Unit 9

Math 7 Introduction to Statistics

Lesson 23
Introduction to Statistics

What You’ll Learn in this module:

a. explain the importance of Statistics
b. pose problems that can be solved using Statistics
c. gather statistical data
d. describe the data using information from the mean, median, and mode
e. illustrates the measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode)
of a statistical data
f. calculates the measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode)
of a statistical data
g. discuss the meaning of measures of variability

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: Write all your answers in the answer sheet provided.

Activity No. 1: “Statistical Data Analysis”

Directions: Cut out 1 picture in a newspaper about statistics and paste it or print 1 picture
about statistics. After that, summarize what have you understood based on the pictures
you have printed/pasted. Below is an example, you may use it as a guide. (20 pts.)
A student report card shows data about
the performance of a particular student. Death
and birth rates are used to monitor the
population in a country. These are just few
statements that highlight the significance of
statistics in your daily life. Anything that
includes data is part of statistics. The given
data are collected, presented, analyzed, and
interpreted to make a conclusion that can be
useful to a particular group.
Source: Geruels, M., De Guzman, L.A, &, Garcia,
A.K. (2015). Mathematics for the 21st century
learner 7. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
pg. 305
STATISTICAL TERMINOLOGIES
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific collection,
organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data in order to
obtain useful and meaningful information.
 Collection of data refers to the process of obtaining information.
 Organization of data refers to the ascertaining manner of presenting the
data into tables, graphs, or charts so that logical and statistical conclusions
can be drawn from the collected measurements.
 Analysis of data refers to the process of extracting relevant information
from the given data from which numerical description can be formulated.
 Interpretation of data refers to the task of drawing conclusions from the
analyzed data.

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 Two Major Areas of Statistics

 Descriptive statistics is a statistical method concerned with describing the
properties and characteristics of a set of data.
 Inferential statistics is a statistical method concerned with the analysis of a
sample data leading to prediction, inferences, interpretation, or conclusion
about the entire population.
 Some Statistical Terms
1. Data is any quantitative or qualitative information.
a. Quantitative data refers to numerical information obtained from
counting or measuring that can be manipulated by any fundamental
operation. Examples: age, IQ scores, height, weight, income.
b. Qualitative data refers to descriptive attributes that cannot be
subjected to mathematical operations. Examples: gender, citizenship,
educational attainment, religion.
2. Population refers to the totality of all elements or persons for which one has
an interest at a particular time. The usual notation for populations is N.
3. Sample is a part of a population determined by sampling procedures. It is
usually denoted by n.
4. Parameter is any statistical information or attribute taken from a population.
It is a true value or actual statistics since its source is the population itself.
5. Statistic is any estimate of statistical attributes taken from a sample.
6. Variable is a specific factor, property, or characteristic of a population or a
sample which differentiates a sample or group of samples from another group.
a. Discrete variable is a variable that can be obtained by counting.
Examples: the number of cellphone users in a company, the number of
computers in the laboratory.
b. Continuous variable is a variable that can be obtained by measuring
objects or attributes. Examples: the weight of students, the temperature in
a city over a period of time, the are of classrooms.
 Scales of Measurements
1. Nominal Measurement – This type of statistical data depicts the presence or
absence of a certain attribute. This usually involves the random assignment of
numbers to represent the attribute.
Examples: race, color classification, gender, civil status
2. Ordinal Measurement – This provides the degree of the presence of an
attribute. Usually, data is classified according to orders of ranks.
Examples: academic ranking, degree of illness
3. Interval Measurement – The measurement where data are arranged in some
order and the differences between data are meaningful. Data at this level may
lack inherent zero starting point.
Examples: test result
4. Ratio – This measurement is an interval level modified to include the inherent
zero starting point.
Examples: physical quantities, allowance

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Activity No. 2: “Listing”

Directions: List down some problems or questions that can be answered using Statistics.
Give only three (3) questions or problems. (5 pts. each)

COLLECTION OF DATA
Data may be gathered by the following:
1. Interview – This method is referred to as the direct method of gathering data
because this requires a face-to-face inquiry with the respondent.
2. Questionnaire – This method is referred to as the indirect method of gathering
data because this makes use of written questions to be answered by the
respondent.
3. Observation – This method makes use of the different human senses in gathering
information.
4. Registration or Census – This method requires the enactment of law to take
effect because it needs the participation of a large, if not the entire, population.
5. Experimentation – This method is usually conducted in laboratories where
specimens are subjected to some aspects of control to find out cause and effect
relationships.
Data gathered may be classified as primary or secondary.
 Primary data are information gathered directly from the source.
 Secondary data are gathered from the secondary sources, such as books, journals,
magazines, or thesis of other researchers.
In data gathering, information is usually taken from a sample. The number of samples is
determined by using the Slovin’s formula.

