EXPERIMENT NO @) | AIM: To find the pH of the following samples by using PH paper/universal indicator: (@) dilute hydrochloric acid (®) dilute solution of sodium hydroxide © dilute solution of ethanoic acid (d)_ lemon juice () water L (dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate (Theory Acids are substances that give H* ions when dissolved in water and bases are substances that give OH ions when dissolved in water. How strongly acidic or basic a substance is can be determined bs measuring its pH value. Mathematically, the pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of its hydrogen ion concentration, i.e., This was devised by a Danish biochemist, Sorensen, in 1909. The higher the H* ion concentration, thi lower the pH value. The pH scale varies from u .o 14. 107 10% 10° 10° to"! 40"? 10-8 to Increasing basic nature Increasing acidic nature Neutral Figuee 1. The pH scale — ‘* If pH <7, the solution is acidic. The lower the value of the pH, the stronger is the acid. _ ¢ If pH > 7, the solution is basic. The higher the value of the pH, the stronger is the base. If pH = 7, the solution is neutral. For example, distilled water. Scanned with CamScannerTable 1: Some common substances and their pH values S.No. Solution pH ‘Nature Tal 1. fimna 0 Acidic 2._ [Battery acid 0.5 Acidic 3._| Gastric juice 1.0-3.0 ‘Acidic 4,_ [Lemon juice 22-24 _____ Acidic ~5_| Vinegar 24-34 Acidic 6._|Wine 28-38 ‘Acidic 7. Tomato juice 4.0-4.4 . Acidic 8. Beer 4.0-5.0 Acidic 9. Coffee 4.5-5.5 Acidic 10._| Urine 55-75 Acidic 11._ [Saliva _ 65-75 Acidic 12._| Blood 7.3-7.5 Acidic 13._ [Saturated Mg(OH), 10.5 Basic 14, 1M NH, household ammonia 11.6 Basic 15. 1M NaOH 14 Basic 7] Universal Indicator Solu here are many indicators that help determine the nature of a solution—acidic, basic or neutral. They may be natural, such as litmus and turmeric, or synthetic such as phenolphthalein and methyl orange A jumber of indicators having different pH ranges are mixed to obtain a universal indicator. Iti called a universal indicator because it covers a wide range of pH—3.0 to 11.00. Jo determine the pH of a solution, the indicator is added to the solution and the change in its colour is keenly observed. The colour is then compared with the standard pH colour chart, f Table 2: Colours of universal indicator at different pH values i fi pH Colour pH Colour 3.0 Red 8.0 Green 4.0 Light red 85 Green 5.0 Orange red 9.0 Greenish-blue 55 Deep yellow 9.5 Blue 6.0 Light yellow 10.0 Light violet 7.0 Light green 10.5 Reddish-violet 75 Parrot green 11.0 Deep reddish-violet Materials Required i Samples of dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sodiu s , im hydroxi Iuice, water, dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate, six eaten dropper, and standard pH-value colour chart " dilute solution of ethanoic acid, lem Qlass rod, pH papers, universal indicat Scanned with CamScanner(Procedure ~ Note: To prepare solution of solid substances such 1g of NatiCo, in 50 mL distiliod we, as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO,), dissolve about Using pH paper 1. Take six test tubes and mark them as A, B, C, D, E and F, 2, Take around 10 mL of sample solutions—dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide, dilute ethanoic acid, lemon juice, water and dilute sodium bicarbonate in test tubes A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively. Lia 1 uw & Figure 2. Various samples (a) dilute hydrochloric acid (b) dilute NaOH solution, (€) dilute ethanoic acid (CHyCOOH) solution, (d) lemon juice (e) water dilute sodium bicarbonate 3. Take a strip from the packet of the pH papers and place it on a clean and dry glazed white tile. drops of sample 4, Dip a clean and dry glass rod in test solution tube A, and transfer few drops of the solution on the pH paper. 5. Note the change in the colour of the pH paper, if any. 6. Compare the colour on the pH paper with the colour given on the standard pH colour chart, and note.the corresponding pH value. 