JAI NARIAN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

CAD/CAM LABORATORY
MANUAL
B.TECH (Mechanical): 4TH SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

CAD LAB
Sl.No. Experiment Name of Experiment Page
No.
1 Initiating the Graphics Package; Setting the paper size, space; 3
setting the limits, units; use of snap and grid commands.
2 Drawing of primitives (Line, arc, circle, ellipse, triangle etc.) 5
3 Drawing a flange. 10
4 Drawing a bushing assembly. 13
5 Setting the layers and application of layers. 16
6 Isometric and Orthographic projections. 19
7 Viewing in three dimensions. 25

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INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHICS PACKAGE

The engineering drawing has been and is an integral part of industry and it is a
link between engineering design and manufacturing. Information is quickly
communicated in the form of drawings prepared according to prescribed drafting
standards.

What is Computer Aided Design?

The use of interactive graphics programs to develop 2D and 3D models,
assemblies, part lists, and dimensional drawings of various components, structures or
objects with the help of a computer is called Computer-Aided Design(CAD). The data
generated by a CAD system can be directly utilized by a CAM (Computer Aided
Manufacturing) system. Thus CAD and CAM are interrelated to each other.
Advantages of CAD
 Reduction of drafting labor.
 Direct cost savings.
 High accuracy (up to one millionth of a unit)
 Improvement in the general flow of information through the company.
 Evaluation of alternative designs.
 Use of common parts in multiple products.

Before we design and manufacture any component, the object must be presented
in the form of drawings along with different views and dimensions. Further, the bill of
materials etc. must also be supplied. With the advent of computers and relevant
software packages, the drafting drifted from manual to computer aided drafting. The
networking between the shop floor sections and design sections makes it easier to
share the data and information. The modifications (in the drawings, materials or
process of operation) if required, can be discussed on line and can be implemented
without any time lag. An attempt is made here to introduce the graphics package in
the following topics.

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CAD LAB EXPERIMENTS

1. INITIATING THE GRAPHICS PACKAGE

Aim: Setting the paper size, space; setting the limits, units; use of snap and grid
commands.
Requirements: Auto CAD software, PC with a min. of 256MB RAM.
Description:
LIMITS: sets and controls the drawing boundaries and grid display.
The drawing limits are two-dimensional points in the World Co-ordinate System
that represent a lower-left limit and an upper-right limit. Limits cannot be imposed on
the Z direction.
Turn on the drawing limits and restrict within the rectangular area. Drawing
limits also determine the area of the drawing that can be displayed with or without
grid dots.
Command: LIMITS
ON/ OFF/ Lower left corner < current> :
 On: Turns on limits checking. When the “limits checking” is on, AutoCAD
rejects attempts to enter points outside the drawing limits.
 Off: Turns off limits checking, but maintains the current values, for the next time
when the “limits checking” is turned on.

Procedure: Enter the command “LIMITS”.

Reset model space limits.
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF], < 0.0000, 0.0000 > : 0,0 (return)
Specify upper right corner < 120.0000, 120.0000 > : 120,120 ( or any value) (return)
Command: zoom (return)

Use of Snap And Grid Commands

GRID displays a dot grid
At the command prompt, enter ‘GRID’.
Command: GRID
Grid Spacing ( X ) or ON / OFF / Snap / Aspect / Current > :
You can turn grid on and off with F7 key or by double clicking the GRID button in
the status bar.
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SNAP restricts cursor movement to specified intervals

At the command prompt, enter ‘SNAP’.
The points you enter with a pointing device can be locked into alignment by
SNAP. You can rotate the SNAP grid, set differing X and Y spacing, or choose an
isometric format for the snap grid.
A change in the snap grid affects only the co-ordinate of new points. Objects
already in the drawing retain their existing co-ordinates.
The snap grid is invisible. Use SNAP with GRID to display a separate visible grid of
dots. Set the spacing of two grids to equal or related values dots.
Command: SNAP
Snap spacing or ON / OFF / Aspect / Rotate / Style < Current > :
 Snap spacing: Actives snap mode using the current snap grid resolution, rotation
and style.
 ON: Actives snap mode using the current snap grid resolution, rotation and style.
 OFF: Deactivates snap mode but retains the values and modes.
 Rotate: Sets the rotation of the snap grid with respect to the drawing and the
display screen. Any angle between –90 and + 90 can be specified. A positive
angle rotates the grid counterclockwise about the base point.
Base point <current > :
Rotation angle < current >:
 Style: Selects the format of the snap grid, which is standard or Isometric. Standard
displays a rectangular grid that is parallel to the XY plane of the current UCS. X
and Y spacing may differ
 Spacing: Changes overall spacing.
 Aspect: Changes the horizontal and vertical spacing individually.
Isometric displays an isometric grid where the grid points are initially at 30 and
150-degree angles.
Vertical spacing < current >:

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2. DRAWING OF PRIMITIVES

Aim: Drawing various graphics primitives.

