CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT gti Bedi Wie mistyIndex . Certificate of Excellence... 1 2. Acknowledgement. 3. Aim Of The Project 4, Introduction... 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. . Apparatus. . Procedure... . Observations. . Conclusion... 10. Precautions...... 11. Gallery... 12. BibliographAcknowledgement Primarily | would thank God for being able to complete this project with success, Then | would like to thank my chemistry teacher, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make a success. Her suggestions and her instructions has served as the major contributor towards the completion of the project. Then | would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.AIM OF THE PROJECT © To study the setting of mixture of cement with sand, lime and fly ash with respect to time and strength.INTRODUCTION In the most general sense of the word, CEMENT Is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word “cement” traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and a pulverized brick additive that were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, ceament and cement. The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete. The bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to forma strong building material that is durable in the face of normal environment effects.PORTLAND CEMENT ® Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate), with small quantities of other materials (such as clay) to 1456C ina kiln, in a process known as calcinations, whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide Is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide or quicklime, which is then blended with the other materials that have been included in the mix. The resulting hard substance, called ‘clinker’, is then ground with a small amount of gypsum into a powder to make ‘Ordinary Portland Cement’, the most commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC).Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and non- specialty grout. The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement and water. As a construction material, concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. Portland cement may be gray or white.Theory Introduction Cement Is essentially a finely ground mixture of calcium silicates (3Cao. SiO2) and aluminates (3Cao. ALO3) which sets to a hard mass treated with water. This property makes cement capable of joining rigid masses like bricks, stones, tiles etc. Into coherent structures. The cements have property of setting and hardening under water due to certain physicochemical process and are, therefore, called hydraulic cements. During setting of cement, the physical changes taking place are gel formation and crystallization and chemical changes are hydration and hydrolysis. * The process of solidification of cement paste involves: (i) setting, and (ii) hardening. Setting is stiffening of the original plastic mass into initial gel formation. After setting, hardening starts due to gradual start of crystallization in the interior of the mass. The strength developed by cement at any time depends upon the amount of gel formed and the extent of crystallization. A mixture of cement, sand, small pieces of stone (gravel) and water is known as concrete and sets to an extremely hard structure.Construction of Buildings Using Cement * Cement used in construction is characterized as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (e.g. Portland cement) harden because of hydration chemical reactions that occurs independently of the mixture’s water content; they can harden even underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water produces hydrates that are not water-soluble. Non- hydraulic cements (e.g. Lime and gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in order to retain their strength.EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND ON SETTING OF CEMENT. MORTAR © Sand obtained from different sources has different qualities. For example, Sea sand obtained from sea contains unwanted salts and retards setting of cement and is not suitable for making mortar. On the other hand, Pit sand is obtained from pits in the soil and the River sand obtained from riverbed is considered excellent for preparing mortar and concrete. EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR ¢ Time has an important role on strength of developed cement mortar. When a cement paste in the ratio 1:3 in water is allowed to dry, the strength of solid mass keeps on increasing with increase in time given for setting. It acquires a nearly full strength in 28 days.Precautions e Handle the Glass wares safely © Allow the time required to set © Spray only required amount of waterObservation sl COMPOSITIO | MINIMUM WEIGHT TO BREAK THE SLAB No. N AFTER OF MIXTURE AND RATIO 3/7 10 DAYS DAYS DAYS 1. CEMENT:RE | 18 GRAM 20GRAM /|30 GRAM VER SAND (4:3) 2. CEMENT:RIV | 16 GRAM 18GRAM | 26 GRAM ER SAND:FLY ASH (2 3. CEMENT:RIV | 10 GRAM 15GRAM | 20 GRAM ER SAND:LIME (1:3:1)Bibliography + www.wikipedia.com