PROJECT REPORT

On

MODELING AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A UNIVERSAL JOINT

Submitted by
BUGUDE UDAY
(ID: R180007)
Bachelor of Technology
In
Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies

RK Valley Institute
Andhra Pradesh
 MODELING AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF
UNIVERSAL JOINT

1. ABSTRACT

➢ A universal joint, also known as a Hooke's joint. The universal joint is considered to
be one of the oldest of all flexible couplings. It is generally known for its utilization
on vehicles and trucks. Universal Joints are used to transmit torque from one shaft to
another which are inclined to each other. It is an ideal form of coupling to transmit
power efficiently when inclination of shafts is unavoidable. Universal joint is a joint
or coupling that connects rigid rods with angled axes. It's commonly found in rotary
motion transmission shafts. It consists of a cross shaft linking two hinges that are
close together and oriented at 90 degrees to each other. An all universal joint in its
least complex structure comprises of two shaft yokes at right angle to each other and a
four point cross which interfaces the yokes. The cross rides inside the bearing cap
assemblies , which are squeezed into the yoke eyes.
➢ In this project the modeling of the Universal joint is done using CATIA software. The
structural analysis is carried out using ANSYS WORKBENCH software with
different materials Based on the von- mises stress values the suitable material is
selected.

2. INTRODUCTION

A universal joint also known as universal coupling, U joint, Cardan joint, Hardy-Spicer joint,
or Hooke’s joint. A universal joint (U-joint) is a joint in a rigid rod that permits the rod to
move up and down while spinning in order to transmit power by changing the angle between
the transmission output shaft and the driveshaft as shown in Figure1.
 Figure 1

A basic U-joint consists of driving yoke, driven yoke, spider and trunnions. Each connection
part of the spider and trunnion are assembled in needle bearing together with the two yokes.
The driving yoke force the spider to rotate the other two trunnions. The previous action
causes the driven yoke to rotate.

A universal joint also known as universal coupling, U joint, Cardan joint, Hardy-Spicer joint,
or Hooke’s joint is a joint or coupling used to connect rotating shafts that are coplanar, but
not coinciding. A universal joint is a positive, mechanical connection used to transmit
motion, power or both. Each universal joint assembly consists of three major components:
two yokes (flange and weld) and a cross trunnion. An automotive flange yoke has a machined
flat face which may be affixed through a bolted connection to the rear differential of a
vehicle. A weld yoke incorporates a machined step, and is inserted into the end of the
driveshaft and welded in place. The cross trunnion is used to deliver rotation from one yoke
to another using four needle pin bearings.

A universal joint is a joint or coupling in a rigid rod that allows the rod to bend in any
direction, and is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion. It generally consists of
two hinges located close together, oriented at 900 to each other, connected by a cross shaft. It
is widely used in industrial applications and vehicle drivelines to connect misaligned shafts.
A major problem with the use of a Hooke’s joint is that it transforms a constant input speed to
a periodically fluctuating one. The kinematical consequences of this property of this joint can
be remedied, as long as rigid body rotations are concerned, by using two converse Hooke’s
joint .But if torsion vibrations of the propeller shaft are concerned, there is no way of
removing the dynamical consequences of an introduced Hooke’s joint in a rear wheel drive
vehicle. In a widely used single piece drive shaft, two universal joints are used Universal
joint and drive shaft assembly two universal joints are preferred in order to avoid the
transformation of constant input speed into a fluctuating speed which is encountered when a
single universal joint is used. Now a day’s more emphasis is being given on reducing the
weight of the drive shaft. It is being tried to replace the existing Steel shafts with Aluminium
alloy shafts as it has a higher strength to weight ratio. Attempts are also being made to
replace conventional steel shafts with hybrid aluminum composite drive shafts. The main
concept of the universal joint is based on the design of gimbals, which have been in use since
antiquity. One anticipation of the universal joint was its use by the Ancient Greeks on
ballistae. The first person known to have suggested its use for transmitting motive power was
Gerolamo Cardano, an Italian mathematician, in 1545, although it is unclear whether he
produced a working model. In Europe, the device is often called the Cardan joint or Cardan
shaft. Christopher Polhem of Sweden later reinvented it, giving rise to the name Polhemsknut
in Swedish.

