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net/inosr-experimental-sciences/
Nagudi
INOSR Experimental Sciences 12(2):181-193, 2023.
©INOSR PUBLICATIONS
International Network Organization for Scientific Research ISSN:2705-1692
https://doi.org/10.59298/INOSRES/2023/2.14.1000

Influences Encouraging Alcohol Use among Bachelor of Medicine and

Surgery Students at Kampala International University, Western Campus,
Ishaka Bushenyi, Western Uganda

Nagudi Doreen

Department of Medicine and Surgery, Kampala International University, Uganda

ABSTRACT
Alcohol consumption poses a significant public health concern, especially among
university students who often experience newfound independence from direct parental
oversight. This study aimed to identify the factors driving alcohol consumption among
Kampala International University's Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery students. Employing a
descriptive cross-sectional approach and self-administered questionnaires, data collection
focused on alcohol-consuming students via snowball sampling. Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) software facilitated data analysis. Of the 384 participating students
who consumed alcohol, nearly half (47.7%) fell within the 20-24 age range, evenly
representing both genders. Notably, no substantial correlations emerged between alcohol
use and age, gender, religion, or academic year. A majority of students initiated alcohol
consumption at 16 years or older (41.4%). Significant associations were found between
alcohol consumption and upbringing, as well as university residence. Urban upbringing and
off-campus residency correlated with higher alcohol consumption. Psychologically, family
structure played a role, with 59.4% of participants living with both parents reporting
alcohol consumption. Peer influence was prevalent, with a substantial number introduced
to alcohol by friends, either at university (32%) or at home (35.2%). While 97.7% recognized
alcohol as a mood-altering stimulant, only 29.1% acknowledged the link between young
adult binge drinking and future alcoholism development. Merely 12.5% believed that early
alcohol exposure increased the risk of dependence, yet 93.5% recognized its association
with academic underperformance or dropout. Alcohol abuse among university students
appears normative, shaped by family norms and peer pressure. Supervision by family and
university staff, coupled with educational interventions highlighting the health risks and
consequences of excessive alcohol consumption, stand as effective measures to address
this societal issue.
Keywords: risk factors, alcohol, students

