| determine the focal length of ge: 72.028 i . (2) a concave mi | Ae 1 cining the image of a distant object mirror and (b) a convex lens, by | . neo! , f ‘anti 00! and polished surface that reflects light is called a mirror. Mirrors can be classified as shown pelo Mirror plane mirror ‘ r Spherical mirror he reflecting surface is plane) (the reflecting surface is part of a sphere) Concave mirror Convex mirror (the reflecting surface is the (the reflecting surface is the inner curved surface) ‘outer curved surface) te nature and position of the image formed by a concave (or convex) mirror depends on the position afthe object in front of it. joys of ight originating from ¢ distant object such as yee ot sun can be considered to be parallel to each ther, When rays of light parallel to the principal axis areincident on a concave mirror, after reflection, they converge (meet) at a point in front of the mirror. This point is called the focus of the mirror. In such a case, areal, inverted and very small image is formed at the focus of the mirror. The image formed by the mirror isreal and hence, can be obtained on a screcrt The distance between the pole, Q, of the concovs mirror, and focus, F, is said to be the focal length of the concave mirror. Thus, the focal length of a concave miror can be estimated by obtaining a real imoge prot 5. age formation of stat —_— ofa distant object at its focus. object by a concave mirror principal axis Materials Required Concave mirror, mirror stand, scale, screens and a stand to mount the screen Class 10 Scanned with CamScanner( Procedure 1. Mount a concave sunlight enters. 2. Place a screen mounted ror on a stand and place it near an open window through which Uf mi : t concave mirror. Adjust the position ofthe d inverted image of a distant object, say q fe If the object is illuminated with sunlight and the screen is placeq j." .d, A bright image of the sun can also be ca the ined ona stand in front of the by moving it back and forth until a sharp, clear an‘ a building, is formed on it. can be obtaine shade, a clear and bright image at if the sunlight is made to fall on the concav« distant object (outside the window) Te | | | aa | focal length (f) \__ Facure 6. Estimation of focal length of a concave mirror 3. Measure the horizontal distance between the centre of the concave mirror and the screen with the help of a measuring scale. Record your observation. 4, Repeat steps 2 and 3 twice to obtain the images of three different distant objects. Record your observations. ( Observation and Calculation S.No. | Name of the object a = ia : =m =__ (Conclusion The focal length of the given concave mirror = a m (approx.) oe zy Scanned with CamScanner37 determine the focal length of a convex lens (theory transparent material bounded by two refr fons. Some types of lenses are by two refracting surfaces (out of which at least one is curved) is called ro) Plano convex Plano concave Biconvex Biconcave Ficune 7. Different types of lenses) Convex lenses are thicker in the middle and thinner (~~ at the edges. Concave lenses are thinner in the middle | and thicker at the edges. | Light refracts at both the surfaces of a lens. In convex | lens, after refraction at both the surfaces, light converges towards the principal axis, while it diverges | in the case of concave lens. When a beam of light parallel to the principal axis falls incident on a convex lens, after refraction, it gets converged at a point on its other side. This point is $ne of the two foci of the lens. In such a case, a real, pre ted and very small image is formed at the focus | pray 8. image formation ofa distant object by 0 of the lens. Since the image formed by the lens is real, se haeinapnenend mee it can be obtained on a screen. The distance between the centre, O, of the convex lens, and focus, F; (or F,), is length of a convex lens can be estimated by obtaining a real image of a distant said to be its focal length. Thus, the focal object at its focus. (Materials Required ‘A convex lens, a lens holder, a small screen fixed to a stand and a measuring scale (Procedure 1, Choose an open wit and place it on a tal 2. Place a screen mounted on a stand on the by moving it back and forth until a sharp, on it. 3. Measure the horizontal distance betwe: of a measuring scale. Record your observation. 4, Repeat steps 2 and 3 thrice by obtaining th observations. ndow through which sufficient sunlight enters. Mount convex lens on a stand ble (or a platform) near the window. other side of the lens, Adjust the position of the screen clear and inverted image of a distant object is formed .en the centre of the convex lens and the screen with the help e images of different distant objects. Record your 97 Scanned with CamScannerpen wind |+—jeearTenaty (| | distant object | ustge te widow) inane te fo Tene of OES lens { Fist a pbsereal™ Distance between the convex Focal length of the ‘S.No. | Name of the object | jens and the screen (c™) Jens, f (cm) convex 1 Dawe 4B oe? A838. 