Slovin’s Formula

N
n= 2 where n¿ number of samples
1+ N e
N ¿ number of population
E ¿ margin of error

Example 1: What is the sample size if the population is 3,000 (N) and the margin of error
is set at:

a. 5 %
SOLUTION: The margin of error is 5 % or 0.05 (just divide 5 by 100 to get 0.05). Thus,
N
n= 2
1+ N e
3000 * Substitute the values
n= 2 N = 3000 and e = 0.05
1+(3000)(0.05)
3000
n= * Multiply 0.05 by itself
1+ ( 3000 )( 0.0025 )
to get 0.0025
3000 * Multiply 0.0025 by
n=
1+7.5 3000 to get 7.5
3000
n= * Add 7.5 by 1 to get
8.5
8.5 and divide 3000 by
8.5
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n=352.94
* Round up the answer
n=353

b. 3 %
SOLUTION: The margin of error is 3 % or 0.03 (just divide 3 by 100 to get 0.03). Thus,
N
n= 2
1+ N e
3000 * Substitute the values
n= 2 N = 3000 and e = 0.03
1+(3000)(0.03)
3000
n= * Multiply 0.03 by itself
1+ ( 3000 )( 0.0009 )
to get 0.0009
3000 * Multiply 0.0009by
n=
1+2.7 3000 to get 2.7
3000
n= * Add 2.7 by 1to get 3.7
3.7
and divide 3000 by 3.7
n=810.81
* Round up the answer
n=811

After determining the number of samples, the next thing to do is to know how
these samples will be gathered and what factors are to be considered in getting these
samples. There are different sampling techniques, the purposes of which may vary from
one another.
1. Probability Sampling – It is a sampling procedure where every element of a
population is given an equal chance of being selected as a member of the
sample.
a. Random sampling – This basic sampling procedure may be done by
lottery or with the aid of a Table of Random Numbers, or the random
function of a scientific calculator.
b. Systematic sampling – This is an alternative to simple random
sampling especially when the population is too big that random
sampling becomes tedious.
c. Stratified random sampling – This is done by creating different classes
or strata within the population. The grouping may be done based on
grade level, income groupings, and gender, among others.
d. Cluster sampling – If the population is too big, a sampling method may
be employed to a smaller area. The population may be divided
geographically into regions, divisions, or districts. To these smaller
areas, other probability sampling procedure can be employed.
2. Nonprobability sampling – This is a sampling procedure in which not every
element of the population is given an equal chance of being selected as sample.
The drawing of samples is based purely on the researcher’s objectives.
a. Convenience sampling – The researcher’s convenience is the primary
concern in using this method.
b. Quota sampling – This is similar to stratified sampling but the drawing
of samples in quota sampling is not done randomly.

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c. Purposive sampling – This is used when the specific objective under

study requires a particular sample which may not cover the entire
population.

Activity No. 3: “Reflection”

Directions: Interview somebody who engages in statistical investigations (teacher,
researcher, business advertisers, etc.). Ask them questions regarding the importance of
statistics in their field of work. Write a 3-sentence narrative/reflection on your discoveries
based on the interview you have conducted. Be guided by the rubric below:
Rubric: Content – 5 pts. Organization of ideas – 5 pts. Total – 10 pts.

Activity No. 4: “Concept Mapping”

Directions: Think of words which relate to the word “variability”. Write the word inside
the box. See answer sheet.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

There are two statistical measures that are important in quantitative description of
data – measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion. A measure of central
tendency or measure of average is a statistic that serves as a representative of the data.
Meanwhile, a measure of dispersion or measure of spread is a statistic that indicates
how close or widespread the data are from the average.
A measure of central tendency is a quantitative representation of the set of data
under investigation. The three measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and
mode.

