Strojnícky časopis – Journal of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,

VOL 72 (2022), NO 1, 55 – 68

THE CORRECTION FACTOR TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE

EFFECT OF MASS TRANSFER ON THE HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT

GUŽELA Štefan 1*, DZIANIK František 1

1
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Process
Engineering, Námestie slobody 17, 812 31 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
*
Corresponding author, e – mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Various factors affect the processes that take place in the devices. Knowledge of these factors
is important, especially for technical practice. If these were omitted in the design of the device,
the expected changes in the properties of the substances would probably not occur in the device. Different
processes occur in the devices, often involving simultaneous heat and mass transfer through the interfacial area.
In this case, it is true that the description of the heat transfer cannot be based
on ordinary laws. It is necessary to proceed from their corrected forms because, generally, the mass transfer
influences the heat transfer. This impact can be taken into account using the correction factor adjusting the
commonly reported relationships, as mentioned in this article.

KEYWORDS: Fourier’s law, Newton’s law of cooling, corrected form of the Newton’s cooling law, Ackermann
correction factor, correction factor, interfacial area, heat transfer coefficient.

1 Introduction
There are a group of equipment that ensure the transfer of heat from the hot medium
to the cold medium [(1), (2), (3), (4), (5)]. The special group of these equipment is those
in which the hot medium is separated from the cold medium by a wall made of the solid
material. For a correct description of these equipment, it is necessary to know the values
of the heat transfer coefficients corresponding to the hot and cold media. The values of these
coefficients are usually determined on the basis of the criterion equations valid for the specific
cases [(3), (5), (6), (7), (8)]. The calculation of such equipment can in principle be considered
seamless if the media, hot and cold media, are single component. In the opposite case, if only
one of the media is multicomponent, the calculation is already more complicated.
The complexity consists on the one hand in determining the properties of mixtures,
the knowledge of which is necessary for the determination of the heat transfer coefficients, and
on the other hand, also from the point of view of the calculation methodology of such
equipment. The special case occurs when at least one of the media undergoes the phase change
in the equipment, which can generally also be accompanied by the presence of an inert [(3), (4),
(8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13)]. In such a case, it is true that there is simultaneous heat and mass
transfer through the interfacial area in the equipment. This is due to the fact
that there are at least two phases in a given space of the equipment. In this case, the amount
of heat exchanged between the hot and cold media depends on the amount of energy transferred
through the interfacial area from the first phase to the second phase [(14), (15), (16)]. The aim
of this article is to state the equation that determines the total heat flux through the interfacial
area. Knowledge of the heat flux is crucial in the design of the equipment
in which simultaneous heat and mass transfer occur. In these cases, it is true that the heat transfer

DOI: 10.2478/scjme-2022-0006, Print ISSN 0039-2472, On-line ISSN 2450-5471 ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava
coefficient determined on the basis of the common equations is corrected
by a correction factor taking into account the simultaneous heat and mass transfer.

2 Original equation for the description of the simultaneous heat and mass transfer
If the temperature changes from place to place in the observed system, there must be a heat
flux in the system. In the simplest case, when the system represents a pure substance (solid,
liquid, gas) that does not flow, the heat flux can be described by Fourier’s law:

Q = q . A = −λ(T ). A (1)
The heat, as already shown above, can also be transferred from one system (from one phase) to
another system (to another phase) in such a way that the individual phases are separated from
each other by the interfacial area Fig. 1. In this case, also the flow of one phase or both phases
is usual. In such cases, it is also true that the heat flux can be expressed near
the interfacial area by Eq. 1, if the process description is based on the film theory of heat transfer
(film model). The reason is the fact that in the flowing fluid a thermal boundary layer of
thickness T = z2 – z1 is formed near the interfacial area [(5), (7), (14), (17)]. The thickness of
this layer depends on the turbulence intensity of the fluid in a given phase. Behind
this layer, the temperature in the phase volume is considered constant (i.e., T2 = Tf = constant,
Fig. 1). In other words, the film model assumes that the temperature change occurs only
in the thermal boundary layer and not in the phase volume. It is also assumed (reasonably
assumed) within the concept of the film model that there is a laminar flow of the fluid along the
interfacial area in the thermal boundary layer. This means that a laminar film exists
in a given phase along the interfacial area.
Let  = constant and let the heat transfer occur only in a direction perpendicular
to the interfacial area, whereas the direction of the heat transfer is identical to the direction
of the z-axis. Then based on Eq. (1), the heat flux near the interfacial area may be expressed by
the equation written in the form:
dT dT
qz z =w = −λ = −λ w = qw (2)
dz dz
It should be kept in mind that this equation allows to determine the amount of heat that passes
through the interfacial area (i.e., from one phase to another).
Similar considerations apply also in the case of mass transfer through the interfacial area
[(5), (15), (18)]. The total molar flux, e.g., of a substance A near the interfacial area,
can be expressed by a general equation written in the form:
− EtAmw
N Aw = (c − c ) = k (c − c )
(z2 − z1 ) φ Af Aw c Aw Af (3)

