Reviewer in Politics

Lesson 3: NATURE, TYPES/

DIMENSIONS, & CONSEQUENCES 3. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
OF POWER  It is the leadership based on culture
that people often give allegiance to the
Basic Elements of Power:
one who occupy the institutional
* Influence position.
 It is the ability to affect the decisions and
4. COERCIVE AUTHORITY
actions of others.
 It is the power to use force such as
* Authority
police or military force to demand
 It is the right to influence another person. obedience from the subordinate.
* Force
METHODS OF EXERCISING POWER
 It is the actual (physical force) or
threatened (latent force) use of coercion 1. PERSUASION
to impose one’s will on others.  In this method what Nation/Per son A
Characteristics of Power does is to influence Nation/Per son B
1. POWER IS THE CAPACITY TO by way of argument s or superior logic
INFLUENCE THE BEHAVIOR OF so that Per son B changes its mind
OTHERS about what it ought to do.

 An individual wields power to the 2. REWARDS

extent he is capable of changing other’s  Nation A can regulate Nation B for
behavior according to one’s wish. doing what Nation A want s by
2. POWER IS SITUATIONAL offering its various rewards.
 It’s function or use depends on  It may include psychological,
situation, circumstances, and position. manipulation, material support,
3. POWER DEPENDS ON ITS USE economic aid, military assistance and
political support.
 It describes how power is being
utilized in carrying it out. 3. PUNISHMENT
4. POWER HAS TWO ASPECTS  Reward and _________ have close
 Actual- It refers to the power that a relationship. The most effective is to
person currently enjoys. withhold reward.
 Potential- It refers to the power that  It may also include hostile activities
a person may enjoy sometime but not like unfriendly propaganda,
now. diplomatic opposition and aid to the
enemy of the state concerned.
TYPES OF AUTHORITY
4. FORCE
1. CHATISMATIC AUTHORITY
 Punishment is usually threatened as a
 It is an influenced possessed by a
preventive measure but when it is
person by virtue of personal
actually carried out, it becomes the
magnetism. They have the capacity to
use of force. Thus, punishment and
gain respect and even adulation to the
_____ are not strictly separated from
point of moving followers to make
each other through some distinction
great sacrifices. It follows not from the
from the viewpoint of prevention and
legal basis of one’s power but of an
actuality and the intensity of hostility,
individual’s personal “gifts.
between these two is made for the
2. RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITY purpose of analysis.
 It is a leadership based on established  The most extreme form is war. It is
law. People obey the leader or always used as the last resort when the
executive because they accept that they above three methods prove futile.
are under the law.
TYPES OF POWER CONSEQUENCES OF POWER
1. REWARD POWER
 The influence is based on the ability to
distribute _____ to control other
people.
 The target person complies in order to
obtain it, he or she believes are
controlled by the agent which either
be tangible or intangible.
2. COERCIVE POWER
 This influence is exercised through
the use of force or violence to induce
fear.
 The target person complies and follow
in order to avoid punishments he or
she believes are controlled by the
agent.
3. LEGITIMATE POWER
 This influence is based on the position
and authority of a person in an
organization.
 The target person complies because he
or she believes the agent has the right 1. COMMITMENT
to make the demand and the target  It is the dedication to a cause or
person has the obligation to comply principle; an obligation,
just like a queen over her constituents. responsibility, or promise, that
4. EXPERT POWER restricts freedom from action.
 It is the ability to influence or control 2. COMPLIANCE
another person’s behavior based on  It is the act or process of complying to
especial skills or knowledge a desire, demand, proposal, or
 The target person complies because he regimen or to coercion, conformity in
or she believes that the agent has fulfilling official requirements, the act
special knowledge and experience. or process of doing what you have
been asked or ordered to do; the act or
5. REFERENT POWER
process of complying
 This influence based on having
3. RESISTANCE
desirable personal characteristics and
traits by an individual.  It is the refusal to accept or comply
with something; the attempt to
 Power of an individual or group over
prevent something by action or
others, based on high level of
argument.
identification with, admiration of, or
respect for the agent in the likes of  The act of fighting against something
celebrities and important that is attacking you, or refusing to
personalities. accept something.
 LESSON 5: RELATIONSHIP AMONG  The exact location or shape of political
NATIONS & STATES IN THE boundaries is often a source of conflict
CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION among states.