7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 with the samples in test tubes B, C, D, Eand F, Using universal indicator 8. Take the universal indicator in a clean dropper and add pH paper } Ficune 3, Testing the pH value with the help of pH paper ——7 a few drops of it in each of the test tubes A, B, C, D, E dropper and F universal ZnClfaq) + HQ) Zine metal Dilute Zinc chloride Hydrogen 1 hydrochloric acid Hydrogen gas burns in oxygen with a pop sound. 2H,(9) + 0,9) —> 2H,0() * Acids react with metal carbonates to give salt, water and carbon dioxide gas. For example, Na,CO,(aq)_ + 2HCl(aq) —> 2NaClaq) + H,0() Sodium Dilute hydrochloric Sodium carbonate acid chloride ) + CO,(9) Water Carbon dioxide CO, is liberated with an effervesc i San er ence. It turns lime water milky (due to the formation of insoll For example, Ca(OH),(aq) + C0,(g) Calcium hydroxide ime water) — _ Caco,s) + 4,00) Carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate Water If CO, is passed through lime water fora i formation of calcium bicarbonate ( ea r then the (which is soluble n water), milkiness disappears. This is due t 3 Scanned with CamScanner(Materials Required Dropper, hard glass test tubes (boiling tubes) with a stopper fitted with a fine jet, test tube holder, test tube stand, litmus solution (both blue and red), dilute hy tal, sodit a renee stra ae lilute hydrochloric acid, zinc metal, sodium carbonate, ¢ Procedure | Effect of litmus solution | 1. Take about 1 mL dilute HCI (hydrochloric acid) in two cropper | test tubes. 2. Adda few drops of blue litmus solution in one test tube and | sect type litmus | @ few drops of red litmus solution in the other test tube. eee | 3. Observe any changes in colour in both the test tubes. | dilute HCl Effect of zinc metal 1. Take about 3 mL dil. HCl in a hard glass test tube and add 3-4 pieces of zinc metal into it. Ficure 5. Effect of liomus solution ‘on dil. HCL 2. Fix a stopper with a fine jet on the mouth of the hard glass test tube. 3. Heat the test tube lightly and bring a burning splinter (say, a matchstick) near the mouth of the jet. 4, Observe any changes and record it in the observation table. Effect of solid sodium carbonate 1. Take a small quantity (say, 1 g) of solid sodium carbonate in a dry test tube. 2. Add a small quantity of dilute hydrochloric acid dropwise through a thistle funnel and observe any change. 3. Pass the gas evolved through lime water and observe the change again. ne— hydrogen jet gas thistle funnel hard glass delivery tube | test tube | — test tube | stand zinc pieces + hard glass | dil. HCI tube dil. HCl + lime water Bunsen burner solid Na,CO, L Figure 7, Reaction between Ficure 6. Reaction benween zine oo Na,CO, and dil. HCI and dil. HCL lass 10 29 Scanned with CamScannerB. To study the properties of a base ( Theory Substances that produce OH ions in a solution, 01 neutralise acids, are called bases. it ch, ‘e Bases taste bitter and are soapy to touch. / us. «All bases turn red litmus blue but do not have any effect on the blue litt « Bases react with metals to produce a salt and hydrogen gas. react with acids to produce salt and water, ie, Base + Metal <=> Salt + (9) For example, Zn(s) + ~—«2NaOH(aq) «> —Na,zn0,)_ + HA) Zine metal Dilute sodium hydroxide Sodium zincate Hydrogen Hydrogen gas bums in oxygen with a pop sound. 2H,g) + 0,9) —> 2H,00) Bases do not react with metal carbonates. For example, NaOH(aq) + Na,CO,(s) Sodium hydroxide Sodium carbonate (Materials Required Hard glass test tubes, test tubes, test tube holder, dilute NaOH solution, litmus solutions (blue and red) zinc metal, sodium carbonate and distilled water (Procedure Effect of litmus solution 1, Take about 1 mL NaOH solution in two test tubes, 2. Add a few drops of red litmus solution ii i ion i ado Be cra ion in one test tube and a few drops of blue litmus solution in 3. Observe any changes in the colour in both the test tubes. Action of zinc metal 1, Tc i : ‘ake a few pieces of zinc metal in a hard glass test tube and add sufficient amount of NaOH solution - Fix a stopper with a fine jet on the mouth of the test tube, 3. Heat the test tube lightly a1 i ‘ ce Shtly and bring a burning splinter (say, a matchstick) near the mouth of 4. Observe any changes and record it in the observation table. Scanned with CamScanner— hydrogen — jet