  c n

1 
  1 − Af N iw
 c Aw c Af  cγ
ln 

F EtAmw EtAmw
in which k c = , F= = , φ =  − 
 , and γ = N
i= A
.
φ z2 − z1 δD  cγ cγ  c Aw
 1 − Aw

  cγ
It should be kept in mind that Eq. (3) also allows to determine the quantity of substance A
that passes from one phase to another. Fig. 2 represents the conditions that apply
to the transfer of substance A through the interfacial area, assuming that there is
a unidirectional mass transfer of substance A in the device. Here, it is also assumed that
the concentration change occurs only in the concentration boundary layer, which thickness is

56 ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava Volume 72, No. 1, (2022)

represented by the variable D. In general, the thicknesses of the concentration and the thermal
boundary layers are different (i.e., D  T).
If several substances pass through the interfacial area, similar equations can be written
on the basis of Eq. (3) for each additional substance (e.g., for substance B, it would apply
 c Bf  n

1 
 1−  N iw
− EtBmw  c Bw c Bf 
N Bw = (c − c ), where φ =  −  ln  c  , and =
 cγ  i= A
).
(z2 − z1 ) φ Bf Bw  cγ cγ   1 −
Bw

γ N Bw
 cγ 
Such equations allow to determine the molar flux of a given substance. The sum of these fluxes
gives the total molar flux of the substances passing through the interfacial area, i.e.:
n
N w = N Aw + N Bw + ... + N iw + ... + N nw =  N iw , (4)
i= A

alternatively, the next equation can be written based on the Eq. (3):
 c Af   c 
 1−   γ − Af 
cγ
c ln   = Fc ln 
n
EtAmw
 N iw =
(z 2 − z1 ) c Aw  
c
c Aw


(5)
i= A
 1 −  γ− 
 cγ   c 

Fig. 1 Representation of the conditions near Fig. 2 Representation of the conditions near
the interfacial area in the case of heat transfer. the interfacial area in the case
of the unidirectional mass transfer of substance A.

If substances pass through the interfacial area, then from the point of view of balancing,
these represent the material stream, which is also the carrier of the energy. The energy flux
contained in this stream can be expressed as follows:
N w h w = N Aw h Aw+ N Bw h Bw+ ... + Niw h iw+ ... + N nw h nw=
n n n (6)
=  N iw h iw=  N iwhiw

+  N iwhiwmix ,
i= A i= A i= A

Volume 72, No. 1, (2022) ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava 57

   viw  
 T  dp +  α→β hiw (Tα→β ) .
T p 

where: hiw = hiw

− hiwref

= hiw

− 0 =  c piwdT +  v 
iw − T  

Tref pref 
   p 
Fig. 3 shows the situation corresponding to the simultaneous transfer of heat and mass through
the interfacial area. In this case, the total energy flux passing through the interfacial area is the
sum of the two components represented by the Eqs. (2) and (6). This can be expressed
mathematically by the following equation:
dT n
ew = qw + N w h w = −λ w +  N iw h iw (7)
dz i = A
n
or in vector form: e = q + N h= −λ(T ) +  N i h i . In this equation, the first term q= −λ(T )
i= A
expresses the energy flux component comprising the heat transfer by conduction
n
and the second term N h=  N i h i represents the energy flux transferred by the substances
i= A
passing through the interfacial area.
Eq. (7) is the original equation for the description of the simultaneous transfer of heat
and mass. On the basis of this equation, the corrected form of Newton’s law of cooling
is derived. Knowledge of this corrected form is important because it is used in the calculation
of heat transfer and especially in the design of equipment where simultaneous heat and mass
transfer [(14), (15), (16)].

