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929 views374 pagesByzantine Athens, 10th - 12th Centuries - Charalambos Bouras - Taylor
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ethanapeebsCopyright
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/ 374
BYZANTINE ATHENS,
10th - 12th Centuries
CHARALAMBOS BOURAS BYZANTINE ATHENS,
10TH-12TH CENTURIES
In this masterful synthesis, Charalabos Bours draws together material and textual evidence
for Athens in the Midile Byzantine period, From the midtenth century to 1204, when it
was conquered by Crusaders, Whit emerges from his meticulous investigation isan urban
Inbrc surprisingly makeshift in its domestic sector yet exuberant creative in its eclesis
‘al erchtecture, Rather thin viewing the city ara mere shedow of is ancient pst, Bouras
‘demonstrates how Athens remained an important city ofthe Byzantine Empire asthe sat of
4 metropolitan, bonne to local rstocracy, and pllgeimage destination for those who came to
‘worship at the Christin Parthenon. Byzontine Athens explores the relationship of the Byzantine
Infrastructure to ealier configurations, shedding lig on the water eupply, industrial Eel
tie, streets and frtfetions of medieval Athens, and exploring the evidence forthe fre and
typology of Byzantine houses, Thanks to Bours’ indefatigable study fall available archaco-
logical reports the fet part ofthe book offers an overall picture ofthe Middle Byzantine city.
‘The scond part present flly documented and lutrated catalogue of nearly 40 churches,
including synthetic treatment of their typology and morphology st inthe wider Byzantine
architectural context. Finally, Bours joins his unrivalled knowledge of the surviving remains
and exhautive srutay of the relevant scholarship to oller a historical interpretation of the
[Athenian monument. Byzantine Athen i unique achievement tit wil remain an invalable
‘compendia of our knowledge of one of the moet cumplex, yet relitvely usknown, Bye
Professor Charalambos Bourss (1933-2016) was scholar of international recogni
tion who taught History of Architecture inthe Universite of Thessaloniki and Athens For
235 years, In addition to his ground breaking research as special in Byeantine and Post
Byzantine architecture, be slo rade sigiicant contributions vo the understanding of ancient
archtectre, He was the President of the Committe for the Restoration of the Acropolis
Monuments nd 3 member and vice-president of the Board of Trustees ofthe Benaki Mu
scum, Athen, He pased away in July 2016 during the Binal preparation ofthis English edition
‘of Byzantine bes. Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francs Group BYZANTINE ATHENS,
10TH-—12TH CENTURIES
Charalambos Bouras
tononavonewvoncBENAKI MUSEUM. pi ng 2017
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n.8.-4724907 a CONTENTS
te ffi
Fern.
‘Adaotageenes
‘Aertioe
Pendle
Introduction
Pree ruch nd celanip 1
The writen ous 3
The pyc eine of thee 5
Gen eri of th an plan of mea then 7
“The built environment and the monuments
‘Theft of Made yromine thes
The gterin che walle and he res 25
Nae tm meena ths 22
Pons fens nthe mally 39
edi are often 50
Introduction: Information fom the writen arcs $0
Residential area Athens $3
Settlement onthe Acropolis 53
Setlement in aka nd the mer iy center 54
Seulement inthe area of Monastir andthe ibray of Hadrian 59
Seslement inthe Roman Agore 62
“The Athenian Agora andthe Areopagus 66
South lope ofthe Acropolis 83,
Sytagm Square, the National Galen andthe Zappsion
“The Kerameiho 99
Donec erate 101
n The prdation of gd te economy ad inal Budngy 115
abe ped centri 124
The chef medial den 127
“The eclesutea architecture of Athens: Itrdton 127