Requirements: Auto CAD software, PC with a min. of 256MB RAM.
Description: The command “LINE” creates straight line segments. From the draw
menu, select Line. At the command prompt, enter Line or L. Line command allows
creating a line where the end points are specified in two-dimensional or three-
dimensional coordinates.

Procedure:
Command: limits (return)
Reset model space limits:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF], < 0.0000, 0.0000 > : 0,0 (return)
Specify upper right corner < 120.0000, 120.0000 > : 120,120 ( or any value)
(return)
Command: zoom (return)
Command: line (return)
Specify first (point P1): 50,50 (return)
Specify next point (P2): 100,100 (return)

AutoCAD prompts for points, allowing to draw continuous line segments.

U (Undoing a line)
This allows erasing the most recent segment in a line sequence
C (closing a line sequence)
This allows closing a sequence of continuous line segments, resulting in a
polygon.
You may specify the points randomly with the mouse or by any of the
coordinate systems.

P2

P1

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Lines can be drawn, using absolute mode (eg.100,100) or incremental mode

(eg.@100,100) or polar mode(eg.100<90).

Circle
The command “CIRCLE” creates a circle.
From Draw menu, select Circle.
At the command prompt enter CIRCLE OR C.
Specify center point for circle: 50,50 (return)
Specify radius of circle [or diameter]: 50 (return)
The other options for drawing a circle are 2P, 3P and TTR.
With 2P option, the user defines two points. These two points are at the diameter of
the circle. 3P option allows you to define 3 non-collinear points. The circle fits in
these three points. TTR option allows drawing a circle by defining two tangent points
and specifying a radius. AutoCAD by default asks for a centre point and radius.

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ARC
ARC allows to create an arc segment
From Draw menu, select Arc
At the command prompt, enter ARC or A
Command: ARC
Center / < start point >: specify a point P1
Start point - This specifies the start point of an arc
Center / End/ < second point>:
Specify a point P2
Second point - This draws an arc using three specific points along the circumference
of the arc. The first and the third points from the end points of the arc. The second
point can be any point on the circumference of the arc.

P2

P1 P3

RECTANG
RECTANG draws a rectangular polyline
First corner : specify a point P1
Other corner : specify a point P2

P2

P1

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POLYGON
POLYGON allows you to create polygons with 3 to 1024 numbers of sides.
From Draw menu, select Polygon
At the command prompt, enter POLYGON or POL
Command: POLYGON
Number of sides < current>
Edge /< centre of polygon >:
Number of sides
This specifies the number of sides the polygon must have. AutoCAD accepts any
value between 3 to 1024
Centre of polygon
Defines the center point of the polygon. Specify a point

Inscribed in circle / Circumscribed about circle ( I/C) < I > :

Inscribed in circle
This specifies the radius of a circle on which all vertices of
the polygon lie.
Radius

Circumscribed about circle

This specifies the distance from the centre of polygon to the
midpoints of the edges of the polygon.
Radius of circle:
Edge
Defines a polygon by specifying the endpoints of the first
Radius
edge.
First endpoint of edge
Second endpoint on edge

P1 P2
Edge

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ELLIPSE

ELLIPSE creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc

From Draw menu, select Ellipse
At the command prompt, enter Ellipse or EI
Command: ELLIPSE
Arc/ center/ <Axis endpoint 1 > :
Axis endpoint 1:
This is the first step towards defining the first axis. The two end points of the axis are
specified. When the first point is specified in the above option, it prompts for the
second point.
Axis endpoint 2 :
< other axis distance > / Rotation :
The first axis can define either the major or the minor axis of the ellipse.
Other axis distance
Defines the second axis as the distance from the centre of ellipse in a direction
perpendicular to the first axis.

P3

P1 P2

Ellipse by axis end points

P3

P1 P2

Ellipse by centre point

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3 DRAWING A FLANGE

Aim: Drawing a flange

Procedure:

FIRST STEP
Draw PLINE of required cross section
PLINE creates two-dimensional poly lines
A 2D poly line is a connected sequence of a line and arc segments, and is created by
AutoCAD as a single object using region command.