Fig. 3 Simultaneous heat and mass transfer Fig. 4 Change of enthalpy at constant pressure,
(assuming the unidirectional mass transfer including the partial changes of enthalpy.
of substance i) through the interfacial area.

3 The energy flux through the interfacial area

Eq. (7) is the fundamental equation for solving the technical problems in which simultaneous
heat and mass transfer through the interfacial area take place [(15)]. When applying a given
equation to a specific problem, the conditions that prevail in the given device must be taken
into account. Assume further that the pressure in the system is constant (i.e., p = constant),

58 ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava Volume 72, No. 1, (2022)

 n
the mixture of substances can be considered as ideal (i.e., N
i= A
iw hiwmix = 0 ), the state

of the substances in the system changes from  to  at a temperature corresponding

to the reference state (i.e.,  α→β hiw

( ) ( )
Tα→β =  α→β hiw Tref ), and that the temperature of

(T − Tref )).
T T

 c piwdT = c dT = c piw
β β
the substances in the state  changes from Tref to T (i.e., 
piw
Tref Tref

Taking this into account, the enthalpy of the pure substance can be expressed by

the equation: hiw = hiw

(T ; p;β) − hiwref

(
Tref ; p; α = hiw

)
(T ; p;β) − 0 = α→β hiw Tref + c piw
β
T − Tref ( ) ( )
(Fig. 4). The advantage of such an adjustment is that within a given range of temperatures,
the enthalpy of the pure substance can be considered constant (i.e., hiw = constant).
On the basis of the above facts, Eq. (7) takes the form:
dT n
(T − Tref )+  Niw α→β hiw (Tref )
n
ew = − λ w +  N iwc piw
β
(8)
dz i = A i= A

If the system operates under steady conditions (i.e., ew = constant, Niw = constant),
and when also w = constant, Eq. (8) can be solved. By separating the variables, the following
equation can be obtained:
dz dT
λ =

( ) (T − Tref )
n n

 
(9)
w
 − e w + N iw  α →β h 
iw Tref + β
N iwc piw
 i= A i= A 
which, after integration, turns into a form:

ln − ew +  N iw α→β hiw (Tref ) +  N iwc piw (T − Tref )
n n
β

=   + constant
z i= A i= A
(10)
λw n

 N iwc piw β

i= A

In this equation, a constant has to be expressed. From a mathematical point of view, it can be
formally written that at a distance z = zref is T = Tref. Taking into account the just mentioned,
Eq. (10) takes the form:
 
 w  iw α→β iw ref  N iwc piw (T − Tref )
( )
n n
− e + N  h 
T + β

ln  i= A i= A

 − ew +  N iw α→β hiw (Tref ) 
n

  (11)
z − z ref i= A
=
λw n

N
i= A
c β
iw piw

When working with this equation, it applies that all variables appearing in it relate to only one
phase. This should always be remembered. It also follows from the derivation of this equation
that in the practical application of this equation, a reference state (i.e., the value
of the quantity Tref and the corresponding value of zref) must be chosen. This follows from
the fact that the derivation of this equation is based on Eq. (7) in which occurs the enthalpy,
which always depends on the choice of the reference state. If it is necessary to know the value
of the quantity ew, the following relation can be obtained according to this equation
(i.e., Eq. (11)):
Volume 72, No. 1, (2022) ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava 59
 (T − T )
n

N c β

n 
+  N iw α→β hiw (Tref ) = esen + elat
iw piw ref
ew = i= A
(12)
 n β 
z − z ref    i = A 
1 − exp  N iwc piw   
  i= A  λ w  
from which the equations commonly mentioned in the literature follow.
Eq. (12) is used in the technical calculations to express the total energy flux through
the interfacial area if there is simultaneous heat and mass transfer through the interfacial area
in the system. The first term on the right side of this equation (i.e., esen) represents the quantity
of energy needed to change the temperature of the substances, and the second term (i.e., elat)
represents the quantity of energy needed to change the state of the substances. In other words,
Eq. (12) allows determining the amount of energy that needs to be transferred from a mixture
of substances of a given state (in this case, the state indicated by the symbol ) in order
to change their state into another (into the state indicated by the symbol ).
4 Ackermann correction factor
Eq. (12) is a key equation for deriving further equations. If this equation is to be solved, it is
necessary to specify the conditions that represent the reference state. These can generally
be chosen arbitrarily. Let the reference state be represented by the conditions prevailing
at the interfacial area (i.e., Tref = Tw = T1 and zref = zw = z1), and let the state be represented
by phase II (i.e.,  = II and  = I) (see Figs. 3 and 4). In the sense just given, it will apply
β
in Eq. (12): c piw = c piw
I
and  α→β hiw