3. MODELING OF THE FRICTION UNIVERSAL JOINT

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO CATIA

CATIA is a completely computerization programming which relates with the mechanical

field. It is graphical UI which is anything but difficult to learn furthermore the product is
highlight based and parametric strong demonstrating. We can draw 2D and 3D models of a
section and in like manner the gathering of the parts should be possible in it.
The shape or geometry of the model or get together is needy upon the qualities which are
alluded as imperatives. Modules, for example, sketcher module used to outline 2D drawings,
part plan module is utilized to outline the 3D models of geometry, and Assembly work
configuration is utilized to gather the distinctive parts which are attracted the part plan
module. Kinematics is utilized to give the recreation or movement to the part bodies which
are composed and gathered to some extent and get together plan modules.
Distinctive modules utilized as a part of CATIA
• Sketcher
• Part Design
• Assembly Design
• Kinematics
By Using the CATIA programming the part plans were planned and get together is made on
the grounds that contrasted with other programming's CATIA is anything but difficult to
outline.
3.2 PART DESIGN

A typical universal joint consists of the following parts:

1. Centre block
2. Fork
3. Pin
4. Collar
5. Taper Pin
All parts are discussed in detail below.

Figure 2: Parts of a Universal Joint

3.2.1 Fork

Two Forks are used for providing support to the shafts that are to be connected
using the universal joint. A typical fork consists of a central hole to support shaft
and a keyway to accommodate shaft key. It also contains two holes to support a
pin. Forks are designed in such a manner that they fit accurately over the centre
block.

Procedure
➢ Open Catia V5 software click on Start in menu bar > Mechanical design >
Part Design > Enter part name as fork click on OK.

➢ Select YZ plane click on Positional Sketch in application tool bar click on

OK.
➢ Go to Profile tool bar select Centred Rectangle sketch.
➢ Make centre as origin draw a rectangle and go to constrains select
constrain give horizontal and vertical dimensions horizontal dimensions as
88mm and vertical dimensions as 162mm and click on exit the work
bench.
➢ Go to Sketch – Based Features in tool bar click on pad then Pad Definition

will open and then click on OK.

➢ Select XY plane go to reference elements (extended) tool bar select Plane
then Plane Definition will open
and then click on OK.
➢ Select Plane.1 go to Positional Sketch in application tool bar click on OK.
Adjust the sketch with Pan in View Toolbar and go to Profile Toolbar
select Circle and draw circle with some distance from origin and again
draw another Circle making centre as first circle and go to constrains tool
 bar select constrain give dimensions of the circles as diameters Circle.1
diameter is 30mm and Circle.2 diameter is 76mm and distance between
centre of the circle to the origin as 45mm.

➢ Now select the vertical line of the rectangle which near to the two circles
and then go to Operation toolbar select Project 3D Element and again go to
Sketch Tools toolbar select Construction/Standard Element after selecting
deselect the Construction/Standard Element and go to profile toolbar select
the profile draw the profile as shown in figure. Select line1 and outer circle
using ctrl button in keyboard go to constrain toolbar select Constrain
Defined in Dialog Box then Constrain Definition will open then select
Tangency and click on OK and again outer circle and line2 using ctrl
button in keyboard go to constrain toolbar select Constrain Defined in
Dialog Box then Constrain Definition will open then select Tangency and
click on OK and after that go to Operation toolbar in that select
Relimitations in that select Quick Trim option then trim the unwanted part
as shown in figure and Exit Workbench.
➢ Go to Sketch – Based Features in tool bar click on pad then Pad Definition
will open

and then click on OK.

➢ Go to Tree Diagram expand the Part

Body under that select the Pad.2 and
then go to Transformation Features
toolbar click on Mirror (click yes if
shows warning) and then Mirror
Definition will open select the XY
plane click on OK as shown in
figure.