Object to revolve

Object Axis

SECOND STEP
REVOLVE the drawn pline about required axis and a specified angle
Command: Revolve
REVOLVE creates a solid by revolving a two-dimensional object about an axis.
Select objects : Use object selection method
Axis of revolution – Object / X / Y / < Start point axis > : Specify a point or enter an
option.
Start point of axis:
Specifies the first and second point of the axis if revolution.
Angle of revolution <full circle > : Specify an angle or press Enter

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THIRD STEP
Draw a circle on the face of the flange and use the polar array command for making
number of holes on the face.

ARRAY
ARRAY creates multiple copies of objects in a pattern.
From modify menu, select Array.
At the command prompt, enter ARRAY or AR
Select objects: select objects by any of the selection methods.
Rectangular / Polar array ( R/P) < current> :
Polar array
This creates an array about a definerd center point
Center point of array:
Number point of items:
Angle to fill ( + = ccw, - = cw ) < 360 > :
Rotate objects as they are copied ? < Y > :
Angle between items:
Rotate objects as they are copied? < Y > :
Object arrayed

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FOURTH STEP
Extrude all the six components to the required path and distance using EXTRUDE
command. Then subtract all the components from the flange. You will get a required
flange as shown below.

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4. DRAWING A BUSHING ASSEMBL

Aim: Drawing a bushing assembly

Procedure:
FIRST STEP
Draw PLINE of required cross section
PLINE creates two-dimensional polylines
A 2D polyline is a connected sequence of a line and arc segments, and is created by
AutoCAD as a single object.

SECOND STEP
REVOLVE the drawn pline about required axis and a specified angle
Command: Revolve

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REVOLVE creates a solid by revolving a two-dimensional object about an axis.

Select objects: Use object selection method
Axis of revolution – Object / X / Y / < Start point axis >: Specify a point or enter an
option.
Start point of axis:
Specifies the first and second point of the axis if revolution.
Angle of revolution <full circle >: Specify an angle or press Enter

THIRD STEP

Repeat the same procedure for drawing the bearing

Bush

Journal Bearing

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FOURTH STEP

Assemble the bush and bearing

Bearing and bush

assembly

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5. SETTING THE LAYERS AND APPLICATION OF LAYERS

Aim: To set the layers and to learn and manage the layers.

Description:

LAYER: The command “LAYER” manages layers. It makes a layer current, adds
new layers, deletes layers and renames layers. One can assign properties to layers,
turn layers on and off, freeze and thaw layers globally or by view port, lock and
unlock layers, set plot styles for layers, and turn plotting on and off for layers. Also,
one can filter the layer names displayed in the Layer Properties Manager, and can
save and restore layer states and properties settings.

By creating layers, one can associate similar types of objects by assigning them to
the same layer. For example, construction lines, text, dimensions, and title blocks can
be put on separate layers and can then be controlled to check

 Whether the objects on a layer are visible in any view ports

 Whether and how the objects are plotted
 What color is assigned to all the objects on a layer
 What default line type and line weight is assigned to all objects on a layer
 Whether objects on a layer can be modified
When a new drawing is begun, AutoCAD creates a special layer named 0. By default,
layer 0 is assigned colour number 7 (white or black depending upon your background
colour), the CONTINUOUS line type, a line weight of Default (the default setting is
.01 inch or .25 mm), and the NORMAL plot style. Layer 0 cannot be deleted or
renamed.

Procedure:
From Format menu, select Layer
At the command prompt, enter LAYER or LA
The Layer & Line type properties dialog box appears
Command: LAYER
Various icons and buttons in the dialog box indicate various statuses of layers and
layer management tools.

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Named Layer Filters

Determines which layers to display in the list of layers. You can filter layers based on
whether they're xref-dependent, or whether they contain objects. You can also filter
layers based on name, visibility, color, line type, line weight, plot style name, whether
they are plotted, or whether they are frozen in the current view port or in new view
ports.

[...] Button: Displays the Named layer filters dialog box

Invert Filter: Displays layers based on the opposites of the criteria in a named layer
filter. Layers that fit the inverse criteria are displayed in the layer name list.

New
Creates a new layer. After you choose New, the list displays a layer named LAYER1.
You can edit this layer immediately. To create multiple layers more quickly, you can
select a layer name for editing and enter multiple layer names separated by commas.
If you create a new layer, the new layer inherits the properties of the currently
selected layer in the layer list (Color, On/Off state, and so on). To create layers with
default settings, make sure that there are no selected layers in the list or that you select
a layer with default settings before beginning layer creation.
Current
Sets the selected layer as the current layer
Delete
Deletes selected layers from the drawing file definition. You can delete only
unreferenced layers. Referenced layers include layers 0 and DEFPOINTS, layers
containing objects, the current layer, and xref-dependent layers. Layers that don't
contain objects, are not current, and are not xref-dependent can be deleted.
List of Layers: Displays layers and their properties. To modify a property, click its
icon. To quickly select all the layers, use the right-click and shortcut menu.
Names: Displays the names of the layers. You can select a name, and then click and
enter a new name.
On/Off: Turns layers on and off. When a layer is on, it is visible and available for
plotting. When a layer is off, it is invisible and not plotted, even if Plot is on.