( )
Tref =  II→I hiw

(Tw ) . It can be written similarly for other
quantities, i.e., N iw = N iwI and λ w = λ Iw . Then, Eq. (12) takes the form:
n

N I
cI
(T − Tw )
iw piw
n 
ew = i= A
+  N iwI  II→I hiw (Tw ) = esen + elat (13)
  n I I  z − z    i = A 
1 − exp  N iwc piw  I 1  
  i= A  λ w  
The equation written in this way basically shows how much energy needs to be transferred from
a system containing substances represented by state I (or substances representing phase I) to
change their state to state II (or phase II). This equation (i.e., Eq. (13)) applies, of course,
provided that there is a simultaneous transfer of heat and mass through the interfacial area
in the system.
It is also often the case that the substance, the mixture of substances, flows through a device
(Fig. 5). In such a case, it is supposed in terms of film theory that the change of temperature
(i.e., Tf → Tw) occurs only in a thermal boundary layer. In the sense just given,
the temperature Tf can be substituted for the temperature T (i.e., T = Tf = T2) in Eq. (13), which
also means that the equality z = z2 has to apply (Fig. 5). That means that Eq. (13)
can be rewritten in the following form:

(T − Tw )
n

N I
cI
iw piw f
n 
ew = i= A
+  N iwI  II→I hiw (Tw ) = esen + elat (14)
  n I I  z − z    i = A 
1 − exp  N iwc piw  2 I 1  
  i= A  λ w  

60 ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava Volume 72, No. 1, (2022)

expressing the energy flux passing through the interfacial area. The term z2 – z1 expresses
the thickness of the thermal boundary layer (i.e., T = z2 – z1) which is not known
for the turbulent flow of the fluid. The same applies in principle for the quantity w (more
precisely λ Iw ) when the fluid flows turbulently. For this reason, the ratio of these quantities,
when the fluid flows, is replaced by a new quantity (heat transfer coefficient), the value
of which is determined on the basis of the experimental measurements
(i.e., 1 α = (z2 − z1 ) λ Iw = δT λ Iw ). The analogous situation occurs also in the case of mass
I

transfer through the interfacial area when there is a turbulent fluid flow in the system.
In such a case, the expression EtAmw (z 2 − z1 ) is replaced by the symbol F (15), (18). Usually,
the superscript I is not given for the quantities appearing in Eq. (14). In such a case,
and in the light of the above, it is now possible to write the equation:

(T − Tw )
n

N c
iw piw f
n 
ew = i= A
+   N iw II→I hiw (Tw ) = esen + elat
  n
   i= A 
   N iwc piw   (15)
1 − exp  i = A 
  α 
   
 
resulting from Eq. (14). It is customary to present this equation in the following form:
 
 T  (T f − Tw )α +  N iw II→I hiw (Tw ) = esen + elat
n
ew =   (16)
 
1 − exp ( T ) 
 i= A 

in which expression:
n

N 
c
iw piw
(17)
T = i= A

α
represents the rate factor.

Fig. 5 Simultaneous heat

and mass transfer
(assuming the
unidirectional mass
transfer of substance i)
through the interfacial area
when one of the phases
flows.

Volume 72, No. 1, (2022) ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava 61

The expression (T f − Tw )α mentioned in Eq. (16) can be modified to the form representing
Newton’s law of cooling (i.e., q w = −α(T f − Tw ) = α(Tw − T f ) ). Therefore, it is possible to write
an equation in the form:
n 
ew = θ T α(Tw − T f ) +  N iw II→I hiw (Tw ) =
 i= A 
(18)

= − θ T α(T f − Tw ) +  N iw II→I hiw (Tw ) = esen + elat ,
n


 i= A 
in which expression:
T 
θT = T
= T (19)
e − 1 RT
represents a correction factor (the so-called Ackermann correction factor) respecting the effect
of mass transfer on heat transfer when there is simultaneous heat and mass transfer

in the system (14). It follows from the equation that the relation e T − 1 = RT
(or T = ln (RT + 1)) also applies and thus the equation θT = ln (RT + 1) RT as well.
The dependence of T on T is shown in Fig. (6).

a) The dependence of T on T if the mass b) The dependence of T on T if the mass

transfer of the substance i is out of the given transfer of the substance i is into the given
phase (the substance i leaves the phase, phase (the substance i enters to the phase,
T is a negative). T is a positive).
Fig. 6 The dependence of T on T by Eq. (19) when there is simultaneous
heat and mass transfer in the system.
In terms of Eq. (18), or according to the comment on Eq. (12), it is clear that the following
equation is also valid:
esen = θ T α (Tw − T f ) = θ T q w (20)
which represents the corrected form of Newton’s cooling law applicable to simultaneous mass
and heat transfer. If there is only heat transfer through the interfacial area in the system,
the following equations apply: T = 1 and esen = qw.