➢ Now rotate bottom of the fork using the Rotate command in View Toolbar
and select the bottom of the fork then go to Positional Sketch in
Application Toolbar then click on OK and go to Profile Toolbar click on
Circle draw a Circle making centre as the origin then go to Constrain
Toolbar select Constrain give the dimensions of the circle as diameter is
88mm and then Exit Workbench.
➢ Go to Sketch – Based Features in tool bar click on pad then Pad Definition
will open as shown in figure below
 And then click on OK.
➢ Select the bottom of the fork
Pad.4/Face.1 go to Positional
Sketch click on OK and then click
on Normal to View command in
View Toolbar and go to Profile
Toolbar click on Circle then draw
a circle making centre as the
origin and give the circle diameter
is 50mm then again go to Profile
Toolbar select Centred Rectangle
draw a rectangle making centre
where the coincidence the vertical
line of the origin to the circle
make that point as the centre draw
rectangle and then give dimensions of the rectangle as Horizontal is 8mm and
Vertical is 4mm and zoom the object using the Zoom in command in View
tollbar and go to Quick Trim option trim unwanted part (trim the rectangle
inside the circle) as shown in the figure and Exit Workbench.
➢ Go to Sketch – Based Features in tool bar click on Pocket then Pocket
Definition will open as shown in figure below
 and then click on Ok.
➢ Successfully created fork and now go to File section in Menu bar click on
Save as then file selection is open then enter the file name as fork click on
Save.
➢ Complete Fork part design is figure3 is shown below.

Figure 3: Fork
3.2.2 Centre Block

Centre block is the basic building block of a universal joint. It provides support to
the forks used in the joint. It consists of two hollow cylinders joined together at
right angles to each other. Holes in the centre block are meant to accommodate
pins.

Procedure

➢ Click on File in Menu Toolbar click on New then List of Types: will open
select Part click on ENTER button in keyboard and shown in figure below.

and enter file name as Centre Block click on OK.

➢ Select YZ plane click on Positional Sketch in application tool bar click on
OK.

➢ Go to Profile toolbar click on Circle and

draw the two circles making centre as the
origin then go to Constrain toolbar select
Constrain give the dimensions circle.1
diameter is 30mm and circle.2 diameter is
56mm. as shown figure below and then
Exit Workbench.
➢ Go to Sketch – Based Features in tool bar click on pad then Pad Definition
as shown in figure below.

and then click on OK.

➢ Select XY plane go to Positional Sketch and click on OK and go to
Profile toolbar click on circle then draw two circles from some
distance of vertical origin and click on Constrain give the dimensions
of the two circles diameter of circle.1 is 30mm and circle.2 is 56mm
and now give the distance between centre of the circle to horizontal
axis is 38mm as shown in figure and Exit Workbench
➢ Go to Sketch – Based Features in tool bar click on pad then Pad
Definition as shown in figure below.

and then click on OK.

➢ Successfully created Centre Block and now go to File section in
Menu bar click on Save as then file selection is open then enter the
file name as Centre Block click on Save.
➢ Complete Fork part design is figure4 is shown below.

Figure 4: Centre Block

3.2.3 Pin

It is a component used for securing the fork to the centre block. It contains a
tapered hole to accommodate a taper pin. In a universal joint, two pins are used to
connect two forks to the centre block.

Procedure

➢ Click on File in Menu Toolbar click on New then List of Types: will open
select Part click on ENTER button in keyboard and shown in figure below.

and entre file name as Pin and then click on OK.

➢ Select YZ plane click on Positional Sketch in application tool bar click on
OK.

➢ Go to Profile toolbar click on Profile and draw the pin part as shown in the
figure below.

and then click on Exit Workbench.

➢ Go to Sketch – Based Features in tool bar click on Shaft then Shaft Definition
will open as shown in figure below

and then click on OK.

➢ Select the YZ plane go to Positional Sketch click on OK and then go to Profile
toolbar click on circle draw a circle of diameter 5.5mm where the end of the
pin at a distance of 12mm as shown in figure below and then Exit Workbench.