2 aulolny aS 43an 3. ADd+ b+ US _A4o+ testa = Mean focal length of the convex lens, f= 3 Ad cm 943 | m Conclusion The focal length of the given convex Jens = —__——— m (approx.) Precautions ugh which sufficient sunlight enters. Place the mirror/lens mounte 1. Choose an open window throt on a stand on a table near the window. 2. Never see the image of the sun directly with unaided eyes. Neither should sunlight be focussed wi @ concave mirror/convex lens on any part of the body, paper or any inflammable materials. Bot these actions can be dangerous. 3. Ensure that the positions of the mirror/lens and the screen are adjusted in such a manner that the light rays coming from the distant object falls on the mirror/lens without any obstruction. horizontal: a building 4. The mirror/lens should be placed vertically upright so that the principal axis is kept fall on tH 5. In order to obtain a sharp and clear image, it must be ensured that the distant object like or a tree, is well-illumi i : mirror/lens, ‘illuminated. This would allow an appreciable amount of light to 6. Make sure that the distance between the mirror/lens and the screen is measured horizontal ek Scanned with CamScannerGuidelines for Students/Teachers 1, Do not use a concave mirror/convex lens of focal length more than 20 cm. 2. It is not essential that our object be a far off building or a tree. If the laboratory is big, say about 15 m long or more, a bulb glowing at the far end of the laboratory or a well illuminated window can be taken as a distant object. 3. The walls of the laboratory can also be used as the screen. Scanned with CamScannerAIM: To trace the path of a ray of light theory whenever a ray of light travel ceparating the two media. This phé ray of light follows a different path in enser optical medium, it bends towar ‘rer optical medium, it bends away from the nor enomenon is call the second optically rarer medium optically denser medium Figure 10. Light travelling from one n Let us suppose that an incident ray of light PQ As the ray PQ is travelling fro. N,N} and travels along the path QR. This QR is wijell the refracted ray. Further, the ray QR strikes the interface CD of the rectangular glass slab; As the ray OR Is travelling from a denser (glass) to ¢ ae ey dium (ait), it bends away from the normal N,N}, and emerges out of the glass slab along the path’RS. RS is, therefore, called the emergent ray: In the figure, * ZPQN, that the incident ray makes with the formal is called the angle of incidence, Zrand Zi = Ze. If she emergent ray SR is extrapolated, We se: that it placed from the original direction due to the re ee 10 Class \s from one transparent medium to another, it be ds the normal (to the interface). If it t strikes the interface AB wm a rarer (ait) to a denser medium (glass), passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction and angle of emergence, and interpret the result. ‘ nds at the interface ed the refraction of light. As a result, the refracted m. If the ray of light travels from a rarer to a ravels from a denser to a mediui ‘mal. optically denser | medium | " “eo, optically rarer medium i | Ny | medium to another bends atthe interface — of a rectangular slab, ABCD. it bends towards the normal cue I. Refraction of light through & ular glass slab 3 itis laterally 1 to the incident ray. However, yular slab. tis parallel fraction through the rectang} Scanned with CamScannerMaterials Required ‘A rectangular glass slab, (or adhesive tape) drawing board, whit Procedure 1. Take a drawing board. Fi: on it using drawing pins ( 2. Place the rectangular glass sla of the paper and mark its boun: x a white sheet of paper (or adhesive tape) b in the middle dary ABCD with a pencil | 3. Remove the glass slab and draw a line PQ inclined to the face AB of the glass slab at any angle (preferably between 30° and 70°). At P, draw a normal N,Nj to the face AB of the slab. Now, replace the glass slab exactly over its boundary mark on the paper. 4, Fix two pins, P, and P, vertically on the line PQ and observe their images through the opposite face CD of the glass slab. Fix two more pins on the paper at points, P, and P, in such a way that all four pins appear to be in a straight line. 5, Remove the pins and the glass slab, and mark the positions of all the four pins. Join the points that mark the positions of the pins, P, and P, to make line RS. Also join the points Q and R. PQRS shows «sheet of paper protractor, ruler, and draying Pins Figure 12. The images of pins P, and P, appear to be at P; and P, when viewed through the face CD ~ the path of a ray of light passing through the glass slab. The line PQ represents the incident ray, QR represents the refracted ray while RS represents the emergent ray. 6. Draw normals N,N}, and N,N} at points Q and R, respecti i x ., respectively. Measure the angle of (ZPQN}) and angle of emergence, Ze (ZSRN3) using a protractor. a 3 7. Repeat Steps 3 to 5 for two more angles of incidence in the range 30° to 70°. Record your observations. Observation Angle of incidence, Zi (4PQN;) 06 Angle of emergence, Ze (ZSRN}) Error = Zi - 2€ ‘ Conclusion 1. The refracted ray bends t 2. Within the experimental error Lis ‘wards the