Contents

Question 1.............................................................................................................................................1
Question 2.............................................................................................................................................1
Question 3.............................................................................................................................................1
Question 4.............................................................................................................................................1

Question 1
Given a subnet mask of 255.255.255.128, answer the following questions.

How many bits are used to represent the Net-ID?

25

How many bits are used to represent the Host-ID?

How many subnets will be created by the mask on IP address 192.1.2.0

128

How many usable IP addresses are there per subnet?

126

List the first two subnets and their broadcast addresses using the IP 192.1.2.0

192.1.2.0  192.1.2.127

192.1.2.128  192.1.2.255

Question 2
Convert from Decimal to Binary

122

01111010

253

11111101

Convert from Binary to denary

11101011

235

10111110

190

What is the function of the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)?)

ARP is a protocol that dynamically maps IP addresses to corresponding MAC addresses on a local
network, enabling devices to communicate by identifying each other's hardware addresses

Answer the following questions based on the picture above. Host A want to send an ARP request to
Host C.

What is the address that Host A is going input as; a. Destination MAC address? Source MAC address?

S 00-01-02-03-04-AA

D ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff

What would be the source and destination IP addresses of the ARP packet?

S 10.0.01

D 10.0.0.3

What kind of ARP will host A send?

Host A will send a broadcast ARP request to Host C

What is the purpose of a DNS server in a network environment?

The purpose of a DNS (Domain Name System) server in a network environment is to translate
human-readable domain names (like www.example.com) into corresponding IP addresses that
computers use for communication on the internet, facilitating the process of locating and
connecting to specific websites or services.

Question 3
What are the Protocol data Units (PDUs) for the following OSI layers called?

Network layer

Packet

Session layer

Data

Physical layer

Bit
Describe any three goals for using the OSI model.

Standardization: The OSI model standardizes data networking protocols to allow communication
between all networking devices across the entire planet1.

Troubleshooting: It helps network administrators by dividing the large data exchange process into
smaller segments, which are easier to understand, manage, and troubleshoot1.

Systematic Approach: The OSI model provides a systematic approach to understanding how
information is transferred from one networking component to another1.

Explain the purpose of a routing table in a router

A routing table in a router serves as a crucial roadmap for network traffic, determining the most
efficient path for data packets to reach their intended destinations based on IP addresses. It helps
the router make informed decisions about where to forward incoming data, optimizing network
performance and ensuring timely delivery.

Which two Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) message types are used as part of a successful
Ping

Echo Request (Type 8)

Echo Reply (Type 0)

If the TTL value in the IP header of a datagram reaches zero, what action will be taken by the
receiving gateway?

If the TTL (Time-to-Live) value in the IP header of a datagram reaches zero, the receiving gateway
will discard the datagram and send an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to the source host. This
message informs the source host that the datagram was discarded due to the TTL value reaching
zero, preventing potential infinite loops in the network.

Give two (2) advantages of working in a Client/Server Environment

Centralized Management and Control:

Scalability and Resource Sharing

Question 4
What are the three characteristics of Transmission Control Protocol

Connection-Oriented

Reliable:

Flow Control and Congestion Control

Explain the following statement; "IP is an unreliable, connectionless protocol.

This means that Internet Protocol (IP) does not guarantee the successful delivery of packets, and it
doesn't establish a connection before sending data. Packets may be lost, duplicated, or arrive out
of order during transmission.

How does IP overcome the above statement in other to be effective?

IP relies on higher-level protocols (like TCP) to ensure reliability and connection-oriented
communication. TCP adds the missing features, like connection establishment and error checking,
on top of IP to make the communication reliable.

Explain what are Routing metrics and give two examples?

Routing metrics are values or criteria used by routers to determine the best path for forwarding
data packets. They are used to evaluate and compare routes to make routing decisions.

Hop Count:

Bandwidth

The following criteria are used by routers to rate the reliability and priority of a routing protocol's
data. Can you elaborate more on what they mean;

a. Convergence time
This refers to the time it takes for a network to reach a stable state after a change in
topology. A faster convergence time is desirable as it reduces the likelihood of data loss
during network changes.
b. Overhead
Overhead is the additional data transmitted in the form of control messages or headers
that are necessary for routing protocols to function. Lower overhead is preferred as it
reduces the consumption of network resources.

c. Administrative Distance
It's a value assigned to routes by a router to determine the trustworthiness of routing
information received from various sources. Lower administrative distance values are more
trusted, and the router will prefer routes with lower values when making routing
decisions.

Analyze the network below and answer the questions which follow.

Show the broadcast domains by circling them on the above network diagram