➢ Go to Sketch – Based Features in tool bar click on

Pocket then Pocket Definition as shown in figure
and then click on OK.
 ➢ Successfully created Pin and now go to File section in Menu bar click on Save
as then file selection is open then enter the file name as Pin click on Save.
➢ Complete Pin part design is figure5 is shown below.

Figure 5: Pin

3.2.4 Collar

It is used for securing the location of the pin that is inserted into the fork. It
contains tapered holes to accommodate taper pin. In a universal joint, two collars
are used to secure two pins.

Procedure

➢ Click on File in Menu Toolbar click on New then List of Types: will open
select Part click on ENTER button in keyboard and shown in figure below.

and entre file name as Collar and then click on OK.

➢ Select XY plane click on Positional Sketch in application tool bar click on
OK.

➢ Go to Profile toolbar click on Circle and draw two circles making centre as
origin and give dimensions of the circle as circle.1 diameter is 30mm and
circle.2 diameter is 50mm as shown in the figure below and then Exit
Workbench.

➢ Go to Sketch – Based Features in tool bar click on pad then Pad Definition
as shown in figure below.

and then click on OK.

➢ Select ZX plane go to Positional Sketch in application toolbar and then

click on OK. And go to Profile toolbar select circle and then draw a circle
 making centre as origin circle of diameter is 5.5mm and then Exit
Workbench.
➢ Go to Sketch – Based Features in tool bar click on Pocket then Pocket
Definition as shown in figure and then click on OK.

and then click on Ok.

➢ Successfully created Collar and now go to File section in Menu bar click
on Save as then file selection is open then enter the file name as Collar
click on Save.
➢ Complete Collar part design is figure6 is shown below.

Figure 6: Collar
3.2.5 Tapper Pin

It holds the stick and neckline in the craved area. It keeps the stick from pivoting
or moving. This guarantees the unbending nature of the widespread joint.

Procedure

➢ Click on File in Menu Toolbar click on New then List of Types: will open
select Part click on ENTER button in keyboard and shown in figure below.

and entre file name as Tapper Pin and then click on OK.
➢ Select YZ plane click on Positional Sketch in application tool bar click on
OK.

➢ Go to Profile toolbar click on Profile and draw the Tapper pin part as
shown in the figure below and then Exit Workbench.
➢ Go to Sketch – Based Features in tool bar click on Shaft then Shaft
Definition will open as shown in figure below.
 and then click on OK.
➢ Successfully created Tapper Pin and now go to File section in Menu bar
click on Save as then file selection is open then enter the file name as
Tapper Pin click on Save.
➢ Complete Tapper Pin part design is figure7 is shown below.

Figure 7: Tapper Pin

3.3MODELING

❖ Open Catia V5 software click on Start in menu bar > Mechanical Design >
Assembly Design.
❖ Go to Product Structure tools in Toolbar menu click on Existing Component and
then click on Product1 on the Tree Diagram which is located in top left corner
then file selection window will open select fork part click on open after opening
fork part go to Constrain toolbar click on Fix Component and then select the
bottom fork part.
❖ Go to Product Structure tools in Toolbar menu click on Existing Component and
then click on Product1 then file selection window will open select centre part
click on open after opening centre part move centre part using the move toolbar in
click on manipulation in that select X – direction or which position is required and
click on OK go to Constrains toolbar click on Coincidence Constrain then select
the axis of the centre part fork part and then click on Update all in View toolbar.
And again go to move centre part using the move toolbar in click on manipulation
in that select Drag along Z axis and Drag around the Z axis or which position is
required to the some part of the towards fork part side and then go to Tree
Diagram expand the Constrains then click on the Coincide2 after that click on
Update all in View toolbar. Go to Constrain toolbar click on Contact Constrain
then select the faces of the centre and fork parts of the one side of the both faces
and then click on Update all. Figure as shown below
 .
❖ Go to Product Structure tools in Toolbar menu click on Existing Component and
then click on Product1 then file selection window will open again select a fork
part click on open after opening fork part go to move fork part using the move
toolbar in click on manipulation in that select Drag along Y-axis and then go to
tree diagram select fork2 and then move fork2 part some distance based on the
Y-axis rotate fork2 and then again rotate X- axis and then click on OK. go to
Constrains toolbar click on Coincidence Constrain then select the axis of the
centre part fork2 part and then click on Update all in View toolbar. If constrain is
not yet constrained go to constrain toolbar select Contact constrains select both the
faces of the one side and then click on Update All in View toolbar. Figure as
shown below.