INTRODUCTION
Throughout recent decades, university remains the number one substance abuse
authorities have expressed concerns over problem throughout university life [4].
increasing levels of high-risk drinking of University students report exciting,
alcohol among students [1, 2]. In invigorating and empowering experiences
particular, university students are at risk throughout their university lives, but
for substance abuse behaviors because of these are coupled with stressful periods
changes in lifestyle, reduced parental due to academic workload, pressure to
support and stress [3] .Alcohol use succeed and competition among peers [3].
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The education system is one of the most engaged in heavy episodic drinking [11].
pervasive agents of socialization with Alcohol is easily available to students at
regard to drug abuse. The university can Uganda’s universities, and according to
either be a risky or a protective local reports, alcohol consumption is
environment. Inadequate supervision and considerable, particularly during
easy access to alcohol and drugs in celebrations [11].
universities, for instance, may act as risk While university authorities and public
factors for initiation of alcohol abuse [5, policy makers have attempted to tackle
6, 7]. elevated levels of consumption, research
Studies from different parts of the world signals a rise in alcohol use among
have shown that university students have students in the past decade [2, 4].
a higher prevalence of alcohol drinking Screening tools tend to categorize
and alcohol-use disorders, than non- individuals based on consumption profile
college youth [8]. Globally, 320 000 young alone. Thus, measures to tackle the
people aged 15-29 years die annually, excessive consumption and harms
from alcohol-related causes, resulting in associated with alcohol overlook the
9% of all deaths in that age group [9]. heterogeneous nature of consumption
According to a study by National among the student population [12, 13].
Campaign Against Drug and Alcohol A variety of factors have been identified
Abuse Authority (NACADAA), 14 percent at the individual and the societal levels,
of Kenyans aged between 15 and 64 which affect the magnitude and patterns
currently use alcohol. The same study of consumption and can increase the risk
found that 8% of children aged 10 to 14 of alcohol use disorders and other
years have used alcohol at least once in alcohol-related problems in drinkers and
the past year [10]. Young people in others [14]. Environmental factors such as
Uganda seem to follow a similar pattern economic development, culture,
of alcohol consumption to that of the availability of alcohol and the level and
general population. A study carried out at effectiveness of alcohol policies are
Mbarara University in Uganda indicated relevant factors in explaining differences
that almost half of the students had in vulnerability between societies,
consumed alcohol in the previous 12 historical trends in alcohol consumption
months, and a quarter of them had and alcohol-related harm [14, 15].
METHODOLOGY
Study design and Rationale Exclusion criteria
A descriptive, cross-sectional design was Students offering medicine and surgery
used. A descriptive study involves not consuming alcohol.
systematic collection and presentation of Students offering medicine and surgery
data to give a clear picture of a situation consuming alcohol but did not consent to
under study [16]. Cross sectional design take part in this study.
aims at quantifying the distribution of Sample size determination
certain variables in a study population at The formula for determining sample size
a special point of time. This study was by [17] was used:
performed from January to march 2021. n= Z² PqD
Study setting d²
The study was conducted at KIU Western Where:
campus located in Ishaka-Bushenyi. n = desired sample size if target
Study population population; Z = is the standard normal
The study involved students offering deviation at 95% confidence level; P =
bachelors of medicine and surgery proportion in the target population i.e
Inclusion criteria prevalence of alcohol consumption at
All students at KIU western campus 51.9% [18]; q = 1 – p; D = design effect-
offering medicine and surgery have been usually 1 where there are no replications
taking alcohol and consented to d = the level of statistical significance set
participate in the study at 0.05
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 n= 1.96² x 0.52(1-0.52) x1 = 384 Data analysis
0.05² Data from structured questionnaires were
Sampling procedure entered, checked, cleaned and analyzed
Snowball sampling procedure was using SPSS version 16. Univarite analysis
employed to recruit 384 students. This was performed in order to obtain
was done in two steps: (i) first identify descriptive statistics. Proportions, means
potential participants in the population and standard deviations were determined
about one or two initially; then (ii) the during the analysis. The results are
identified subjects recruited other presented in form of tables and charts.
participants (and then ask those people to Bivariate analysis was also performed in
recruit others). These steps were repeated order to examine associations between
until the target sample size was achieved. the independent variables and alcohol
The advantage of this method is that it abuse. The T-test was used to calculate
enabled research to be done where statistical values for continuous variables
otherwise it seemed impossible due to whereas chi-square test was used for
lack of participants and that it also helped categorical variables in case of any
in discovering characteristics about a relationship. Measures of association were
population that were not overt. considered statistically significant when p
Data collection procedures value was equal to or less than 0.05.
Before starting the actual study, the The data was then manually analyzed in
questionnaire, the whole method was pre- relation to themes and the objectives of
tested on students not offering bachelor the study.
of medicine and surgery for clarity and Ethical considerations
sensitivity of the questions, and Ethical review was obtained from Kampala
correction was made based on the results International University research
obtained. Semi-structured, self- committee then permission to conduct
administered questionnaire were the study was sought from the faculty of
distributed to the study respondents medicine and dentistry. Written informed
willing to participate in the study. The consent was also gotten from the
filling of the questionnaires was participants after clear education on the
supervised and then recollected by the need for the study and their rights to give
researcher upon completion. or refuse consent. All data was handled
with strict confidentiality [19].

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 RESULTS
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants
Characteristic Category Frequency(N=384) Percentage
Age (years) <20 90 23.4%
20-24 183 47.7%
25-29 63 16.4%
30-34 30 7.8%
35 and above 18 4.7%
Gender Female 189 49.2%
Male 195 50.8%
Religion Protestant 173 45.1%
Catholic 118 30.7%
Muslim 27 7.0%
Others 66 17.2%
Grew up in Urban area 263 68.5%
Rural area 121 31.5%
Residence at university On campus 7 1.8%
Off campus 377 98.2%
Year of study Year one 65 16.9%
Year two 191 49.7%
Year three 67 17.4%
Year four 29 7.6%
Year five 32 8.4%
Family structure Mum and Dad 228 59.4%
Single Mum 75 19.5%
Single Dad 37 9.6%
Aunt/Uncle 9 2.3%
Grandparents 35 9.2%