62 ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava Volume 72, No. 1, (2022)

Based on Eq. (17), Eq. (19), and Eq. (20) another relation can be written for calculation
of the quantity RT, i.e., the equation:
 n  
  N iwc piw (Tw − T f )
RT =  i= A  (21)
esen
For the sake of completeness, it can also be stated that the value of the quantity RT can also
 n  
be determined from the relation: RT =   N iwc piw  (θ T α ) . This relation results
 i= A 
from the combination of Eq. (17) and Eq. (19). It is evident that when this relation is compared
with Eq. (21), the obtained equation represents Eq. (20).

It can also be stated that these equations are presented in the literature in other forms as well,
in more compact forms. For example, Eq. (18) may also be written in the following form:
 n

  N iw II→I hiw (Tw ) 


ew = θ T α(Tw − T f )1 + i = A =
 θ T α (Tw − T f ) 
  (22)

= θT α w (Tw − T f ) = − θT α w (T f − Tw ) ,
e e
esen esen
possibly also in the form:
 α 
ew = θT α(Tw − T f )1 +  = (Tw − T f )(θT α + α) = − (θT α + α)(T f − Tw ) (23)
 θ α
T 

 n 
in which α =   N iw II→I hiw (Tw ) (Tw − T f ) . The most compact form of the equation
 i= A 
representing the energy flux is possible to obtain when it will apply in Eq. (23)
that α = (θT α + α) what gives the equation in form ew = − α(T f − Tw ) .

5 Another form of Ackermann correction factor

In the literature (15), it can also be seen that the Ackermann correction factor is given
by the equation:
T 
θT = − T
= T (24)
1− e RT
which differs from Eq. (19). This form of the equation is also correct, however, it results
from a different choice of the coordinate system orientation. Taking into account the situation
shown in Fig. (7), then in terms of Eq. (12) it is obtained the following equation:
n

N c 
(T − T2 )
iw piw
n 
ew = i= A
+  N iw α→β hiw (T2 ) = esen + elat , (25)
 n   z − z2 
   i= A 
1 − exp  N iwc piw   
  i= A  λ w  

Volume 72, No. 1, (2022) ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava 63

because now Tref = Tw = T2 and zref = zw = z2. In terms of the comment to Eq. (14), T = Tf = T1
and z = z1 can be further written, which means that Eq. (25) takes the form:
n

N 
c (T1 − T2 )
iw piw
n 
ew = i= A
+  N iw II→I hiw (T2 ) =
  − ( z 2 − z1 ) 
 n    i= A 
1 − exp  N iwc piw   
  i= A  λw  
(26)
(T − Tw )
n

N c 
iw piw f
n 
= i= A
+  N iw II→I hiw (Tw ) = esen + elat .
 n  −δ 
   i= A 
1 − exp  N iwc piw  T  
  i= A  λ w  
Taking into account Eq. (17), as well as a comment on Eq. (13), the final form of Eq. (26)
is obtained:
 
T  (T f − Tw )α +  N iw II→I hiw (Tw ) = esen + elat
n
ew =    (27)
 
1 − exp (−  )
T 
 i= A 

from which follows another form of the equation representing the Ackermann correction factor
(i.e., Eq. (24)).

Fig. 7 Representation
of the conditions near
the interfacial area
in the case of heat and
mass transfer through
the interfacial area
resulting from a different
choice
of the coordinate system
orientation.
Finally, it is necessary to know the value of the quantity Niw to work with Eq. (27). In the case
of the mass transfer, e.g., the transfer of the substance A (see Fig. (8)), the value of Niw
is determined from the following equation:
− EtAmw
N Aw = (c − c ) = kc (c Af − c Aw )
(z2 − z1 ) φ Aw Af (28)

 c Aw  n

c c 
1−
cγ
  N iw
ln   , and 1 = i = A
F E E
in which k c = , F = tAmw = tAmw , φ =  Af − Aw   .
φ z2 − z1 δD  cγ cγ  c Af γ N Aw
 1 − 
 cγ 

64 ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava Volume 72, No. 1, (2022)

Eq. (28) takes into account the fact that follows from a different choice of the coordinate system
orientation.