❖ Go to Product Structure tools in Toolbar menu click on Existing Component and

then click on Product1 then file selection window will open select Pin part click
on open after opening pin part move pin part using the move toolbar in click on
manipulation move pin based on which position is required. Go to Constrain
toolbar select Coincidence Constrain and then select the axis of the pin and fork1
parts of the axis’s and then click on Update All. And then go to the Constrain
toolbar select the Contact Constrains and select the one side faces of the both pin
and fork1 and the click on Update All. Figure as shown in below.
❖ Go to Product Structure tools in Toolbar menu click on Existing Component and
then click on Product1 then file selection window will open again select a collar
part click on open after opening collar part go to move collar part using the move
toolbar click on manipulation after that select based on the required position and
then rotate the collar part for tapper pin slot using the manipulation and then go to
constrain toolbar select the Coincide Constrain select axis of the collar and pin
parts and then click on Update All. go to constrain toolbar select the Coincide
Constrain select faces of the end of the pin part i.e., fork1 part face and collar face
and then click on Update All.
❖ Go to Product Structure tools in Toolbar menu click on Existing Component and
then click on Product1 then file selection window will open again select a Tapper
Pin part click on open after opening Tapper pin part using move toolbar click on
manipulation move tapper pin part based on required position and then Constrain
toolbar click on Coincidence Constrain and then select the axis’s of the tapper pin
and collar parts and then click on Update All. Go to constrain click on Quick
Constrain select both YZ planes of the tapper pin and collar pin click on update
all. Go to Constrain in toolbar click on Off Set Constrain select YZ plane of the
tapper pin give off set as 30mm and then click on Update All. As shown in figure.

❖ Same as above assemble Pin, Collar and Tapper pin on the second fork.2. Go to
Product Structure tools in Toolbar menu click on Existing Component and then
click on Product1 then file selection window will open select Pin part click on
open after opening pin2 part move pin part using the move toolbar in click on
manipulation move pin based on which position is required. Go to Constrain
toolbar select Coincidence Constrain and then select the axis of the pin2 and fork2
parts of the axis’s and then click on Update All. And then go to the Constrain
toolbar select the Contact Constrains and select the one side faces of the both pin
and fork2 and the click on Update All.
❖ Go to Product Structure tools in Toolbar menu click on Existing Component and
then click on Product1 then file selection window will open again select a collar
part click on open after opening collar2 part go to move collar part using the move
toolbar click on manipulation after that select based on the required position and
then rotate the collar part for tapper pin slot using the manipulation and then go to
constrain toolbar select the Coincide Constrain select axis of the collar2 and pin2
parts and then click on Update All. go to constrain toolbar select the Coincide
Constrain select faces of the end of the pin part i.e., fork2 part face and collar2
face and then click on Update All.
❖ Go to Product Structure tools in Toolbar menu click on Existing Component and
then click on Product1 then file selection window will open again select a Tapper
 Pin part click on open after opening Tapper pin2 part using move toolbar click on
manipulation move tapper pin part based on required position and then Constrain
toolbar click on Coincidence Constrain and then select the axis’s of the tapper
pin2 and collar2 parts and then click on Update All. Go to constrain click on
Quick Constrain select both YZ planes of the tapper pin2 and collar2 click on
update all. Go to Constrain in toolbar click on Off Set Constrain select YZ plane
of the tapper pin2 give off set as 30mm and then click on Update All. As shown in
figure.

❖ Successfully Completed MODELING in Catia V5 software.

❖ Complete MODELING figure is shown below.