en hard glass dropper test tube < zine piocos + dil. NaOH test tube tus solution Bunsen burner | iy dilute NaOH i Ficune 8. Effect of limus solution Figure 9. Reaction between zine on dil. NaOH solution = and dil. NaOH Effect of solid sodium carbonate 1. Take a small quantity (say, 1 g) of sodium carbonate in a dry test tube. 2. Add NaOH solution to it. 3. Observe the changes, if any and record them in the observation table, dilute NaOH solution sodium carbonate bservation carbonate and dil, NaOH Litmus papers — i zi Sodium carbonate Colourless H, gas is evolved with | Colourless CO, Dilute Hc1| Tums rea | NO bubbles. This gas burns with 0s is evolved with ute HCI) Tums red | change |a pop sound when a burning _| effervescence. This gas matchstick is brought near it. __| turns lime water milky. Colourless H, gas is evolved witli NaOH No | rurs blue | Bubbles. This gas burns with an solution | change a pop sound when a burning matchstick is brought near it. (Gonetusion 1, Dilute hydrochloric acid () tums blue litmus red but has no affect on the red litmus. (ii) releases H, gas with zinc metal (that burns with a Pop sound). (iii) releases CO, gas with sodium carbonate that turns lime water milky. =_ Scanned with CamScanner2. Sodium hydroxide solution ( turns red litmus blue but has no effect on the blue litmus. (ii) releases H, gas with zinc metal (that burns with a pop sound). (iii) does not react with sodium carbonate: ( Precautions 1. Do not touch or taste the chemicals. 2. Handle HCI carefully as it may cause burning of skin and clothes. 3. Use small quantities of zinc metal and dil. HCl, otherwise liberation of large amount of H, gas may cause explosion. 4. Make sure that the apparatus is air-tight in the reaction of Zn-metal with dil. HCl and NaOH solution, and in the reaction of Na,CO, with dil. HCl. 5. Ensure that the lower end of the thistle funnel is dipped in the acid. 6. Handle NaOH carefully as it may damage your skin and clothes, ( Guidelines for Students/Teachers 1. To prepare a dilute HCI solution, dissolve 36.5 g pure HCI in 1 litre distilled water. HCI is highly acidi¢ and can cause an accident if spilled. Hence, for safety purposes, it shall be prepared by teachers. 2. To prepare an NaOH solution, dissolve 40 g sodium hydroxide in 1 litre distilled water. NaOH i highly corrosive and should not be touched with bare hands. Hence, for safety reasons, it shall be prepared by teachers. | 3. Separate droppers should be used for each—indicator, acid and alkali solution. i i Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT NO AIM: To perform and observe the following reactions, and classify them inte () combination reaction, (ji) decomposition reaction, (ii) displacement reaction, and (iv) double displacement reaction: (a) action of water on quicklime (b) action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals (© iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution (d) reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride . Combination reaction | Theory ‘A reaction in which two or more elements or compounds, say A and B, chemically combine to forme single compound is called a combination reaction. A+ Be C Combination reactions are generally exothermic, i.e., they are accompanied with liberation of heat energy. However, in some cases, heat may also be required to initiate the reaction. Quicklime reacts vigorously with water to form slaked lime. Hence, this is a combination reaction. Ca0(s) + HOW) ——> Ca(OH),(s) + Heat This is an exothermic reaction. | Materials Required Beaker (borosil), dropper, a pair of tongs, quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) and distilled water ( Procedure — 1. Take around 5 g quicklime in a clean and dry borosil glass beaker. Touch the beaker from outside. dropper 2, Add around 5 mL distilled water to the beaker, distilled water using a dropper. Observe any changes, 7 3. Keep adding a few drops of distille: minute, for the next five minutes, 4. Touch the beaker again, Is there a: temperature? Record your observat d water every | borasi glass ny change in its tions quicklime (calcium oxide) ——. Ficure 11, Reaction between quicklime and water Scanned with CamScannerobservation “|, when distilled water is added to qui steamy vapour. uicklime, its pieces crumble with a crackling noise, giving out distilled ; 2, as more distilled water is added, it forms a thick white suspension and starts boiling. 