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Freeze/ Thaw selected layers in all view ports.

You can freeze layers to speed up ZOOM, PAN, and many other operations;
improve object selection performance; and reduce regeneration time for complex
drawings. AutoCAD does not display, plot, hide, render, or regenerate objects on
frozen layers. When you thaw a frozen layer, AutoCAD regenerates and displays the
objects on that layer. You can freeze layers in all view ports, in the current layout
view port, or in new layout view ports as they are created.
Lock/Unlock: Locks and unlocks the layers. You cannot edit objects on a locked
layer. Locking a layer is useful if you want to view information on a layer for
reference but do not want to edit objects on that layer.
Color: Changes the color associated with the selected layers. Clicking the color name
displays the select color dialog box.
Linetype: Changes the line type associated with the selected layers. Clicking any line
type name displays the select Line type color dialog box.
Lineweight: Changes the line weight associated with the selected layers. Clicking
any line weight name displays the select Line weight color dialog box.
Plot Style: Changes the plot style associated with the selected layers. If you are
working with color-dependent plot styles you cannot change the plot style associated
with a layer. Clicking any plot style displays the select plot style dialog box.

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6.ISOMETRIC AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

Aim: To create isometric and orthographic projections of a drawing.

Procedure:
3DFACE
3DFACE creates a three dimensional face
From Draw menu, select Surfaces
At the command prompt, enter 3DFACE or 3F
First point: Specify a point (P1)
Second point: Specify a point (P2)
Third point: Specify a point (P3)
Fourth point: Specify a point (P4) or press Enter
AutoCAD repeats the Third point and fourth point prompts until you press Enter.
Specify points 5 and 6 at these repeating prompts. When you have finished entering
points, press Enter.

Description:
HIDE
HIDE regenerates a three-dimensional model with hidden lines suppressed.
From View menu, select Hide
Procedure: At the command prompt, enter HIDE or HI

Description:
VPORTS: VPORTS divides the graphics area into multiple tiled view ports
Command: VPORTS
Procedure for orthographic projection:
Save /Restore/ Delete/ Join /Single/? / 2/ 3/ 4/: Enter an option or press Enter 3.
This option divides the current view port into three view ports.
Horizontal/ Vertical/ Above/ Below /Left / < Right>:
Enter an option or press Enter
The horizontal and vertical options split the area into thirds. The other options create
one large view port of half the available area and two smaller ones. The Above,
Below, Left, and Right options specify where the larger view port is placed.
The option “2” divides the current view port in half.
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Horizontal< Vertical>: Enter h or press Enter 4.

This option divides the current view port into four view ports of equal size.
Single: Returns the drawing to a single view port view, using the view from the active
view port.
Join
Combines two adjacent view ports into one larger view port. The resulting view port
inherits the view of the dominant view port.
Select dominant view port < current>: Press Enter or select a View port
Select view port to join:
Save
Saves the current view port configuration using a specified name.
? / Name for new view port configuration: Enter a name or?
Entering? Lists the saved view port configurations.
Restore
Restores a previously used view port configuration.
? / Name of view port configuration to restore: Enter a name or ?
Delete
? / Name of view port configuration to delete: Enter a name or ?

REVSURF
REVSURF creates a revolved surface about a selected axis.
From Draw menu, select Surfaces > Revolved Surfaces
At the command: prompt, enter REVSURF
REVSURF constructs a polygon mesh approximating a surface of revolution by
rotating a path or profile about a selected axis.
Command: REVSURF
Select path curve: Select a line, circle, or 2D or 3D polyline
Select axis of revolution: Select a line or open 2D or 3D polyline
The path curve is swept about the selected axis to define a surface.
Start angle < 0 >: Enter a value or press Enter
Included angle (+ = ccw, - = cw) < Full circle> : Enter a value or press Enter

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3D
3D creates three-dimensional polygon mesh objects

From Draw menu, select Surfaces > 3D surfaces

At the command prompt, enter 3D.
The three-dimensional polygon mesh objects 3D constructs look like wire frame
objects but have surfaces. Thus, 3D objects can be shaded or rendered to appear as
solid objects.
Command: 3D
Selecting 3D objects from the menu displays the 3D dialog box. . Entering 3D on the
command line displays the following prompt:
Box / Cone / Dish/ Mesh/ Pyramid / Sphere / Torus / Wedge: Enter an option

Box : Creates a 3D box polygon mesh.