Figure 8: Universal Joint Modeling in Catia V5

❖ Now go to File section in Menu bar click on Save as then file selection is open
then enter the file name as Universal Joint and then below that file type as .igs and
then click on Save.
4. MODELING OF THE FRICTION UNIVERSAL JOINT

4.1 Introduction to ansys and structural analysis

➢ Design of a product that used to be done by tedious hand drawings has been
replaced by computer-aided design (CAD) using computer graphics
➢ Analysis of a design used to be done by hand calculations and many of the
testings have been replaced by computer simulations using computer- aided
engineering (CAE) software.
➢ Ansys is a analysis software.
➢ The ANSYS program is self-contained general purpose finite element
program. This is developed and maintained by Swason analysis systems Inc.
ANSYS finite element analysis software enables following tasks: • Apply
design performance conditions or other operating loads. • Build computer
model or transfer models of structures, components, products, or system. •
Testing prototype in environments where it otherwise would be impossible or
undesirable. • Studying physical responses such as temperature distributions,
stress levels or electromagnetic fields. • Reducing the productions cost by
optimizing design early in the development process. The ANSYS project has a
compressive graphical client interface (GUI) that gives clients simple,
intelligent access to program capacities, orders, documentation and reference
material. A natural menu framework offers clients some assistance with
navigating through the ANSYS program. Clients can enter information
utilizing a mouse, a console, or a blend of both.
➢ A graphical client interface all through the project, to direct new clients
through the learning process and furnish more experienced clients with
different windows, draw down menus, dialog boxes, apparatus bar and online
documentation.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

➢ The essential idea in fem is that the body or structure may be separated into
littler components of limited measurements called "Finite Elements". The first
body or the structure is then considered as a gathering of these components
associated at a limited number of joints called "nodes" or "nodal points" Basic
capacities are approximated the relocations over each limited component.
Such accepted capacities are called "shape capacities". This will speak to the
uprooting within the component as far as the remit Element technique is a
scientific apparatus for illuminating common and fractional at the hubs of the
components. The Final differential comparison in light of the fact that it is a
numerical instrument, it can take care of the unpredictable issue that can be
spoken to in differential mathematical statement from. The use of FEM is
boundless as respects the arrangement of commonsense configuration issues.
 FEM has good efficiency to solve problems and cost critical problems as the
cost for computing power is high. Vol 4 issue 29 January to March Page 244
2021 The finite element method can be utilized to solve problems in the
following areas:
• Structural analysis
• Thermal analysis
• Vibrations and dynamics
• Buckling analysis
• Acoustics
• Fluid flow simulations
• Crash simulations
• Mould flow simulations
To calculate the area of circle without using conventional formula, one
of the approach could be dividing the area into number of equal segments. The
area of each triangle multiplied by the number of such segments gives the total
area of the circle
➢ A static structural analysis determines the displacements, stresses, strains,
and forces in structures or components caused by loads that do not induce
significant inertia and damping effects.

5. Analysis of Universal joint using ANSYS:

5.1 COPPER:

➢ Open Ansys Workbench in left of the Toolbox have in that double click the
Static Structural and then side of the Toolbox panel have Project Schematic
in that Static Structural will open like a table as shown in figure below.
➢ In project schematic in that have a table at top left corner of the table have a
down arrow mark click that select rename option rename it as Copper and then

click enter button in keyboard.

➢ In project schematic panel have a table double click on the ‘Engineering
Data’ then a new tab will open figure as shown below.

➢ In that new tab have a Outline of Schematic A2: Engineering Data in that have
a table in that table have a A column at the end of the column have a “Click

here to add a new material” click on that add a material name as ‘Copper’ and
then click on enter button in keyboard figure as shown in below.

➢ After that in Toolbox have ‘Physical Properties’ expand that in that have
‘Density’ double on that Density that will show in Properties of Outline Row
4: Copper under this panel have a table, in that table have a Density in column
A and then double click on the density row of in the column B enter density as
896 then click enter button in keyboard in C column density row select the
unit as Kg m^-3 and then click on enter figure as shown in below.
➢ Go to the ‘Outline of Schematic A2: Engineering Data’ select the copper and
then after that in Toolbox have ‘Linear Elastic’ expand that, in that have
‘Isotropic Elasticity’ double on that will open at the right side of the screen
name as : ‘Table of Properties Row 4: Isotropic Elasticity’ in that have a table,
in that at B column have Young’s Modulus under that click on the 3rd row
enter the Young’s Project is 128E9 and click on enter and then go to C column
have Poisson’s ratio click on 3rd row under the poisson’s ratio enter poisson
ratio is 0.34 and then click on enter button in keyboard figure as shown in
below. After entering values close the Engineering Data by clicking on the X
button.