3, After some time, we can see a cle . 3 the beaker. ‘ar solution at the top and a white mass settled at the bottom of 4, On touching the beaker, it is found that the beaker is very hot, Conclusion the reaction between quicklime and water is a combinati ; . nerm nature. This is the reason why steamy fumes are given cia Se Precautions 1, Never touch quicklime with wet or bare hands. It can cause burns on the skin. 2. Use a borosil glass beaker for the reaction. This is because the reaction is highly exothermic and can crack beakers made from ordinary glass. . Decomposition reaction Theory ‘A reaction in which a chemical compound, say A, decomposes (or breaks) into two or more simpler products, say B and C, is called a decomposition reaction. Such reactions are endothermic reactions. Am > BGC When ferrous sulphate crystals are heated, it fist loses its water of crystallisation, and then, decomposes to form ferric oxide, sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide. Hence, this is a decomposition reaction. FeSO,.7H,0(s) Beats —_FeSO4(s) + 7H,0(9) Ferrous sulphate crystals ‘Anhydrous ferrous sulphate Water (reen) (dirty wiite) es —heat, So. + SO. reno sate 39 * suphur Pade * suphor nde (dirty white) (reddish-brown) n from its chemical salt is a physical change and (tis important to note that losing water of crystallisatior not a chemical change as no new substances are produced. Hence, it is not a decomposition reaction.) Materials Required Boiling tube, test tube holder, Bunsen burner, blue and red litmus papers, and ferrous sulphate crystals Procedure 1. Take around 2 g ferrous sulphate crystals in a clean, dry boiling tube, Note the colour of the crystals. 2. Hold the boiling tube with a test tube holder and heat it over a Bunsen burner. Observe the changes. SS — Scanned with CamScanner5 e a fing it t evolved. Smell the gas by gently wafting it towa, Sane 1g tube. Test the nature of it minutes. A ga! f directly at the mouth of the boi 3. Heat it strongly for a few more > your nose jose. Do not place your i of moist red and blue litmus papers. residue in the boiling tube. | your 1 gas with the help 4, Note the colour of the | Observation 1, When ferrous sulphate crystals are heated gently in the boiling tube, steamy fumes are given out. These steamy fumes condense on the cooler parts of the boiling tube (near its neck) to form tiny droplets of a colour! liquid (water). 2. When the boiling tube is further heated (strongly), () the light green ferrous sulphate crystals crumble to form a dirty white powdery mass. (ii) a colourless gas is given out. When wafted towards the nose, it causes a coughing sensation and smells like burning sulphur, It does not show any change with moist red litmus paper. However, it turns the moist blue litmus paper red. steamy fumes ferrous sulphate crystals Bunsen burner vuRt 12. Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals 3. When the gases stop coming out, a reddish-brown (rust coloured) residue is left behind. ( Conclusion 1, The crystals of ferrous sulphate are light green in colour. O: ing, i e 1 : On heating, its i white due to the loss of its water of crystallisation. On further eatin eset Or ee a evolved. When they stop com t . ‘9; gases (SO, and SO,) are In the bolting tbe. oP COMING Out, a reddish-brown residue of ferric exile (Fe,0,) is left behind 2. Heating of ferrous sulphate ‘ Precautions 1, Dry the hard Glass test tub 2. Initially heat the FeSO,.7H. heated strongly, so as to d 3. During initial’ heat while heating FeSO,.7H,0 crystals, 20 gently, so that water of crystal ‘ation is expelled out. Then, it can be tallisation is expel) t. Then, ting, keep the mouth of Prevent the droplets of its cracking, 4. Waft the gases com Scanned with CamScannerpisplacement reaction ( metal, . say BC, is called a displacem, say 2 displaces a less lent reaction. p) Teactive metal, say B, from its salt n - " isplacement reactions are generally exothermic. CALS Bera: jiaterials Required ist tube, two iron nails, Fine cotton thread, copper sulphate solution and stand procedure 1, Take two clean iron nails. Tie one of them to a fine thread. (Keep the other nail separately for comparison after the experiment.) 