MATHEMATICS

Reviewer Code: MATH A

Time Frame: 2 hours and 30 minutes

TARGETS
After completing this section, you are expected to:
1. Know how to read the value of money
2. Understand how to use proportions, fractions, GCM, and LCM
3. Properly convert fractions into decimals, percents and vice versa
4. Properly use the order of operations
5. Differentiate expression and equation

Number and Number Sense

Definitions:
Number. It is an arithmetic value that is used for counting, labeling, or calculating.
Number Sense. It is the use and understanding of numbers. Such examples are:
a. Knowing their relative values and how to use them in real life situations
b. Developing strategies when counting and calculating

I. Money

Each peso can be subdivided into 100 “centavos” (¢). Philippine bills have values of ₱1000, ₱500,
₱200, ₱100, ₱50, ₱20

Philippine coins have values of ₱20, ₱10, ₱5, ₱1, 25¢, 10¢, 5¢, 1¢

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 Usually, money is written with two decimal places (.). The digits after the decimal point are
considered the centavos.

How to read the value of the money?

Example:
₱53.10 ---- Fifty-three pesos and ten centavos
---- Fifty-three point ten pesos

Exercises:
How to read these values?
1. ₱0.85
2. ₱1,053

II. Ratio and Proportion

What is a ratio?
Ratio is the expression of the relationship between quantities with the same unit. It shows how
many times one quantity is equal to another quantity. The sign used to denote ratio is ‘:’. Moreover, a ratio
can also be expressed as a fraction.

How can a ratio be expressed?

Let’s say there is 1 boy and 3 girls in a line.
The ratio for the people in the line, based off their genders, can simply be expressed in 3 ways:
● 1:3
● 1 is to 3
1
● 3

These all denote that for every one boy there are three girls.

What is a proportion?
A proportion is the equation in which two ratios are equal in value. This compares ratios. The sign
used to denote proportion is ‘::’ and ‘=’.

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 There are two basic types of proportion:
● Direct proportion
● Indirect/Inverse proportion

Direct proportion
When one quantity increases, the other also increases at the same rate. Similarly, if one quantity
decreases, the other will also decrease at the same rate.

Example:
A pencil costs 10 pesos, and you buy 5 pencils. How much would they cost?

Solution:
1 pencil : 10 pesos = 5 pencils : 50 pesos
Because, 10 pesos x 5 pencils = 50 pesos

Indirect/Inverse proportion
When one quantity increases, the other quantity decreases. Similarly, if one quantity decreases, the
other increases.

Example:
6 men can do a job in 2 days. How long will it take for the 12 men to do the same job, assuming they all
work at the same pace?

Solution:
6 men : 2 days
12 men : ?
6 x 2 = 12
2÷2=1
So, it will take 1 day for the 12 men to do the job.

What is Continued proportion?

Aside from direct and indirect proportion, there is a special case. Here are some examples of when
it occurs:
1. For any three quantities, the ratio between the first term and the second term is equal to the ratio
between the second term and the third term.
a. This will be written as a : b = b : c
2. For any four quantities, the ratios between the first term and the second term, the second term and
the third term, and the third term and the fourth term are equal.
a. This will be written as a : b = b : c = c : d

Example:
2, 4, 8 are in a continued proportion

Solution:
They both equate to 1/2

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2 4
4
= 8
so, 2 : 4 = 4 : 8

Ratio and Proportion Formulas

Ratio is expressed as a : b or a/b, where
● a = first term, usually called antecedent
● b = second term, usually called consequent

𝑎 𝑐
Proportion is expressed as a : b = c : d or 𝑏
= 𝑑
, where
● b and c = mean terms
● a and d = extreme terms
● Product of extremes = Product of means
● axd=bxc

Exercises:
1. Is 2, 6, 9 a continued proportion?
2. What is the symbol for direct proportion?
3. What is the symbol for indirect or inverse proportion?