Corner of Box: Specify a point
Length: Specify a distance
Cube / <Width >: Specify a distance or Enter C
Width: Defines the width of the box
Height: specify a distance
Rotation angle about Z axis: Specify an angle
The base point for the rotation is the first corner of the box.

Cube
Creates a cube using the length for the width and height of the box
Rotation angle about Z axis: Specify an angle
The base point for the rotation is the first corner of the box

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Cone
Creates a cone –shaped polygon mesh.
Base center point: Specify a point
Diameter < radius > of base: Specify a distance or Enter D

Sphere
Command: Sphere
Centre of sphere <0,0,0>: Specify a point or press Enter
Diameter / <Radius > of sphere: Specify a distance or enter d

Torus
Torus creates a donut shaped solid
At the command prompt, enter TORUS or TOR
A torus is defined by two radius values, one for the tube and the other from the centre
of the torus to the centre of the tube.
Command: TORUS
Center of torus <0,0,0 >: Specify a point or press Enter
Diameter / <Radius > of Torus: Specify a distance or enter d

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UNION
UNION creates a composite region or solid by addition
At the command prompt, enter UNION or UNI
Command: UNION
Select objects: Use an object selection method

Solid Objects selected Solid Objects United

SUBTRACT

SUBTRACT creates a composite region or solid by subtraction

At the command: Prompt, enter SUBTRACT or SU
Command: SUBTRACT
Select objects: Use an object selection method
Select objects: Press Enter
Select solids and regions to subtract
Select object: Use an object selection method.
Select object: press Enter

Solid object Selected Solid object subtracted

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INTERSECT

INTERSECT creates composite solids or regions from the intersection of two or more
solids or regions
At the command prompt, enter INTERSECT or INT
Command: INTERSECT
Select objects: Use an object selection method

Two Cylinders Intersected part

Procedure for drawing Isometric Views:

1. Change the cursor position to an Isometric plane.
2. From the tool menu, choose drafting settings.
3. In the drafting setting dialogue box, put ON the Snap & Grid tab under snap
type and style, and select Isometric snap.
4. Choose O.K.
5. Cursor is changed to an Isometric plane.
6. We can cycle through the three Isometric planes by pressing F5.
1. AutoCAD through the Iso-plane top, Iso-plane right and Iso-p

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7.VIEWING IN THREE DIMENSION

Aim: To view the drawings in three dimensions.

Description: VPOINT
VPOINT sets the viewing direction for a three dimensional visualization of the
drawing.
Procedure:
From menu, select 3D Viewpoint
At the command prompt, enter VPOINT.
Command: VPOINT
Rotate / < View point > < Current>: Enter R, specify a point , or press to display a
compass and axis tripod.
Viewpoint
AutoCAD follows some convention regarding the sides of a model. As shown in the
figure assuming you are standing on top of the model facing along the +ve Y
direction, the following directions are defined.

Back
bottom
Left Right
Top
Y
Front
X

+ ve X : Right side
- ve X : left side
+ ve Y : Back side
- ve Y : Front side
+ ve Z : Top side
-ve Z : Bottom side
According to this rule, if you want to see the front side of the model, you need to walk
along – ve Y-axis. Based on this rule, you can derive the VPOINT.

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V Point Value View

0, 0, 1 Top View
0, 0, -1 Bottom View
0, -1, 0 Front View
0, 1, 0 Back View
1,0, 0, Right View
-1, 0, 0 Left View
1,-1, -1 Right, front ,Bottom View
-1,-1, -1 Left, front, Bottom View
1,1, -1 Right, Back, Bottom View
-1,1, -1 Left, Back, Bottom View
1,-1, 1 Right, Front, Top View
-1,-1, 1 Left, Front, Top View
1,1, 1 Right, Back, Top View
-1,1, 1 Left, Back, Top View

Compass & Tripod

Pressing enter displays a compass and axis tripod, which you use to define a viewing
direction in the view port .
To select a viewing direction, move the pointing device to a location on the globe and
press the pick button.
With reference to the compass, the resulted view depends on the where you select the
view point on the compass.

Bottom Top

Back

Front

Left Right

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 Any where to the right of the vertical line gives Right side view.
 Any where to the left of the vertical line gives left side view
 Any where above the horizontal line gives Backside view
 Any where below the horizontal line gives Front side view
 Any where inside the small circle gives Top view
 Any where in between small and large circles gives Bottom view

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