2, Take a clean test tube and fill it with copper sulphate solution up to half level. Fix the test tube on a stand. 3, Suspend the nail into the test tube with the help of the thread in such a way that it gets completely immersed in the copper sulphate solution. 4, Leave the set up undisturbed for around half an hour. 5. Observe any change in the colour of the solution in the test tube. copper sulphate solution (CuSO,) iron nail 6 Now, pull out the iron nail from the test tube. Compare its colour with the other nail (that was not immersed in the copper sulphate solution). | | Figure 13. Iron nail immersed in copper sulphate solution Observation ‘ter half an hour of immersing the iron nail in the copper sulphate solution in the test tube, 1. the blue colour of the copper sulphate solution becomes lighter, and then, changes to pale green. 2 a eddish brown deposit can be seen on the iron nail (which was silver grey in colour). Conclusion of * The blue colour of the copper sulphate solution changes to pale green due to a etal ‘nous sulphate. This means that iron displaces copper from the copper sulphate solu ae sulphate. . He Aisplaced copper can be seen deposited on the iron nail. Hence, opper sulphate solution is a displacement reaction. the reaction between iron and Scanned with CamScanneris is because you wi .4 solution of copper sulphate. This i you will Tot, : periment. rub them with t ( Precautions sat 1. Do not use a V able to see the change ! il a 4, Use clean iron nails. f they urated/concentrat a coe on a 7 he help of sand paper. re not available, D. Double displacement reaction | Cisse 'D, react by interchangin ‘Theo! v rn two aqueous solutions of soluble salts, say AB and 0,8 act by nt rho a ‘A reaction in whicl ww salts, such that one of them is insoluble, is ¢ mi double del cement I area mel fe elo oar this rea mat reaction. In sy : known as a precipitation reaction. When sodium sulphate solution reacts with barium chloride solution, a white precipitate of bariun | sulphate is produced, This is a double displacement reaction. Na,S0,(aq) + BaCl,(aq) —> BaSO,(s) + 2NaCl(aq) (colourless) (colourless) (white ppt) This reaction is a precipitation reaction. ( Materials Required ‘A test tube, sodium sulphate solution, barium chloride solution, and a dropper ( Procedure 1. Take a test tube and fill it with some sodium sulphate solution, dropper barium chloride 2. Add a few drops of barium chloride solution (BaCl,) PD solution to the test tube with the help of 4 dropper, and shake it gently. 3. Observe the changes and record your sodium sulphate observations. solution (Na,SO,) FicuRt 14. Reaction between sodium sulphate and (Observation barium chloride solution 4 El Scanned with CamScanner(Precautions 1. Do not fill the test tube with sodium sulphate solution up to more than one-third level. 2, Add barium chloride slowly with continuous shaking of the test tube. (Guidelines for Students/Teachers 1. Commercial calcium oxide is available in the market (at paint shops) as a stony substance as well as a powdery mass. Get the stony substance as the powdery mass is already slaked. 2. In the laboratory, the procured calcium oxide should be kept in an air-tight, wide-mouthed glass jar (not a plastic jar). It should be broken into pieces, just an hour before the starting of the experiment, and then distributed to the students on watch glasses. 3. The lab attendant should be advised not to supply more than 2 g of ferrous sulphate crystals (FeSO,.7H,O). Otherwise, too much sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide will be produced (which will be difficult to handle). Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT NO. AIM: (c) To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the aqueous solutions of the following salts: (@) 7nS0, Gi) FeSO, ©) CuSO, (iv) AL(SO,) (b) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Alin the decreasing order of their reactivity on the basis of the above results. ( Theory ‘A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive m« reaction. Suppose a metal A displaces met from its salt solution (but is not al A is more reactive than metals B and C, the decreasing order of their reactivities, these metals can be arrange etal from its salt solution. This is called a displacement ‘als B and C from their salt solutions. And metal B displaces metal ¢ ble to displace metal A from its salt solution). This means that meta while metal B is more reactive than C. Hence, according t das A>B>C. ( Materials Required 4 test tubes, test tube stand, distilled water, strips of iron (Fe), zinc Zn), copper (Cu) and aluminium (4 metals, sand paper, and aqueous solutions of zinc sulphate (ZnSO,), ferrous sulphate (FeSO,), cope sulphate (CuSO,) and aluminium sulphate Al,(SO,)s ( Procedure 1. Clean strips of zinc, iron, copper and aluminium metals with sand paper. 2. Take four test tubes and mark them A, B, C and D, respectively. 3, Take about 20 mL zinc sulphate solution in each test tube. 4, Add a piece of the zinc, iron, copper and aluminium metals to test tubes A, B, C and D, respectively: |- znso, ZnSO, solution iti ZnS, a an eS tion solution eh "© metal A 8 Cu motal Al metal : Cc —~ Faure 15. Action of different metals on ZnSO. Scanned with CamScanner«5, ooserve the changes and record your obsery a 6, Repeat steps 3 0 5 by taking ferrous sulphcy tions, respectively. n * Copper sulphate and aluminium sulphate solutions, { observation Al>Zn> fe >Cu 4. For zinc sulphate solution (colourless) Experiment S.No: [SEXP Observation ianerance 1, [Zn + ZnSO, No reaction There is equilibrium between Zn and Zn”, 2. | Fe + ZnSO, No reacti ‘ _— Zn is more reactive than Fe. — . | Cu + Znso, N i es . cane Zn is more reactive than Cu. a. [als zns0, The solution becomes colourless; | greyish zinc metal deposit can be seen, |! § more reactive than Zn. for ferrous sulphate solution (light green in colour) S.No.| Experiment Observation & Inference The solution becomes colourless; greyish- 1. |2n + Reso, i areyis : me F804 [black iron metal deposit can be seen, _| 27 #5 mote reactive than Fe 2. |Fe + FeSO, No reaction There is equilibrium between Fe and Fe* 3 }Cu+Feso, No reaction Fe is more reactive than Cu. The solution becomes colourless; greyish- | ; 4 ma esOe black iron metal deposit can be seen, _| A! #s more reactive than Fe. * For copper sulphate solution (blue in colour) S.No. | Experiment Observation Inference “Tas "5 1 Izn + cuso, The solution becomes colourless; reddish- |. ore reactive than Cu. a brown copper metal deposit can be seen. 2 Ir The solution becomes light green; reddish- | Fe is more reactive than Cu __ [IE + C3804 brown copper metal deposit can be seen. _|be seen. 3 There is equilibrium between LS |cu + cuso, No reaction Cu and Cur, 4 Jal The solution becomes colourless; reddish- | Al is more reactive than Cu * Cus, brown copper metal deposit can be seen. _| be seen. - Scanned with CamScanner™~ S.No. Experiment Observation Inferencs a 1, [Zn + AL(S0,), No reaction Al is more reactive thang, 2. |Fe+Al,S0,); No reaction Al is more reactive thay | 3. |Cu+ Al,S0,) No reaction Al is more reactive thang, | 4. |Al+Al{60), No reaction eel Atm Det Conclusion 1. Zinc Is more reactive than iron and copper, while aluminium is more reactive than zinc, in iron, while iron is more reac 3. Zine, iron and aluminium are more reactive thar, copper. 4. Aluminium is more reactive than zinc, iron and copper. On the basis of the above results, the given metals can be arranged j reactivity as Al > Zn > Fe > Cu, ged in the de 2. Zinc and aluminium are more reactive thar tive than copper. creasing order of he Precautions Guidelines for Students/Teachers 1. Saturated aqueous solutions of zinc sulphate, ferrous sul sulphate can be prepared beforehand by teachers in toutk hate, 2. Only distilled water should be used for preparing the solutions, 3. 5 cc of concentrated sulphuric acid (conc. H,S0, : S°PPer sulphate and aluminit! ) can be Used t © Prevent hydrolysis of the solutiot Scanned with CamScanner