III. Fractions Decimal Percent

What are fractions, decimals, and percents? What are they used for?
Fractions, decimals, and percents are ways to denote a value. They are used to express a part of a
whole.

What is a fraction?
A fraction answers the question “How many equal parts of a whole are there?”. A fraction itself is
not a whole number. It describes the portion out of a quantity of a whole thing, which can be any value or
type.

Ex.
A pizza has been cut into 8 equal slices, one slice would be counted as ⅛ or one-eighth of the whole pizza.
If 3 slices are picked, then it would be counted as ⅜ or three-eighth of the whole.

https://d138zd1ktt9iqe.cloudfront.net/media/seo_landing_files/fractions-1643629693.png
There are also fractions that are equal, such as ½ and 2/4. These are called equivalent fractions.

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 2/4 = ½
½ is also called a simplest fraction or a fraction in its simplest form because the numerator and
denominator’s highest common factor is equivalent to 1.

What are the parts of a fraction?

Fractions consist of a numerator, denominator, and a fraction bar.

https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tw1n/image/private/t_630/u/ux/numerator_ver_1.jpg

● Fraction Bar. The horizontal line that separates the numerator and denominator.
● Numerator. The whole number above the fraction bar.
● Denominator. The whole number below the fraction bar.

What are the three basic types of fractions?

● Proper Fractions. The value of the numerator is less than the value of the denominator. Ex.
3
(7)
● Improper Fraction. The value of the numerator is greater than the value of the
7
denominator. Ex. ( 5 )
1
● Mixed Fraction. It is a mixture of a whole number and a proper fraction. Ex. (3 2 )

Other types of fractions:

● Like Fractions or Similar Fractions. Fractions that have the same denominators.
3 5
Example: 7
, 7
● Unlike Fractions or Dissimilar Fractions. Fractions that have different denominators.
4 1
Example: 9
, 5
● Equivalent Fractions. When fractions have the same result after simplification.
2 1
Example: 6
, 3

How to add and subtract fractions?

There are two cases:
1. The fractions have the same denominator
1 1 1+1 2 1
a. 4
+ 4
= 4
= 4
= 2

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 4 2 4−2 2
b. 7
− 7
= 7
= 7

The process of adding or subtracting fractions with the same denominator can be
simplified by first, copying the denominator, then normally adding or subtracting the numerator.

2. The fractions have different denominators

1 1 2+1 3
a. 2
+ 4
= 4
= 4
5 1 5−2 3 1
b. 6
− 3
= 6
= 6
= 2

To add or subtract fractions with different denominators, the denominators should first be
made the same by finding their LCM or lowest common multiple. After finding their LCM, we can
follow the instructions for adding and subtracting fractions with the same denominator.

Let us expand example 2.a. seen above:

1
+
1 the LCM of their denominators is 4
2 4

4÷2=2 To get 4 as both the denominators, we have to find a number to multiply to

4÷4=1 both denominators.

(2 ×
1 2 1
) + (4 ×
1
)= Multiply 2 and 1 to each denominator to get 4 as the final denominators. Since,
2 1
2 1 we CANNOT forget about the numerator, the same numbers will be multiplied
4
+ 4 2
to the numerators. This is allowed because 2
= 1. If the value of the
numerator and denominator is the same, then it is equal to 1.

3 Add both fractions! YAY you did it!!! :>

4

Percents
Ratios in which one number is compared to 100 are called percents. Basically, percent means for
every hundred. The symbol used to denote percent is ‘%’.

Ex.