Catalogu of Mile Byantine churches in Athen 131
“The Agos. Haga Apstol/Holy Apostes 131
Agora Hager Nikolow 136
Roman Agors, Church beneath the Fethiye Moague 137
agi Adaerne/San Cathrine 140
Acropolis Parthenon 146
“Acropolis Propylai, Chapele 155
agit Anargyrol in Page! Squire 157
git Aportlo ta marmars (The Klepydr fountain, Acropolis) 161
agit Atal nee These” 162
‘Aomato ta Sali 165
Library of Hain, Ruined charch 170
Gal Higlos Georgio, or mor Ekle 172
agios Georgios Alexanriaoe 175,
GorgoepehoosPaaga or Hagin Eeutheroe, or Lite Metropolis 176
Goud, Pannier Hage Triads 185
agi Dionysio Arcopgiter 18
Profs iain the Saropraro 189
Hugi Theodor on Nik Steet 19%
gi Theodora 195
epbaistcon, of "Thesin’ or Hagin Gorgion 208
agi Thomas 209
Maryan of Hapioe Leonid (ibaa) 210
Hagios fone oTheologos, Paka 212
gis fone Podrames 217
gis lnnne on oulagmenit Street 218
Hagin tonnes Mangoter 219,
Kaper 226
Monastery of Kynegos ton Phlosophon. Kaho 233
agi Lalas monary, Kahan 238
gia Marina nee Then 240,
Mepse Pann 243,
[Metamorpbosstou Seer, Pla 245
Hagin Nikolaos Rang 248
Homolog Hag antes in Ampelkepot 255
‘Moni Petrai/Petak monartery Katolikon 259
Sor of Kotais 265
Sots Lpkdemon 269 “Tsar church ithe Roman gary 275
gis Fiippos 277
“Typology 284
Morphology and contruction 286
‘hesian ecesinta rcltectre inthe wider Gresk context 295
unial interpretation of the Athenian menanments
Epilogue: The Athens ofegend during the Middle Ages
(Captions forthe map of Byzantine Athens
Indes of pra nas
Inde ple and monoments
a7
a0
an 2
B
“4
FIGURES
Athens, A.D. 267 to 1204 (-Travlo).
Acropolis, Reulé Gate. View fromm the west.
Plan of Acropolis and Pot Herubian wall in the third century (,Travlo),
Plan ofthe Acropolis and the Post-Herulisn wal inthe
third century. According to M. Keres,
Pilate pedestal of ate antique building in font ofthe
Poat-Herulan wall near the Stos of Eumenes,
Map ofthe Hil ofthe Nymphs, the Payx and the Mouseion, with
the alerianic wall and it subsequent added (Justinian? tower
Drawing by J Tealos
Acropolis entrance inthe Mile Byzantine period, «The Beulé Gate,
The Valerianc or Pst-Herulin Wal. Byzantine Wl, 8. Mile
Byzantine phase ofthe north tower, , Pedestal of Agrippa
Temple of Athena Nike.
Acropolis. Man entrance before the demolition ofthe Byzantine
transversal wal. K.W.Heldeck, 1835. Minchen, Bayerische
Saategemaldesammlungen,
Acropolis. North tower bythe Beulé Gate, Middle Byzantine
saulted supports ofthe frst floor. Drawing by D. Giraud and M. Sigal.
(Olympicien. Two views ofthe medieval buldng on the architreve of
the temple, Photographs by J. Robertson (1854) and . Moraites (1870)
Athens, Benaki Museum ~ Photographic Archive
Plan ofthe are south of the Olympicion. A Vlerianc wall, B, Towers of
the Justinian period, T. Olynpleioneireit, A, Houses and workshops,
Workshop, Z Circuit ofthe temple, H. Temple of Kronos and Rhea,
“Temple of Apollo Delphinos. Drawing by J Tasos. Redrawn,
Acropolis The Enstern wall during the Middle Ages, Restored (M. Kore).
Post Herulan wall Wes Sid, Christos Gat,
Post-Herulan wall near the Krysalloiea church on Adrianou Street nd
the gate Byzantine marble door frame. Drawing by A. Orlandos.
0
2
8
20
a
2
23
n
28 15 0, North flank ofthe PotHerulian wall slong Adrianow Street, reconstructed
B. Library of Hadrian, . Church of the Panagia Krystalliotisa, 5. Tower of the
Jistinianie period, e, Entrance tothe medrese, ¢ Adranou Stee,
Alolow Street,
16 Acropolis. The Parthenon, the great medieval cistern andthe unidentified
Byrantine bilding, Reconstructive drawing, M. Korres,
17 Acropolis Plan and two sections of cistern, west ofthe Erechthion
18 “The Byzantine cistern in the vicinity ofthe AsKlepicion, Tio sections,
(M, Philipps and N, Paton, 1964.)