➢ Now go to Project Schematic under this have a table, in that table double click
on the ‘Geometry’ after sometime ‘Design Modeler’ will open in a separate
Window. In that window have a menu, click on the ‘file’ in menu bar, under
file menu click on ‘Import External Geometry file…’ then a new pop up file
manger window will open, in that window select previously saved Universal
Joint.igs file which is done in catia, double click on the universal joint.igs file
after that click on ‘Generate’ option which is located in under menu bar in
design modeler window. Then universal joint model will open in design
modeler under the Graph section figure as shown in below.
➢ Now go to the ansys workbench window in go to Project Schematic under this
have a table, in that table double click on the ‘Model’ after sometime a new
‘Model’ window will open as a separate Window. Now in model window
expand the ‘Connections’ > ‘Contacts’ which is located at the left of the panel
under the Outline. Now select the ‘contact 10’ (which is pin connection
/contact) under the tree dialogue box will select type as ‘No Separation’ figure
as shown in below.

➢ Now again select the ‘Contact 12’ (which is pin connection /contact) under
the tree dialogue box will select type as ‘No Separation’ figure is shown
below.
➢ Now go to the tree diagram expand the ‘Geometry’ in that geometry have ten
PartBody’s select the all ten part body’s using ctrl button in keyboard. Then
under the tree diagram a new dialogue box will open named as ‘Detail’s of
Multiple Selection’, in that under the material section default it’s material is
selected as Structural Steel instead of this select ‘Copper’ Material figure as
shown in below.

➢ Now go to tree diagram right click on the ‘Mesh’ > click the ‘Generate Mesh’
figure as shown below.
➢ After generating mesh go to the tree diagram right click on the ‘Static
Structural, > click on the ‘Insert’ > click on the ‘Fixed Supports’, after
clicking the fixed supports below the tree diagram a new dialogue box will
open that is ‘Details of “Fixed Supports” ’, now go to the universal joint
model select the fixed supports and then click on apply in dialogue box as
shown in figure below.

➢ Now again go to the tree diagram right click on the ‘Static Structural, > click
on the ‘Insert’ > click on the ‘Moment’, after clicking the Moment below the
tree diagram a new dialogue box will open that is ‘Details of “Moment” ’, now
go to the universal joint model select the Moment and then click on apply in
dialogue box after that in dialogue box have Define section in that section
have ‘Define By’ default have vector we have select the ‘Components’ after
selecting below that have X Component enter X component is 100 N.m and
then click on Enter button in keyboard as shown in figure below.
 ➢ Now go to the tree diagram click on right on ‘Solution’ > select ‘Solve’ and
then again go to the tree diagram click on right on ‘Solution’ > select
‘Deformation’ > select the ‘Total’ and then again go to the tree diagram click
on right on ‘Solution’ > select ‘Stress’ > select the ‘Equivalent (von – mises)’
and then again go to the tree diagram click on right on ‘Solution’ > select
‘Strain’ > select the ‘Equivalent (von – mises)’ and then again go to the tree
diagram right on ‘Solution’ > select ‘Evaluate All Results’ figure as shown in
below.

5.2 BRONZE:

➢ Now go to the ansys workbench double click on the ‘Static Structural’ in the
toolbox and then in project schematic panel Static Structural Table will open
and then in Table B at top right corner of the Table B have down arrow click
on that select rename and then name it as table B is Bronze and then click on
enter button in keyboard.
➢ Now go to the table A
(copper) keep mouse
pointer at ‘Engineering
Data’ and then drag the
engineering data to the
Table B (bronze)
‘Engineering Data’, that is
engineering data will copy
to the bronze (table B) same as like engineering data drag the model to the
bronze table. Figure as shown in below.
➢ Now double click on the ‘Model’ in bronze table after some time ‘Design
Modeler’ will open as a separate window. Now in model window in tree
diagram expand the ‘Connections’ > ‘Contacts’ which is located at the left of
the panel under the Outline. Now select the ‘contact 10’ (which is pin
connection /contact) under the tree dialogue box will select type as ‘No
Separation’ figure as shown in below.

