryption requires only two pairs of
computations [13]. In this paper wrapping cipher text is used by the system to conceal its location and
thwart hacking attempts. It uses highly random webpage content to encrypt using TRNS, making it
resistant to decryption [14]. The paper presents an algorithm with rapid execution using simplified
arithmetic and logic operations, with a 128-bit key size for high security. Security is enhanced through
iterative repetition of steps, achieving a balance between high throughput and robust protection [15].
This paper introduces the UPMM algorithm, a novel encryption technique that operates on the ASCII
values of data. The encryption process involves utilizing Palindrome numbers and a distinctive
alphanumeric ID as part of the encryption key. The alphanumeric ID is transformed into an ASCII

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value, enhancing network authentication [16].This paper introduces Chaive Unica (CU), a unique one-
time key generation method, and Advanced Substitution Technique (AST), a more secure encryption
approach. It employs double encryption of plaintext before inputting it into the algorithm also a new
architecture is proposed for enhanced text encryption security [17].With a magic rectangle that prevents
cipher text repetition and gives letters separate values, the MRGA work improves security. This
complexity prevents unauthorized decryption attempts from succeeding. Despite having efficiency and
security requirements, magic rectangle construction takes more time [18]. The discussed novel
symmetric algorithm utilizes a straightforward mapping technique that enhances security. Its
adaptability across diverse language domains also supports the localization of Cryptographic Software
tools[19]. This paper proposes a method for hiding numerous plaintexts within a single cipher text and
shows how we can use it for secure communication via TCP/IP multicast. The suggested approach,
AMSC, resists security assaults in different applications [20]. The Horse Step Algorithm, a cutting-edge
2D matrix-based encryption technique, is introduced in this paper. The Horse Step Algorithm, a cutting-
edge 2D matrix-based encryption technique, is introduced in this paper. Although it is more efficient
than RSA, AES is slow rough, it is more efficient than RSA, AES [21]’here authors presented new
algorithm using last decimal digit of number. It provides high security [22]. The authors present a novel
encryption/decryption approach in this paper that uses randomized algorithms. It generates significant
data sub keys based on a secret key. Here technique employs different random numbers for each
encryption. Notable results include the secure transmission of the random numbers and the algorithm's
robust defense against attacks [23].In this paper study of different cryptographic techniques have
presented[24]. Among asymmetric algorithms, RSA stands out as widely renowned. For security
purposes, adjustments have done. In this work, the authors further enhance the modified RSA by
incorporating the Binary conversion principle. It involves the conversion of cipher text into binary
format, thereby augmenting the level of security [25].Researchers presented a new method of
encryption using a genetic algorithm that is immune to brute force attacks [26]. In this study, authors
objective was to secure data for a basic messaging application using a letter-shifting technique between
the upper and lower layers. However, this approach is not feasible for numeric data or cases involving
special symbols [27]. Here a new symmetric approach to text encryption and decryption is presented.
The process entails turning the text into a graph and creating the cipher text using a pre-shared matrix
key and the matrix graph representation [28]. DNA has transformed the landscape of cryptography. By
incorporating DNA into cryptography, higher levels of security can be attained. Authors have leveraged
DNA in conjunction with AES cryptography to modify the key size [29]. With the help of digits, the
Vigenère table's capabilities are to be improved by the authors. The new table has been created, this
update makes it possible to encrypt numerical data [30]. The encryption and decryption process
involves utilizing a modified Blowfish algorithm. This modification entails incorporating an MD5-
generated hash code, which is employed to identify the hash, and subsequently appending this hash
code to the plaintext before encryption [31].The modified shift encryption technique, which produces a 0%
character error rate and demonstrates good execution time, utilizes two shift operations to scramble the text [32].
This research introduces an approach to enhance data security using a technique known as dual-layer encryption.
The method put forward comprises of two sequential encryption phases: the initial stage involves applying the
Beaufort cipher method, followed by the second stage which employs the hill cipher method. It gives better
Avalanche Effect (AE) value [33]. To enhance security, a hybrid cryptosystem has been created by combining
AES and RSA together. On the other hand, Twofish and RSA are also combined. The results demonstrate the
advantages of both systems [34]. The goal of the study is to methodically list and assess the cryptography
algorithms in order, as well as to clarify the relationships that exist between them. Investigating the connections
between symmetric and asymmetric algorithms, as well as exploring those that utilize secret keys versus those
that involve key pairs, is a part of this [35]. This study presents a novel symmetric cryptography method based on
the Caesar cipher. This method creates an encrypted message of the original text or message. In this technique,
the sender provides a hash code rather than a symmetric key, which gives the recipient the symmetric key they