19. Propylaia. The Pinakotheke converted to the bishop's residence in the medieval
period, eatt-west section (with the Justinianiceistrn tothe right) and north
South section. Reconstructive drawing. Tanouls
20. Roman Agora, View from the southwest
21 Roman Agora, The Archegtis Gate and the churches of the ichare and
Profits las. Drawing by Chr. Hansen, 1835. By kind permision ofthe
Danish National Art Library, Copenhagen
22 Acropolis, Unidentified Byzantine building, west ofthe Parthenon,
View from southwest. Photo, J. Bundgsard
23 Acropolis, Part ofa peeudo-siteophagus (?) marble sb
24 The remains ofa Byzantine hose inthe basement ofthe Kanellopaulor
‘Murcur, Sketch plan
25. Remains of Byzantine buildings in the 104 Adranou Sret plot, Plan,
‘wo sections and block pln, Drasng by D. Giraud
26 Remains of Middle Byzantine houses inthe 6 Thoukiidou Steet plot
(Plan BVasilopouls.
27, Roman Agora, The fountain and its reservoir Views from above and in rot.
28. Roman Agora, Byzantine wall wth upright stone blocks,
29, Roman Agora, Reconstructive pln heed on drawing by J. Tels.
The Archegetis Gat, f-The Easter propyon,r. Fethiye Mosque, 8. Ruins
ofa church beneath the mosque, ©. Church of Profits las, ex. Church ofthe
“Taniarchs(.Panala Gregorous, 9, Fountaln, 8, Horologion of Androsikos
Kyrohestes, Agoranomion.
30. General pln of the Agora are The sections ofthe excavation areas are
indicated by Greck letters, (ASCSA.)
53 Drawing showing the stratigraphy in section BH of the Agora excavations
(1997). North to south section through the Roman temple (T-L. Shear.)
32 Agora. The Middle Byzantine building complex in sections H and H
‘View from the north, Pot, ASCSA 4265,
133 Agor. Two sketch plans showing te eatictuhp between eleven rooms
inthe Byzantine complex with walls ofthe underlying Roman buildings
andthe Peribolos ofthe Twelve Gods, beneath them. Diaries ASCSA HV
1148 and 1149.
2»
as
36
a
43
45
46
*
*
ss
6
7
63
6
“
os
n Fa
as
36
”
38
»
40
4“
a
“a
4
46
a
°
so
st
82
33
Agora. The Byzantine complex in scons H and H Sketch pla, Diaries
ASCSAH, 315-316
‘Agora Wall forming rooms west f the Sts of tas ection 3)
Phot ASCSA Bt
Agora, House Din section I, Part vw ofthe ruins, Phot. ASCSA XI 6
‘Agora House D is section nthe vey of the ance eon
Drawing by Tals. (A Frans)
Agora, Bratine hous atthe south ed of section NN, Phot
ASCSA XVIII
‘Ager. Two bones and oa between then, ectin AA
Pot, ASCSA, 738
Remains of Byantin house over the acintPanathense Way, at 7 Adriano
Sirs. Pan an section, Dring by Tavlos, 1959. (Vanderpool)
|Agora,Excations inaction: BE and BZ. (1982), Remains of tre hose.
Drawing by WB, Dinmoor CL. She.)
South slope ofthe Acropolis. Dionysow Arcopigto Stree, Plan
of Group ofthe Byantne wall Drawing by C, Keamiates
(A. Charon.)
South slope ofthe Acropolis. Dionysoy Arcopagito Steet, Walls of Byzantine
owes in Group , Drawing by C Kaamiskes, (A. Chariton.)
Exenatlon tthe 35 Dionysos ArcoagitouSret and the Kalle plot
Plan. (% Omtanon.)
Excvation (1969) at 19-21 Makyglan Src, Byzantine walls and
cera jr ove the remain of large house ofthe Lae Roman period
Pan (0. Alexa)
Excavation atthe 10 Syngrou an Teron Stet pot Remains of
Byantne bln. (0. Alexandr)
“he Mile yzitine bling resis founda the Makeygan plat
rng the exertion forthe founatons ofthe Acropolis Moc
(St Bleuheratos,N.Sarga)
Excvatln forthe Acropls Mase, The’ House ofthe Pater’, Pn
ofthe exiting remains (Fist Ephorateof Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities),
B. Reconstructive plan, C. Reconstructive perspective view
Amalie Aven, Excavations forthe Metropolitan ry. Plan, Middle
Byzantine ceramic jars and storage its. (0. Zackariadou.)
Amalias Avenue Excavations forthe Metropolitan allway. Plan ofthe
Roman bath andthe Byzantine additions (0. Zachariadou,)
Kerameikos. Remains of Byzantine houses in the vicinity ofthe Pompelon
Pla. (W. Hoepiner)
Remains of Byzantine houses in setions BE and BZ, as found. Drawing by
R.C. Anderson. Camp.)