normal, and the emergent ray is parallel to the incident 10. e in each case, Scanned with CamScannerpee precautions | insure that the and all its faces are smooth. + the heads of the pins may not appear to ~ yy the pins and their images. ewing the collinearity of the pins and their images, keep your eyes at some can be seen simultaneously. glass slab is perfectly rectangular to look at the base be collinear. It is, therefore, advisable 3. While vi distance from the pins so that all of them Care should be taken to main P, and P,. This would help in tracin: with a greater accuracy. Make sure that the angle of incidence is no’ tain an approximate distance of 6 cm while fixing the pins, Py, Po and that of the refracted ray g the direction of the incident ray tt more than 70° or less than 30°. ‘uidelines for Students/Teachers nts should be encouraged to use sharp pi mered in the drawing board. é Use a glass slab that is very transparent a 3, Students should be encouraged to cross-check help of the teacher if need be. This would save a lot o! ns. Under no circumstances should the pins be bubbles. nd does not have any air f pins. They can also take the each other's position ©! f valuable time. Scanned with CamScannerAAIM: To trace the path of the rays of ight through a glass prism. (Theory A prism is a piece of glass or any other transparent material, bounded by two triangular and three rectangular surfaces. Suppose, a ray of light, PQ, travelling in air is incident on a face AB ©f a triangular glass prism. As this ray of light is travelling from an optically rarer (air) to an optically denser (glass) medium, it bends towards the normal NjNj (to the plane of the face) and travels along path QR. This is due to the phenomenon of refraction. Ray QR is Called the refracted ray. It strikes the opposite face AC of the prism, where it Gels refracted again. As the ray QR is travelling from an opticall to an optically rarer (RiP medium, it bends away from the normal NN5, towards the face of the prisi This is because the refracting faces of the triangular prism are inclined. Im the figure, 2PQN, is the angle of incidence (2 RQN; is the angle of refraction (2*), and SRN, Is the angle of emergence (Ze) If the incident ray PQ and the e POX represents the original pat TARY then, gives us the angle of deviation (cy through the prism, ° aa Triangular glass pris : , ' Protrator and penal” “NY board, drawing pins, white sheet of paper, pins, measuring scale, G Procedure 1. Take a drawing 2 Paces board. Fix a white sheet of Paper on it using an adhesive tape or drawing vis 3. Remove the prgn, oss rin i the middle ofthe paper and matk its sutlive ABC with ore between 30° and 799.472 & line PQ inclined to the fees AB of the prism at any angle (prefer nd 70"), At Q draw a : the P arent 120 Scanned with CamScannerins, P, and P, vertically pe PQ by gently pressing ds. View their images ve face AC of the glass sm. FIX two more pins, P, and pen the paper such that all four 1% pear to bein astraight line iMove the prism and the pins, é ad mark the positions of all the four pins: «, oraw astraight ine joining P, and p, to make line RS. >, Extend the incident ray PQ and Figure 16, Tracing the path of light through the emergent ray ‘SR, to meet at ca glass prism point, say X. g, Measure ZPQN, as the angle of incidence (Zi) and ZSRN} as the angle of deviation (2d). Record your observations in the table. 4, Repeat Steps 2 to 8 for three more angles of incidence pret ferably between 30° and 70°. Observation Conclusion 1. When light travels from a rare m towards the normal. 2, The emergent ray is inclined to tht edium (ait) to a denser medium (glass), it gets refracted ‘and bends e incident ray at an angle (angle of deviation). Precautions 1. Ensure that the angle of incidence is within the range of 30° to 70°. 2. The drawing board should be made of soft wood so that a common pin can easily penetrate through it. 3. Fix the common pins in a vertically upright position. While checking whether the pins are in a . straight line or not, one needs to look at the bases and not at the head of the pins. 5 While fixing pins P, and P,, one eye can be closed. . Take care that the minimum distance between the pins is 6 cm. i —. Scanned with CamScanner6. Use a sharpened pencil for all geometrical work. 7. Do not push the pins hard in the wooden board. They make large pin points. This can affect the accuracy while marking the incident ray and the emergent ray. 8. Ensure that the pins are fixed by keeping their bases in the same straight line. Otherwise, this can lead to a large error in the path of the incident ray and emergent ray. Guidelines for Students/Teachers 1. Choose a glass prism that is very transparent and does not have any air bubbles. 2. Use pointed common pins. 3. The pins should not be hammered into the wooden drawing board under any circumstances. 4. Encourage the students to check the position of the pins with one another. In case ofa difference A the opinion, they can take the help of the teacher. By doing so, a lot of valuable time will be saved. Scanned with CamScanner