 The Mean
The mean (in symbol x ¿ or arithmetic average is the most important, the most
useful, and the most widely used measure of central tendency. It is obtained by adding all
the scores/values in a set of data and dividing this sum by the total number of
scores/values. This is also called the computed average.

Mean of Ungrouped Data

Mean=
∑ of data
number of data

Example 2: The grades of Khares in five major subjects are 88, 82, 95, 90, and 85. Find
the mean.
SOLUTION:
∑ of data * Add all the given data or
Mean= numbers
number of data
88+82+95+ 90+85 * Since there are 5 data which are
¿
5 88, 82, 95, 90, and 85, so divide
the sum of data by the number of
440
¿ data there are which is 5.
5
* Thus, the mean is 88.
x=88

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Example 3: The following temperature readings were recorded in Tokyo, Japan on one
winter day.
6 :00 A.M. −1.9 ° C
9 :00 A.M. 3.2 ° C
12 :00 noon 8.7 ° C
3 :00 P.M. 5.4 ° C
6 :00 P.M. 2.0 ° C
9 :00 P.M. −1.2 ° C
Find the mean temperature of these data. * Add all the given data or
SOLUTION: numbers
Mean=
∑ of data
number of data * Since there are 6 data which
are −1.9 ° C , 3.2 ° C , 8.7 ° C ,
−1.9+3.2+8.7+5.4 +2.0+(−1.2) 5.4 ° C ,2.0 ° C and −1.2 ° C , so
¿
6 divide the sum of data by the
¿
16.2 number of data there are which
6 is 6.
x=2.7 ° C * Thus, the mean temperature is
2.7 ° C .
 The Median
The median is the value in the middle position of a given set of data, which is
arranged in descending or ascending order. The median is denoted by Md. or ~x .
To find the median of an ungrouped data, follow the steps:
1. Arrange the quantities either in ascending or descending order.
2. Number the quantities consecutively from 1 to n.

( )
th
n+1
3. If n is odd, the median is the quantity.
2

( ) ()
th th
n n
If n is even, the median is the mean of +1 and quantities.
2 2

Example 4: Find the median of the following scores.

23 , 15 , 9 ,30 , 27 , 10 , 18 ,14 ,13

SOLUTION:
 First, arrange each score in ascending or descending order.

Number Score
1 30
2 27
3 23
4 18
5 15
6 14
7 13
8 10
9 9

( )
th
9+1
 Since n = 9 and is odd, the median is or the 5 th score. Therefore, the
2
~
median is x=15.

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Example 5: Compute the median of the following grades: 89 , 76 , 98 , 88 , 80 , 95.

SOLUTION:
 Arrange the grades in descending or ascending order.

76 80 88 89 95 98

() ( )
th th
n n
 Since n = 6 and is even, the median is the mean of and +1 scores. The
2 2

() ( )
th th
6 6
score or the 3 rd score 88. The +1 or the 4th score is 89 .
2 2
 Simply, you have to get the mean of the two middle grades, which are 88 and 89.
88+89
Therefore, the median is ~x= =88.5.
2

 The Mode
The mode is the most observed data in an experiment. It is denoted by Mo. In a set
of data, it is the most frequently occurring number.
A set of data is a unimodal distribution if it contains only one mode. For
instance, the set 11, 15, 13, 15, 14, 13, 15 is unimodal. The mode is 15 with 3
frequencies.
A set is a bimodal distribution if it contains two modes. For example, the sets 88,
89, 82, 89, 88, 89, and 63, 55, 57, 60, 60, 66, 56, 58, 57 are bimodal. The modes are 82
and 89, and 57 and 60, respectively.
A set of data with three modes is trimodal.

Example 6: The scores of Yolanda in her periodic tests are 15, 20, 23, 20, 18, 20, and 25.
What is the mode of her scores?
SOLUTION: The most observed data from the set of scores is 20. Therefore, the mode
is 20.

Example 7: Give the mode for each set of scores.

a. 9 , 7 , 8 , 9 ,7 , 4 , 6 , 5 ,5 , 7 - The mode is 7.

b. 82 , 83 , 80 , 88 ,85 , 80 , 83 - The modes are 80 and 83.