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 16
The picture shows 16 darkened squares out of 100. This represents 16% or 100
.
Conversions between fractions, decimals, and percents

To convert a Fraction… To convert a Decimal… To convert a Percent…

To a decimal: Divide the To a percent: Move the decimal To a fraction: Put the percentage
numerator by the denominator point two places to the right and over “100” then remove the
add a ‘%’ symbol percent sign ‘%’.
1
Example: Convert 4
into a
Example: Convert 0.20 into a Example: Convert 50% into a
decimal
percent fraction

1 ÷ 4 = 0. 25 20% 50 1
100
= 2

To a percent: Divide the To a fraction: Write the decimal To a decimal: Move the decimal
numerator by the denominator as a fraction by placing 1 as its places two places to the left and
then multiply the result by 100% denominator. Then multiply both remove the percent sign ‘%’.
the numerator and denominator
Example: Convert by a multiple of 10 to remove the Example: Convert 50% into a
1
into a percent decimal point from the decimal
4
numerator. Afterwards, simplify
the fraction. 50. 0 ⇒ 0. 50
1 ÷ 4 = 0. 25 × 100% = 25%
Example: Convert 0.20 into a
fraction

0.20 100 20 1
1
× 100
= 100
= 5

Percent vs Percentages
The two terms are not interchangeable, but are usually used interchangeably when talking
informally. Percent means “per hundred” and uses the symbol ‘%’. It is associated with a specific number.
Percentage on the other hand, is used generally without a numeral.

Example:
Percent: 70% of the Grade 9 students passed their exams.
Percentage: A large percentage of the Grade 9 students passed their exams.

Exercises:
2
1. Convert 5
into a percent and a decimal.
2. Give an example of a percent and a percentage.

IV. Divisibility Rules

How do you know if a number is divisible by another number?

A number is said to be divisible by another number if you produce a whole number when dividing
the two numbers (division problem must not have a remainder).

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Examples:
49÷7=7 63÷4=15 R. 3
49 is divisible by 7 63 is NOT divisible by 4
49 can be exactly divisible by 7 63 cannot be exactly divisible by 4

Did you ever wonder how people could tell if something was divisible by a number just by looking
at it?
These rules are how they do it. Memorizing and understanding a few simple rules and simplifying
fractions and prime factorization will be so much easier.

What are Divisibility rules?

Divisibility rules are a list of rules that lets a person check a number’s divisibility without having to
perform the dividing process.

Divisibility Rules Chart

# Rule Examples

1 Any number can be divided by one. All numbers therefore 12÷1=12

have 1 as their factor
123÷1=123

2 If the number is an even number. Even numbers end in 2, 4, 540÷2=270 (ends with 0)
6, 8, or 0.
1228÷2=614 (ends with 4)

3 If the sum of the digits is divisible by 3, then the number is 15 is divisible by 3 because
divisible by 3. 1+5=6 and 6 is divisible by 3

1,290 is divisible by 3 because

1+2+9+0=12, and 12 divisible by 3
(12 ÷ 3 = 4).

4 If the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4, 112 is divisible by 4 because 12 is
then the number is divisible by 4. divisible by 4(12 ÷ 4 =3).

1,084 is divisible by 4 because

84 is divisible by 4 (84 ÷ 4 = 21).

5 If the number ends in 0 or 5, it is divisible by 5 1,267,350 is divisible by 5

because it ends in a 0

80 is divisible by 5 because it
ends in a 5

6 If the number is divisible by 2 AND 3, it is also divisible by 6. 60 is divisible by 6 because: It is

divisible by 2 because it is even.
(apply divisibility rules for 2 and 3) It is divisible by 3 because the
sum of its digits is divisible by 3

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 5844 is divisible by 6 because: It
is divisible by 2 because it is
even. It is divisible by 3 because
the sum of the digits is divisible
by 3.

7 If the difference of twice the last digit and the rest of 315 is divisible by 7 because the
the digits is divisible by 7. difference of twice the last digit
(5x2=10) and the rest of the
numbers(31) is divisible by 7;
(31-10=21)

217 is divisible by 7 because the

difference of twice the last digit
(7x2=14) and the rest of the
numbers(21) is divisible by 7;
(21-14=7)

8 A number is divisible by 8 if its last three digits are divisible 34000 is divisible by 8 because
by 8, or if its last three digits are “000”. the last three digits are “000”.