Nation  Territorial boundaries may change as a

result of war, negotiations, or purchase
 It is a community of a person living
3. Sovereignty
together bounded by common traits,
tradition, values, and possesses a common  Key characteristics of a state.
goal and destiny. i. Political Sovereignty – The
 From the Latin word, “natio” means “set state has supreme and absolute
authority within its territorial
of people".
boundaries.
State
ii. It has complete independence, and
 It is a people organized for law within a complete power to make laws,
definite territory, possessing both internal shape foreign policy, and
and external sovereignty determine its own course of action.
 While the ____ comes from the Latin iii. In theory, no state has the right to
word “status”, which means “condition”. interfere with the internal affairs of
another state.
 It just refers to a patch of land with a
sovereign government. 4. Government
 It often coincides with nations (and are  One basic corollary in a presidential
called "nation-states, " but not always. system of government is the principle of
separation of powers wherein legislation
 It may be defined as a politically organized belongs to Congress, execution to the
body of people inhabiting a defined Executive, and settlement of legal
geographical entity with an organized controversies to the Judiciary.
legitimate government while a nation is a 3 Branches of the Philippine Government
group of people with a common race,
1. Legislative Branch
culture, religion, and historical
experiences but who may not necessarily  It is authorized to make laws, alter, and
live together in a single territory. repeal them through the power vested in
the Philippine Congress.
Nation and State
 This institution is divided into the
 There could be a Nation composed of Senate and the House of
different states, or a Nation with only one Representatives.
State. But a state can only have one
2. Executive Branch
Nation.
 This branch carries out laws and it is
Element of a State composed of the President and the Vice
1. People President who are elected by direct
 The most obvious essential for a state popular vote and serve a term of six
years.
 The nature of a state’s population affects
its stability  The Constitution grants the President
authority to appoint his Cabinet.
 States where the population shares a
general political and social consensus, or 3. Judicial Branch
agreement about basis beliefs, have the  This branch evaluates laws and it holds
most stable governments. the power to settle controversies
involving rights that are legally
 Mobility- affects the political
demandable and enforceable.
organization of a state
 This branch determines whether or not
2. Territory
there has been a grave abuse of
 A state has established boundaries. discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction on the part and
instrumentality of the government. It is
 made up of a Supreme Court and lower 3. Cultural Globalization
courts.  This type focuses on the social factors that
Globalization cause cultures to converge -- such as
 It is the process by which ideas, goods, increased ease of communication and
and services spread throughout the world. transportation, brought about by
technology.
 In business, the term is often used in an
economic context to describe an Effects of Globalization
integrated economy marked by free trade,  The effects of each type of globalization
the free flow of capital, and corporate use can be felt both locally and globally and
of foreign labor markets to maximize can be observed in interactions at every
returns and benefit the common good. level of society, from an individual at the
How Globalization Works? micro-level to society at the macro level.
The individual-level includes the way
 It is driven by the convergence of international influence affects ordinary
political, cultural and economic systems people within a nation or region. The
that ultimately promote -- and often community-level includes effects on local
necessitate -- increased interaction, or regional organizations, businesses, and
integration and dependency amongst economies. The institutional level includes
nations. effects on multinational corporations,
 The more that disparate regions of the national governments, and higher
world become intertwined politically, education institutions that have
culturally and economically, the more international students.
globalized the world becomes.  At this level, decisions are made that affect
 These international interactions and the lower levels. While the effects of
dependencies are enabled and accelerated globalization can be clearly observed,
by advances in technology, especially in analyzing the net impact of globalization is
transportation and telecommunications. a complex proposition, as specific results
 In general, money, technology, materials of globalization are often seen as positive
and even people flow more swiftly across by proponents and negative by critics.
national boundaries today than they ever Many times, a relationship that benefits
have in the past. one entity may end up damaging another,
and whether globalization benefits the
 The flow of knowledge, ideas and cultures
world at large remains a point of
is expediated through internet
contention.
communications.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Types of Globalization:
Globalization
1. Economic Globalization
Advantages:
 This type focuses on the unification and
 Proponents of globalization argue that
integration of international financial
it can solve fundamental problems
markets, as well as multinational
with the global economy, such as
corporations that have a significant
poverty and unemployment, by
influence on international markets.
promoting a free market that benefits
2. Political Globalization rich and poor nations alike.
 This type deals mainly with policies  Free trade aims to reduce the amount
designed to facilitate international trade of trade barriers between nations. A
and commerce. trade barrier is any imposed
 It also deals with the institutions that restriction on international trade,
implement these policies, which can including tariffs and subsidies. This
include national governments as well as consequently promotes economic
international institutions, such as the growth, creates jobs, makes
International Monetary Fund and the companies more competitive and
World Trade Organization. lowers prices for consumers. It also
theoretically gives poorer countries an
opportunity for economic
 development through exposure to diseases that spread to multiple nations
foreign capital and tech, resulting in very quickly.
conditions that foster an improved The State in the Global Economy
standard of living for the citizens of
 The challenge to state authority does
that nation.
not only come from within (rebels
Disadvantages: advocating for independence or
 The biggest advantages of autonomy) and without (foreign
globalization are also its biggest states). The interest of a state may also
disadvantages. While many clash with intergovernmental
proponents view globalization as an organization (IGO) and the global
avenue for solving core economic economy. When we talked of global
problems, critics see it as worsening economy, we refer to the growing
global inequality. trends for economic activity to operate
 For instance, while some proponents between countries and even beyond
say globalization creates new markets them. This trend started in the second
and wealth -- and promotes greater half of the twentieth century, with the
cultural and social integration by growth of international trade and the
eliminating barriers -- critics blame liberation of production and finance
the elimination of barriers for from the control of states.
undermining national policies and  Like it or not, a state has to face up to
cultures and destabilizing advanced an interdependent economy. This is
labor markets in favor of lower-cost the new world order. The effect of an
wages elsewhere. Similarly, some interdependent economy varies in
proponents point to the rising developed western countries and post-
economies of poor countries colonial countries. The developed
benefiting from companies moving world enjoys the advantage in the
operations there to minimize costs. balance of opportunities and threats.
 Meanwhile, some critics say such In contrast, the underdeveloped and
moves could lower living standards in developing countries remain
developed countries by eliminating dependent on the developed
jobs. While proponents focus on the countries. They are mired in poverty
increased trade benefits and political and remain in competition with other
cooperation that come from a united poor states in the export of
global economy, critics acknowledge agricultural produce and minerals.
that tightly integrated global economic
markets carry greater potential for
global recessions.

Advocates of cultural globalization point to

improved acknowledgement of human
rights on a global scale and shared
understanding of our impact on the
environment, while critics decry the
decimation of unique cultural identity and
language, especially in the age of social
media.
Advocates view the increased ability to travel
and experience new cultures as a selling
point of cultural globalization. However,
critics point out that increased travel has
the potential to increase the risk of
pandemics, with the H1N1 (swine flu)
outbreak of 2009 and the coronavirus of
2020 serving as two examples of serious