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
Measures of dispersion or variability refer to the spread of the values about the
mean. There are at least three measures of dispersion, namely range, average deviation,
and standard deviation.

 The Range
Range is simply the difference of the highest (H) and lowest (L) scores in a set of
data under consideration.

Formula for the Range

r=H–L
where: r = range

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H = highest score
L = lowest score
 The Average Deviation
The average deviation is the average distance of the scores from the mean.
Because you are computing the distances of each score from the mean, you will be
dealing with absolute values. Remember that distances are always positive. The average
deviation is computed using the formula:

Formula for Average Deviation for Ungrouped Data

AD=
∑ |x−x|
n

where: AD = average deviation

x = individual item
x = mean
n = number of items under observation

 Variance
The variance is the average square distance of the scores from the mean. It is
denoted by σ 2, where σ is the Greek letter sigma (lowercase).

Formula for Variance

2
σ =
∑ ( x −x )2
n

where: σ 2 = variance
x = values in the set of data
x = mean
n = total number of values

 The Standard Deviation

The most important measure of dispersion is the standard deviation. Like the
mean deviation, standard deviation differentiates sets of scores with equal averages. But
the advantage of standard deviation over mean deviation is its usefulness in statistical
works.

Formula for Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data

SD=
√ ∑ ( x−x )2
n
where: SD = standard deviation
x = individual score
x = mean
n = number of scores

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Activity No. 5: “Comprehension Check”

For items 1-12: Identify the statistical term described in each item. Choose your answer
from the choices. Write only the letter of your answer. STRICTLY NO ERASURES.
Any form of erasure/alteration is considered WRONG.
1. A branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific collection, organization,
presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data in order to obtain useful
and meaningful information.
A. Statistics C. Algebra
B. Trigonometry D. Probability
2. Which of the following procedures show the correct steps in making statistics?
A. collection, analysis, organization or presentation, interpretation
B. collection, organization or presentation, analysis, interpretation
C. organization or presentation, collection, interpretation, analysis
D. organization or presentation, analysis, interpretation, collection
3. A statistical method used to describe the properties and characteristics of a set of data.
A. Descriptive Statistics C. Interview
B. Inferential Statistics D. Survey
4. Numerical information obtained by any fundamental operation.
A. Nominal C. Quantitative data
B. Ordinal D. Qualitative data
5. Part of population obtained through a defined process.
A. Sample C. Statistic
B. Parameter D. Population
6. Totality of all elements under study
A. Statistic C. Sample
B. Variable D. Population
7. Process of extracting relevant information from collected data.
A. collection of data C. organization of data
B. analysis of data D. interpretation of data
8. A variable obtained by measuring objects or its attributes
A. Continuous variable C. Discrete variable
B. Discontinuous variable D. Non-continuous variable
9. Any estimate of variable taken from a sample.
A. Statistic C. Variable
B. Population D. Sample
10. This type of statistical data depicts the presence or absence of a certain attribute.
A. Ordinal measurement C. Ratio
B. Nominal measurement D. Interval measurement
11. It is any statistical information or attribute taken from a population.
A. Variable C. Statistic
B. Parameter D. Sample
12. This provides the degree of the presence of an attribute and usually data is classified
according to order of ranks.
A. Interval measurement C. Ordinal measurement
B. Ratio D. Nominal measurement

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For items 13-22: Identify the most appropriate methods in collecting data to be used in
each of the following research topic. Choose your answer from the choices. Write only
the letter of your answer.