1,240 is divisible by 8 because

240 is divisible by 8 (240 ÷ 8 =
30).

9 If the sum of the digits is divisible by 9, then the number is 504 is divisible by 9 because
divisible by 9 5+0+4=9, and 9 is divisible by 9
(9 ÷ 9 = 1)

81 is divisible by 9 because
8+1=9 and 9 is divisible by 9(9÷ 9
= 1)

10 If the number ends with a zero (0) 1,230 is divisible by 10 (ends with
a 0)

30 is divisible by 10(ends with a

0)

Exercises:
1. Is 10906030406 divisible by 3?
2. Is 1 divisible by 1?

V. Order of operations

What is the order of operations?

The order of operations are the rules that tell us the sequence in which we should solve an
expression with multiple operations.
What is GEMDAS?

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 GEMDAS is an order of operation used in mathematics to deal easily with complex calculations.

G E M/D A/S

Grouping Symbols Exponents Multiplication/Division Addition/Subtraction

-parenthesis ( ) (left to right, whichever (left to right, whichever
-brackets [ ] comes first) comes first)
-braces { }

Examples
1) 49÷7×6
Step 1: 49 ÷ 7 = 7 7x6
Step 2: 7×6=42 42

2) 85-4+3
Step 1: 85-4=81 81+3
Step 2: 81+3 84

3) 21 ÷ 3 + (3 × 9) × 9 + 5
Step 1: 21 ÷ 3 = 7 7 + (3 ×9 ) × 9 + 5
Step 2: (3 × 9) = 27 7 + 27 × 9 + 5
Step 3: 27 × 9 = 243 7 + 243 + 5
Step 4: 7 + 243 = 250 250 + 5
Step 5: 250 + 5 = 255 255

4) 10÷[9-(2×2)]
Step 1: (2*2)=4 10÷[9-4]
Step 2: [9-4]=5 10÷5
Step 3: 10÷5=2 2

5) (17-6÷2) +4³
Step 1: (6÷2)=3 (17-3) +4³
Step 2: (17-3)=14 14+4³
Step 3: 4³=64 14+64
Step 4: 14+64=78 78

Exercises:
1. What is G in GEMDAS?
2. Does multiplication or addition go first in GEMDAS equations?

VI. GCF and LCM

What is GCF?

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 The GCF stands for greatest common factor, it is also known as highest common factor(HCF). GCF
is the greatest among the common factors of a number. The factors that are shared by two or more
numbers called common factors.

How do we find the GCF?

● Listing of Factors
In this method, we list the factors of two or more numbers and find the common factors
from the list. Then we select the greatest among all the common factors.

● Prime Factorization
In this method we use the factor tree to find the prime factorization of the numbers. List
each different factor where it appears the greatest number of times and multiply them to get the
least common multiple.

● Continuous/Repeated Division

To find the GCF by division method, we write the given numbers in a row separately by
commas, then divide the numbers by a common prime number. We stop dividing after reaching the
prime numbers. The product of common prime factors is the GCF of given numbers.

https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/greatest-common-factor.html

What is LCM?

The LCM stands for least common multiple. The LCM is the least multiple among all the common
multiples of two or more numbers.

As we already know, a multiple is the number obtained by multiplying a number by itself or any
other number.

How do we find the LCM?

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 ● Listing Multiples
In this method we list the multiples of two or more numbers and find out the common
multiples from the list. Then, the least among all common multiples is the least common multiple.

● Prime Factorization
In this method we use the factor tree to find the prime factorization of the numbers. List
each different factor where it appears the greatest number of times and multiply them to get the
least common multiple.