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need to decode the sender's message.[36]. The innovative encryption approach involves splitting and mixing a
256-bit plaintext into two blocks of 128 bits. After that, only the standard 128-bit AES encryption is employed.
This strategy ensures elevated security standards [37].In this study, an improved iteration of the DES algorithm
has developed, named KE-DES. Within this framework, a novel KD function was formulated for both the key
and data, aimed at enhancing security and improving the efficiency of textual data encryption [38].The study
presents a new "chaos 2D encryption" to secure text in digital images. It involves bit-plane slicing to divide text
into seven bit-planes, followed by chaos encryption with varied parameters for each plane, enhancing
security[39].The paper proposes a user-friendly method for message cryptography involving block division of the
message (size 2 to 60). A secret color image generates an array matching block count as a private key,
determining left rotation digits for block encryption [40]. Here the authors integrated three distinct cryptography
fields: symmetric, asymmetric, and biological DNA cryptography. The aim is to achieve a harmonious
equilibrium between heightened complexity and the duration required for encryption processes. This algorithm is
faster than previous algorithms [41]. Here researchers developed the Padding Key Encryption (PKE) algorithm.
This algorithm provides secure communication between the sender and receiver by generating keys for plaintext
[42]. By incorporating two private keys and using different encryption constants for each round, the study
presented an enhanced Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) encryption/decryption procedure. The strength of
ECC is improved by this invention, which changes the linear equation's single unknown into a more reliable
equation with two unknowns, improving overall security and cryptographic effectiveness [43].

III. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

By the study of previous research, we can analyze the different features of cryptographic methods as mentioned in
table I.
Table 1: Comparison of Cryptography Methods

Sr. No Reference Cryptography Avalanche Efficiency Security speed Remarks

effect
1 [2] Chaotic Neural 38.455 High High --- It provide new
Networks trend of
cryptography
.Result shown
chipperbalance
text test and
independent
test are good.
2 [3] Elliptic Curve ---- High on High Higher It shows lower
small power
data consumption
and can be
used for large
image
encryption.
3 [6] DJMNA symmetric ----- High on High ----- Suitable for
key algorithm small use on the
data short message,
password,
ATM, mobile,
and defense

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networks.
4 [8] DNA based ------- High High Higher It is widely
useful in
industrial
engineering.
5 [12] Modified RSA -------- High High Slowest, Eliminate
Slightly mathematical
High factorization
attack.
6 [18] MRGA ------ High High ---- Extra Time
needed
7 [21] Horse Step ------- High High slow It provides
more
flexibility and
capacity.
8 [23] Randomize 64.6 High High ---- Tracking
Encryption Algorithm NP
complete.
Computational
time is low
9 [25] Binary RS A ----- High High Slow It uses binary
code
conversion for
more security.
10 [26] Bit level using ------- High High ---- Each time key
Genetic Algorithm is modified .
11 [27] Character Jumble ----- Average Average ---- Simple
character order
has changed.
12 [29] DNA computing -- High High Low It provide new
roadmap for
cryptography
13 [30] Vigenere and ---- High High ----- It very robust
Modified Caesar and secure for
cryptography
14 [32] Bit circular shift 50.0 High High High It took less
time CER is 0.
15 [33] Beaufort and Hill 40.80 High High High Two
Cipher encryption
method is
used.
16 [34] Hybrid Twofish, --- High High High It shows
AES, ElGamal and Twofish +RSA
RSA Cryptosystems is faster
17 [38] Key-Based --- High High High New key is
Enhancement generated
18 [39] Bit Plane Slicing, 51.16 High High High More secure

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and Chaos System against

statistical
attack.
19 [41] Symmetric, ----- High High High It add the
Asymmetric and complexity of
DNA Based Biocomputing
20 [42] Padding Key ----- High High High Security
Encryption performance is
92%

Figure3: Efiiciency Analysis

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Figure4:Speed Analaysis

As Figure 3 demonstrates, all the cryptographic algorithms exhibit higher efficiency through their
performance. Figure 4 illustrates that most of the algorithms have high speeds, while some of them
have lower speeds. When discussing security, there is no doubt that all the algorithms employ
specific techniques to provide security; thus, the majority of the algorithms exhibit high security.

Figure5: Seccurity Analysis

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The avalanche effect is a crucial characteristic of cryptographic algorithms since it adds to their
security against attacks and unpredictable nature. To maintain the encryption level, academics and
practitioners implement their algorithms to demonstrate a strong avalanche effect when reviewing and
constructing them. Figure 6 Show the analysis of Avalanche effect. Higher value provide the good
result.

Figure6: Avalanche Analysis

IV.CONCLUSION
Here, we have delved into the study of various cryptographic methods and attempted to identify the
trends that are predominantly employed to ensure information security. We have observed that each
algorithm plays a significant role and yields favorable results based on its implementation. However,
the latest advancement in cryptography involves DNA technology for novel biological enhancements,
presenting a new path for the future. Additionally, it has noted that few researchers compare the
Avalanche value for cryptographic algorithms, despite its potential as a valuable parameter for
assessing block cipher algorithms. Therefore, here we have presented a comprehensive study of
contemporary cryptographic techniques.

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