13. The effectiveness of Filipino as medium of instruction in teaching mathematics.

A. experimentation/survey C. registration/interview
B. interview/observation D. survey/experimentation
14. The changes in the behavior of drug dependents
A. interview C. observation
B. experimentation D. registration
15. The physical and behavioral changes in a guinea pig subjected to a new medicine for
SARS
A. experimentation C. registration
B. interview D. survey
16. The number of private and public utility vehicles in the country
A. survey C. experimentation
B. registration D. observation
17. The reaction of some celebrities to the announcement of the presidential bid of an
actor
A. registration/survey C. experimentation/interview
B. interview/observation D. survey/observation
18. The recreational activities of third year students and its relative effects to their study
habits
A. survey C. experimentation
B. observation D. interview
19. The values that are acquired by some teachers from watching telenovelas
A. registration C. interview
B. experimentation D. observation
20. The learning styles of students
A. survey C. experimentation
B. observation D. registration
21. The characteristics, problems, and needs of the Filipino people.
A. experimentation C. survey
B. observation D. registration
22. The average temperature in Baguio City from December 1 to February 1.
A. observation C. survey
B. registration D. interview

For items 23-29: Choose your answer from the choices. Write only the letter of your
answer.
23. Which of the following best defines the measure of central tendency?
A. It is a single value that tells how the scores are related in a set of data.
B. It is a single value that describes the spread of the scores in a set of data.
C. It is a single value that shows variation of the scores in a set of data.
D. It is a single value that describes and represents a set of data.
24. Which is not a measure of central tendency?
A. Mean C. Average deviation
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B. Median D. Mode

25. The mean is _________________________.

A. the most occurring score in a set of data
B. the average of all the scores in a set of data
C. the average distance of the scores from the average
D. the middle value in a set of data when data are arranged from highest to lowest or
vice versa
26. Which of the following is true about the mode of a set of data?
A. It can be more than one value that appears the most in a set of data.
B. It is the middle value in a set of data.
C. It is the best representative of a set of data.
D. It can be the average of two middle scores in a set of data.
27. Which of the following measures is most affected by extreme scores?
A. Average deviation C. Median
B. Mean D. Mode
28. If you want to determine the most common characteristic of a set of data, then which
of the following measures will you use?
A. Mean C. Mode
B. Median D. Standard deviation
29. Which measure of central tendency is not affected by extreme scores?
A. Average deviation C. Median
B. Mean D. Mode

For items 30-32, refer to the following set of grades:

{ 83 , 88 , 91 , 95 , 97 , 99 }

30. What is the mean of the set of grades?

A. 92.16 B. 92.17 C. 93 D.94
31. What is the median of the set of grades?
A. 92.16 B. 92.17 C. 93 D. 94
32. What is the mode of the set of grades?
A. 93 B. 95 C. 97 D. none

For items 33-36. Define the following measures of variability. (2 pts. each)
33. Range
34. Average deviation
35. Variance
36. Standard Deviation

References

Canlapan, R., & Urgena, J.H. (2018). Practical math 7. Makati City. Diwa Learning
aaaaaSystems Inc.
Geruels, M., De Guzman, L.A, &, Garcia, A.K. (2015). Mathematics for the 21st
century aaaaalearner 7. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Javier, D., & Dy, A. (2014). Infomath.com 7: A textbook in K to 12 mathematics
Grade aaaaa7. Manila: A@D Publishing, Inc.
Manalo, C.B, Suzara, J.L., & Mercado, J.P. (2017). Next century mathematics 7.
aaaaaaQuezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
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Math 7 Introduction to Statistics

Nivera, G. (2018). Grade 7 mathematics: Patterns and practicalities. Makati City:

Don aaaaa Bosco Press, Inc.
HOLY CROSS OF HAGONOY, INC.
a.
Poblacion, Hagonoy, Davao del Sur
ANSWER SHEET

Name: Teacher: Ms. Jeany Pearl Eltagonde

Section: PLU Code:
Week No.: 23 – Introduction to Statistics

Activity No. 1: “Statistical Data Analysis” Score:

Activity No. 2: “Listing” Score:

1.

2.

3.
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Math 7 Introduction to Statistics

Activity No. 3: “Reflection” Score:

Activity No. 4: “Concept Mapping” Score:

Variability

Activity No. 5: “Comprehension Check” Score:

1. 6. 11. 16. 21. 26. 31.
2. 7. 12. 17. 22. 27. 32.
3. 8. 13. 18. 23. 28.
4. 9. 14. 19. 24. 29.
5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30.

33.

34.

35.

36.

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Answer Key

1. A
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. B
14. C
15. A
16. B
17. D
18. D
19. C
20. A
21. C
22. B
23. D
24. C
25. B
26. A
27. B
28. C
29. C
30. B
31. B
32. D

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