➢ Same as above again select the ‘Contact 12’ (which is pin connection
/contact) under the tree dialogue box will select type as ‘No Separation’ as
shown in figure.

➢ Now go to the tree diagram expand the ‘Geometry’ in that geometry have ten
PartBody’s select the all ten part body’s using ctrl button in keyboard. Then
under the tree diagram a new dialogue box will open named as ‘Detail’s of
Multiple Selection’, in that under the material section default it’s material is
selected as Structural Steel instead of this select ‘Bronze’ Material.
➢ Now go to tree diagram right click on the ‘Mesh’ > click the ‘Generate Mesh’
➢ Same as copper material After generating mesh go to the tree diagram right
click on the ‘Static Structural, > click on the ‘Insert’ > click on the ‘Fixed
Supports’, after clicking the fixed supports below the tree diagram a new
dialogue box will open that is ‘Details of “Fixed Supports” ’, now go to the
universal joint model select the fixed supports and then click on apply in
dialogue box.

➢ Same as copper material Now again go to the tree diagram right click on the
‘Static Structural, > click on the ‘Insert’ > click on the ‘Moment’, after
clicking the Moment below the tree diagram a new dialogue box will open that
is ‘Details of “Moment” ’, now go to the universal joint model select the
Moment and then click on apply in dialogue box after that in dialogue box
have Define section in that section have ‘Define By’ default have vector we
have select the ‘Components’ after selecting below that have X Component
enter X component is 100 N.m and then click on Enter button in keyboard.
➢ Same as above Now again go to the tree diagram right click on the ‘Static
Structural, > click on the ‘Insert’ > click on the ‘Moment’, after clicking the
Moment below the tree diagram a new dialogue box will open that is ‘Details
of “Moment” ’, now go to the universal joint model select the Moment and
then click on apply in dialogue box after that in dialogue box have Define
section in that section have ‘Define By’ default have vector we have select the
‘Components’ after selecting below that have X Component enter X
component is 100 N.m and then click on Enter button in keyboard.

➢ Same as copper material Now go to the tree diagram click on right on

‘Solution’ > select ‘Solve’ and then again go to the tree diagram click on right
on ‘Solution’ > select ‘Deformation’ > select the ‘Total’ and then again go to
the tree diagram click on right on ‘Solution’ > select ‘Stress’ > select the
‘Equivalent (von – mises)’ and then again go to the tree diagram click on right
on ‘Solution’ > select ‘Strain’ > select the ‘Equivalent (von – mises)’ and then
again go to the tree diagram right on ‘Solution’ > select ‘Evaluate All
Results’.
6. Result and Conclusion:

6.1 RESULT:
COPPER:

Figure 10: Total Deformation on Universal Joint

Figure 11: Equivalent Stresses in Universal Joint

Figure 9: Equivalent Elastic Strain of Universal Joint

BROZNE:

Figure 12: Total Deformation on Universal Joint

Figure 13: Equivalent Stresses in Universal Joint

Figure 14: Equivalent Elastic Strain of Universal Joint

Material Total Deformation Equivalent Stress Equivalent Strain
(m) (Mpa) (m/m)
Copper 1.2627e-5 314.37 2.9663e-5
Bronze 1.4694e-5 314.38 3.4508e-5

6.2 CONCLUSION:
In this project we have designed the part diagrams of the universal joint and made the
assembly of these components in the CATIA V5 software. The structural analysis is
done by the ANSYS WORKBENCH software. Structural analysis has been
performed on the universal joint to find the defects in the formation of universal joint.
Analysis was done by considering the two different materials Carbon and Bronze has
found to be having more deformation while compared to others. Copper is good
material for this design.