Fig. 8 Representation
of the conditions near
the interfacial area
in the case
of the unidirectional mass
transfer of a substance A
through the interfacial area
resulting from a different
choice of the coordinate
system orientation.

Conclusion
When describing processes in which simultaneous heat and mass transfer occurs through
the interfacial area, it is true that the mass and heat transfer are interrelated. This subsequently
affects the method of calculations of the equipment in which such processes occur. From the
point of view of the description of the processes taking place
in such equipment, it is necessary to know the amount of energy that passes through
the interfacial area from one phase to another. The article summarizes the equations used
to describe such processes, mainly from the point of view of technical practice. It introduces
the original equation commonly used to describe technical problems, as well as the equation for
calculating the total flux of energy through the interfacial area valid for the assumptions given
here.
In the article, various forms of equations determining the total energy flux are given,
because the different forms of these equations can be commonly encountered in the literature.
The form of the equation presented here, including its various modifications,
can be considered as general for the purposes of solving technical problems. It follows
from the presented equations that the aim is always to write the simplest possible form
of the equation to describe the given problem. Such a form can be achieved by introducing
correction factors (e.g., Ackermann correction factor) into the calculations, which are used
to correct the equations, sometimes called laws (in this case, Newton’s law of cooling),
applicable for another case (in this case, when there is no mass transfer through the interfacial
area).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial,
or not-for-profit sectors.

Volume 72, No. 1, (2022) ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava 65

Nomenclature
Latin letters
A - interfacial area m2 N - molar flux of a substance mol/(m2.s)
c - total molar concentration mol/m3 Ni - total molar flux of a substance i
ci - molar concentration of a substance i mol/(m2.s)
mol/m3 n - number of substances in the mixture
Etim - total diffusivity coefficient passing through the interfacial area 1
for a multicomponent system m /s 2 p - total pressure Pa
e - energy flux W/m2 Q - heat flow W
F - mass transfer coefficient based q - heat flux W/m2
on the molar concentration differences R - fluxes ratio 1
in the case of bidirectional mass transfer T - absolute temperature K
m/s v - molar volume m3/mol
h - enthalpy J/mol z - distance from the interfacial area
- mass transfer coefficient based on the or the distance in the direction of the z
kc
molar concentration differences m/s coordinate m
Greek letters
α - heat transfer coefficient related to all  α→β h(Tα→β ) - enthalpy change during
substances in the mixture W/(m2K) the phase change of the substance from
α - hypothetical heat transfer coefficient phase  to phase  at the temperature
related to only substances passing Tα→β J/mol
through the interfacial area W/(m2K) δD - mass boundary layer thickness m
α - hypothetical total heat transfer δT - thermal boundary layer thickness m
coefficient W/(m2K) Φ - rate factor 1
h mix - mixing enthalpy J/mol γ - the ratio of molar fluxes 1
 II→I h(TII→I ) - enthalpy change during φ - factor taking into account the type
the phase change of the substance of concentration diffusion 1
from phase II to phase I λ - thermal conductivity W/(mK)
at the temperature TII→I J/mol θ - correction factor 1
Mathematical operators
 - nabla or del operator 1/m
Overlines

X - vector X - near the interfacial area
z =w
X - average value or partial quantity
Superscripts
X  - quantities belonging to pure substance Xβ - quantities belonging to the substance
X I - quantities belonging to the substance in phase , in state 
in phase I, in state I
Subscripts
A, B - substances A and B w - near the interfacial area
f - in the volume of fluid z - Cartesian coordinate, in the z-axis
i - substance i in mixture, i = A, B, C, … direction
lat - latent 1, 2 - related to distances 1 and 2, related
ref - reference state to cross-sections 1 and 2

66 ©2022 SjF STU Bratislava Volume 72, No. 1, (2022)

 sen - sensitive II → I - change of the state (phase) II to state
T - quantities related to the heat transfer (phase) I
taking into account the simultaneous - change of the state (phase)  to state
α →β
heat and mass transfer (phase) 

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