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CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TOPIC

INTRODUCTION

WORKING PRINCIPLE

MATERIAL REQUIRED

PROCEDURE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

How DC MOTOR ACTUALLY

WORK ?
TROBLESHOOTING

PRECAUTION

BIBLOGRAPHY
DC MOTOR / ELECTRIC MOTOR
INTRODUCTION

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines

that converts direct current electrical energy into
mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the
forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC
motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the
direction of current flow in part of the motor.

DC motors were the first type widely used, since they

could be powered from existing direct-current lighting
power distribution systems. A DC motor’s speed can be
controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply
voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field
windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and
appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct
current but is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable
power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in
propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in
drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power
electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC
motors possible in many applications.
Evolution of DC Motor
The invention of the DC (direct current) motor can be
attributed to multiple inventors and engineers who
made significant contributions over:

Michael Faraday (1821): Michael Faraday, an English

scientist, discovered electromagnetic induction, which
laid the foundation for the development of electric
motors. Faraday demonstrated that a conductor
moving through a magnetic field produced an electric
current.

William Sturgeon (1832): William Sturgeon, an English

physicist, created the first practical DC electric motor.
He constructed a device known as the “Sturgeon’s
wheel,” which consisted of a rotating copper disc
between the poles of a horseshoe magnet.

Thomas Davenport (1834): Thomas Davenport, an

American blacksmith and inventor, is credited with
building the first practical DC motor in the United
States. His motor used a rotary wheel design with a
battery as the power source.
Hippolyte Pixii (1832): Hippolyte Pixii, a French
instrument maker, developed the first alternating
current (AC) generator, known as the Pixii generator.
While not a DC motor, it played a significant role in the
advancement of electrical machines.

Thomas Edison (1871): Thomas Edison, an American

inventor, improved the design of the DC motor by
developing a practical and efficient version. He
received a patent for his DC motor design, which
featured a multipolar armature and a commutator.

Nikola Tesla (1888): Nikola Tesla, a Serbian-American

inventor and engineer, introduced the concept of the
induction motor, which operates on AC. Although not
directly related to the DC motor, Tesla’s work on
alternating current had a profound impact on the
development of electrical machines.

Frank J. Sprague (1886): Frank J. Sprague, an American

engineer and inventor, made significant advancements
in DC motor technology. He developed the first
successful DC traction system for electric streetcars,
using multiple parallel-connected motors for improved
performance and control.

Further Refinements: Over the years, engineers and

inventors continued to refine and improve DC motor
designs, focusing on aspects such as efficiency, control,
and size. Advancements in materials, manufacturing
techniques, and electronics led to the development of
more compact, powerful, and efficient DC motors.
Working Principle of DC Motor

 Electric motor is a device which converts

electrical energy into mechanical energy.

When a wire (coil) that carries current is placed in

the region of

space that has magnetic field, the wire (coil)

experiences a force.

The amount of force depends on:

1] The amount of current flowing in the wire/Loop

2] Length of wire/Number of loops

3] Strength of magnetic field

Direction of force depends on:

1] Direction of Current in the wire (Coil)

2] Direction of magnetic field

Note: – Fleming’s right-hand rule / Right hand

palm rule is used to determine the direction of
force if the direction of current and magnetic field
is already known
Materials Required :

1. Cardboard

2. 9V Battery
3. Battery connector
4. A round magnet (used in speakers)

5. Some copper wire

6. 2 Thin Copper pin

7. 2 Big safety pins

8. On/Off switch

PROCEDURE:
  Starting in the center of the wire, wrap the wire tightly and
neatly around the marker 30 times.
 Slide off the coil you made on the marker.
 Wrap each loose end of the wire around the coil a few times
to hold it together, then point the wires away from the loop,
as shown below:

Use knife to remove the wire insulation on each free end of the
coil, as shown below
  Thread each loose end of the wire coil through the large
eye of a needle. Try to keep the coil as straight as possible
without bending the wire ends.

 Connect the battery across the two needles.

 Now place a magnet below the coil.
How DC Motor actually works?
The metal, needles, and wire created a closed loop
circuit that can carry current. Current flows from
the negative terminal of the battery, through the
circuit, and to the positive terminal of the battery.
Current in a closed loop also creates its own
magnetic field, which you can determine by the
“Right Hand Rule.” Making a “thumbs up” sign
with your right hand, the thumb points in the
direction of the current, and the curve of the fingers
show which way the magnetic field is oriented.

In our case, current travels through the coil you

created, which is called the armature of the motor.
This current induces a magnetic field in the coil,
which helps explain why the coil spins.