Agora Three Byeantine houses in sections BE and BZ (reconstructive drawing
‘red onthe drawing by RC. Anderson and J. Camp.
n
zB
m
n
ws
80
88
co
ot
3
93
96
100
103
105 so
5s
56
37
ss
59
6
6
63
6s
66
6
68
69
7
n
n
n
™
%
76
n
n
p
Agora Two Byzantine house in section BE, Parl reconstructive plan ofthe
pls I. (LL. Shear.)
‘Ago, Two Byzantine house in actin BE, Parl reconstructive plan ofthe
pls CEL, Shar)
‘Agora. Hous Din ton. Gener view f the ruins. Phot ASCSA, XI, 48
[Agore. Plan of shou ofthe fourth centr B.C. compared with the plano
Hote D ofthe welt century A.D. (Travon)
Agora. Four sketches by Ht Thompon. Ceramic jr and bulls storage pits
Diaries ASCSA, MM 145, 11229, 230, 1465.
‘Ago, Ceti jer under the aor fs howe fn etn MM, with i ace
cover Phot ASCSA X73,
‘Agr Aceramicjar anda buil-up storage pit near the church of he Hag
Aposto
Exewation a 3 Dionsion Arspagion Stet. al-porge pt
Roman Agors ar of ceramic jr with rick extension vers oie.
Retaining wall orth of the Sta of Emnes Part of storage pit
‘Agere, Home nection H, Fondation wal ko alae rund eter
sworn sone: Pho. ASCSA 7.232
The Byrantine workshop of the Olympision. View from the west (1962).
(Trove Thrpsiads.)
[Agors. Byzantine workahup cat ofthe road inaction E, Pht. ASCSA
£229,230.
The Hogi’ Apostol rom southwest
“The Hag’ Apostoo rom norte.
“The Hagit Apostolos, View of the south ie.
The Hagios Apostoli. Plan sed ona drawing by | ral.
“The Hag’ Apostolo East-west ection, Drawing byW.B, Dinsmoor Je
(Fam)
The Hagio Apostoli East clevaton. Drawing by WB, Dinwnoor Je
(Fran)
‘The Hagin Apostolos, Dome
‘The Hagit Apolo, Masry on et side ofthe be pa. Drewing by
J.T (A. Fran)
The Hagi’ Apostoli. Detail ofthe masonry with Cuexqe brickworks,
Agra Hagios Nikolaos. Plans ofthe four phases of the church, Drawing
by RC. Anderson, Camp)
Roman Agora The Fethiye Mosque nd the rin ofthe Byzantine
church benesth it
Roman Agora The church beneath the Fethiye Monge. View ofthe prt
oman Agora ethie Moxguc,P Ruins ofthe church benewh
the mosque, .Splbat ofthe eas portico af the Agora, 8. Shops
Remain of the mint ofthe monpie, ot. The Southwert corner of
the church, Pelopidas Set.
108
106
tos
108
109
10
m1
m1
Mm
im
1
1a
12
131
BI
13
132
1
13
13
1
136
13s
135
137
138 80
81
8
83
86
85
86
87
88
89
90
3
92
ct
3
95
96
7
38
99
100
101
102
103,
104
105
106
Hagia Aiatrine, Plan and longitudinal section. Actual state. Drawing by
5. Mamaloukos
Hagia Atatrine, Reconstructive pln and longitudinal section. Drawing
by 8. Mamalokos.
Hagia Aiaterine. The Four column capitals ofthe main church. Drawing
byS. Mamluks.
aia Aiaterine. East clvatin reconstructive Drawing by S. Mamaloukos.
Hagia Aiaterine. The north gable
Hagia Aikatrine. Columns ofthe Roman persyle. View From the north
Hala Atlatrine. General plan ofthe open space in rot ofthe rch
‘The cella ofthe Parthenon ata Cristian church, Dring by M, Korres
(The numbers onthe plan are explained in Korres 1984, p. 145, Fig 10.)
‘The Parthenon. The pons and the ema apse during the Milde Byzantine
period, restored. Drawing by M. Korres
The medieval Parthenon. Par ofthe roof and the windows over
the entablature. Reconstructive drawing by M. Korres
Plan and section ofthe mediaeval star tower ofthe Parthenon,
Six fragments of a marble string course with a welth-