● Continuous/Repeated Division
To find the LCM by division method, we write the given numbers in a row separately by
commas, then divide the numbers by a common prime number. We stop dividing after reaching the
prime numbers. The product of common and uncommon prime factors is the LCM of given
numbers.

https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/least-common-multiple.html

Exercises:
1. Find the LCM of 7 and 21
2. Find the GCF of 9 and 1

VII. Equation Versus Expression

Equation Has an equal sign separating two 5x-4=x

expressions

Expression Does not have an equal sign only 8x+5y-3x-5

operating symbols

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 Exercises:
1. Is 3x=6 an equation or an expression?
2. Is 345+990 an equation or an expression?

NAVIGATE
Individual Game - Recall Test

Mechanics:
Solve and find the correct answer for each number. Write your answer before the number.
The highest scorer will get an advantage (CLUES!) for the next group game. Always simplify the fractions!

Game Proper:
1. Sara went to a book store that sold books for ₱199.50. If she bought 1 book and paid using 5 bills and
5 coins, what were the values of the bills and coins that she used? How many of each value of the bills
and coins did she use?

2. In an indoor park, there are 5 male teenagers, 18 female adults, 7 female teenagers, and 10 male
adults. What is the ratio of teenagers to adults?
a. 2 : 5
b. 3 : 7
c. 4 : 9
d. 12 : 13

3. A bowl had 50 pieces of candy. Abigail got 20 pieces of her favorite candy. Express the amount of
pieces of candy that Abigail now has in fraction form over the total number of pieces of candy that was in
the bowl before. Convert the fraction into a decimal and a percent.

4. 2520 is divisible by which numbers from 1 to 9?

5. 30 ÷ 6 + 13 − (6 × 2 + 1)
a. 7
b. 5
c. 13
d. 10

Group Game

Mechanics: Solve each problem. Each answer will have a corresponding letter. After uncovering all of the
letters, raise your hands and shout the words from bottom to top.
Code:
1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D, 5-E, 6-F, 7-G, 8-H, 9-I, 10-J, 11-K, 12-L, 13-M, 14-N, 15-O, 16-P, 17-Q, 18-R, 19-S, 20-T, 21-U,
22-V, 23-W, 24-X, 25-Y, 26-Z

Game Proper:
__ - (1 + 6) × 2

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 __ - What is the GCF of 7 and 3
__ - What is the LCM of 2 and 3

__ - 3 × (3 + 3) + 1
__ - What is the LCM of 3 and 9

__ - (30 × 3) ÷ 10 − 1
__ - What is the GCF of 2, 4, and 5
__ - (25 × 4 − 10) ÷ (10 × 9)
__ - What is the GCF of 65, 39

KNOT
PRACTICE TEST (Take Home Reviewer)

1. How do you read this value of money: ₱123.45?

a. One two three four five
b. One hundred twenty three pesos forty five cents
c. One hundred twenty three pesos and forty five cents
d. One hundred twenty three pesos point fifty four
e. None of the above

2. Which of the numbers is divisible by 8?

a. 213692
b. 213618
c. 238492
d. 123256
e. 234834

3. Which of these fractions are equivalent to 3:5?

6
a. 11
10
b. 6
7
c. 35
8
d. 15
12
e. 20

4. What is the sum of the GCF and LCM of 32 and 100?

5. What is the eighth term in the Tribonacci sequence?

6. 4 + 3(2+1) = ______

7. Convert 0.326 into a fraction in lowest terms.

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 8. Is 3x + 5=0 an equation or an expression?

9. 16 men made 19 bowling balls in 3 days. How many bowling balls can 64 men make in 3 days?

10. I have 199 pesos. A candy costs 9 pesos. How many candies can I buy, and still have enough for
a water that costs 25 pesos?

ANSWERS:
Individual game:
1. 3 ₱50 bills, 2 ₱20 bills, 1 ₱5 coin, 4 ₱1 coins, 2 25¢
2. 3 : 7
3. ⅖, 40%, 0.4
4. All from 1-9
5. 5

Group game: NUF SI HTAM

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