Magnets have two poles, north and south. North-

south interactions stick together, and north-north
and south-south interactions repel each other.
Because the magnetic field created by the current in
the wire is not perpendicular to the magnet taped to
the battery, at least some part of the wire’s magnetic
field will repel and cause the coil to continue to spin.

So why did we need to remove the insulation from

only one side of each wire? We need a way to
periodically break the circuit so that it pulses on and
off in time with the rotation of the coil. Otherwise,
the copper coil’s magnetic field would align with the
magnet’s magnetic field and stop moving because
both fields would attract each other. The way we set
up our engine makes it so that whenever current is
moving through the coil (giving it a magnetic field),
the coil is in a good position to be repelled by the
stationary magnet’s magnetic field. Whenever the
coil isn’t being actively repelled (during those split-
second intervals where the circuit is switched off),
momentum carries it around until it’s in the right
position to complete the circuit, induce a new
magnetic field, and be repelled by the stationary
magnet again.

Once moving, the coil can continue to spin until the

battery is dead. The reason that the magnet only
spins in one direction is because spinning in the
wrong direction will not cause the magnetic fields to
repel each other, but attract.

Troubleshooting
 Has the rotor been stripped correctly? Hold the plane of the
loop so that it is oriented vertically. One of the straight
sections of the rotor should be stripped completely (from
rotor to end); the other straight section should be stripped
on the top only.
  Is the circuit complete? Check each connection: red lead to
thumbtack, thumbtack to paperclip, paperclip to stripped
section of rotor, other stripped section of rotor to other
paperclip, paperclip to thumbtack, thumbtack to black lead.
Any break in the circuit will prevent current from flowing
and thereby prevent motor from working.

 Is the rotor level and directly above the magnet? Adjust the
rotor, paperclip supports and magnet until both straight
sections of the rotor are perfectly horizontal, both paperclips
supports are at the same height, and the magnet is directly
underneath the rotor when the rotor is oriented so that the
plane of the loop is vertical.

 Is the rotor close to the magnet? The magnetic field is

strongest nearest to the magnet. When the plane of the rotor
is oriented vertically, the bottom of the rotor should be as
close to the magnet (without touching) as possible.
• Is the battery providing power? Use a voltmeter or multi-
meter to check the voltage of the battery or simply replace with a
fresh 9-volt battery.

Application of DC Motor
 Electric vehicles: DC motors are used in electric cars
and motorcycles to drive the wheels efficiently.
 Robotics: DC motors provide the necessary torque and
speed control for robotic systems, enabling precise
movements.
 Industrial machinery: DC motors are found in
conveyors, pumps, mixers, and other industrial
equipment, providing reliable power transmission.
 HVAC systems: DC motors are used in fans, blowers,
and air conditioning units to regulate airflow and
temperature control.
 Aerospace industry: DC motors are utilized in aircraft
systems for applications such as fuel pumps, flap control,
and landing gear operation.
 Medical devices: DC motors power various medical
equipment, including surgical tools, centrifuges, and
prosthetic limbs.
 Computer peripherals: DC motors are employed in
printers, scanners, disk drives, and other computer
hardware components.
 Home appliances: DC motors are used in appliances
like washing machines, refrigerators, and vacuum
cleaners for tasks such as agitating, compressing, and
suction.
 Electric power tools: DC motors drive power tools such
as drills, saws, and screwdrivers, providing high torque
and control.
 Actuators: DC motors act as actuators in control
systems, allowing precise movement and positioning in
applications like valves, dampers, and servomechanisms.
  Textile industry: DC motors drive spinning machines,
looms, and other textile machinery, facilitating the
production process.
 Electric bicycles: DC motors power electric bicycles,
assisting with pedalling and providing additional speed.
 Camera lenses: DC motors are used in autofocus
mechanisms in cameras, enabling quick and accurate
focusing.
 Electric gates and garage doors: DC motors drive the
opening and closing mechanisms in gates and garage
doors for convenient access control.
 Toys and entertainment: DC motors are utilized in
various toys, including remote-controlled cars, model
trains, and drones, providing motion and functionality.

Precautions
 All the connection should be neat and tight.
 Remove the insulation of the copper wire at both tips.
 Make sure the magnet used is enough strong to rotate the
coil continuously.
 The copper wire should not be thicker than 0.2mm
 If the coil is not rotating by itself, just give a push to rotate.
  The coil should be oriented in the balance position.
 The coil should be balance in such a way that its all mass is
on to the both pin
 Make sure you don’t use Iron pin in the coil

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 wikipedia.com
 Google search engine
 youtube.com
 Physics NCERT book for class XII
 http://tlaphysicsportfolio.weebly.com/