A total of 384 students participated in the grew up in the urban area (68.5%). The
study. Most of the respondents were majority (98. 2%) of the student
between the age of 20 and 24 years as respondents resided off campus and
shown in table 1 above. Majority of the (60.9%) were second year students overall.
students (50.8%) who participated were When asked about the family structure,
males as compared to the females. Most 59.4% of the respondents live with both of
of the respondents were either protestant their parents as shown in table 4.1 above.
(45.1%) or catholic (30.7%) by religion and

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 Table 2: Association of socio-demographic factors and alcohol consumption
Variable Category Consumed alcohol (N=384)
Age (years) <20 90(23.4)
20-24 183(47.7)
25-29 63(16.4)
30-34 30(7.8)
35 and above 18(4.7)
Gender Female 189(49.2)
Male 195(50.8)
Religion Protestant 173(45.1)
Catholic 118(30.7)
Muslim 27(7.0)
Others 66(17.2)
Grew up in Urban area 263(68.5)
Rural area 121(31.5)
Residence at university On campus 7(1.8)
Off campus 377(98.2)
Year of study Year one 65(16.9)
Year two 191(49.7)
Year three 67(17.4)
Year four 28(7.6)
Year five 32(8.4)

There was no relationship between urban setting consumed alcohol whereas

alcohol consumption and age, gender, 98.2% of the respondents who resided off
religion, and year of study. However, campus consumed alcohol. Showing that
there was relationship between alcohol an urban dweller and students who reside
consumption and area one grew up in and out of campus are more likely to consume
residence setting at university. About alcohol.
68.5% of the respondents who grew up in

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 45.0% 41.4%
40.0%

Percentage of respondents
35.0%
7years or younger
30.0%
8 or 9years
25.0% 23.4%
10 or 11years
20.0%
12 or 13years
15.0% 11.8%
9.4% 14 or 15years
10.0% 7.0% 7.0%
16years or older
5.0%
0.0%
Age at first drink

Figure 1: Age of first drink

Asked the age they first took alcohol, the age of 16 years and above whereas
majority (41.4%) of the respondents 23.4% only of the respondents took their
highlighted that they first took alcohol at first alcohol at the age of 14 and 15 years.

Table 3: Family structure

Characteristic Category Frequency that Percentage
Consumed alcohol
Family structure Mum and Dad 228 59.4%
Single Mum 75 19.5%
Single Dad 37 9.6%
Aunt/Uncle 9 2.3%
Grandparents 35 9.2%
Total 384 100

Looking at the association between family with both parents consumed alcohol when
structure and alcohol consumption, there compared to those with broken families
was a significant difference in that most (table 4.3 above).
(59.4%;) of the respondents who lived

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https://www.inosr.net/inosr-experimental-sciences/
Peer Influence
40.0%
35.2%
Percentage of respondents 35.0% 32.0%
30.0%
Parent
25.0%
Sibling
20.0% 16.4%
Friend at campus
15.0% Friend at home
10.9%
10.0% Myself
5.4%
5.0%
0.0%
Person introducing to alcohol

Figure 2: Source of introduction to alcohol consumption

Among the 384 respondents who and 32% by friend from school while
admitted to taking alcohol, 35.2% were 16.4% by parents.
introduced to alcohol by a friend at home

8%
5%
Peer pressure
38% Stress
Family custom
31%
For fun
Addiction
19%

Figure 3: Reasons for drinking alcohol

Peer pressure and family background the main reasons for taking alcohol while
were highlighted by the participants as 19% due to stress.

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 Table 4: Frequency of drinking
Frequency of drinking Frequency Percentage
Once a month or less 234 60.9%
2-4times a month 77 20.1%
2-3times a week 41 10.7%
5 or more times a week 32 8.3%
Total 384 100.0%

Majority (60.9%) reportedly drank drank 5 or times a week as shown in table

monthly or less frequently while 32(8.3%) 4.4 above.

13%

10%
1−2
3−4
5−6

77%

Figure 4: Heaviness of drinking

As per the response to heaviness of sitting and 13% took take 5 or 6 drinks at
drinking, most (77%) of the respondent a sitting.
who drank took one or two drinks per

Table 5: Awareness of risk factors

Awareness of harmful effects of alcohol consumption Total number (N=384)

TRUE (%) FALSE (%)

Alcohol is a mood altering stimulant. 375(97.7) 9(2.3)
The effects that alcohol has on the body vary according to the 321(85.6) 63(16.4)
individual
Women respond to alcohol differently than men do. 258(67.2) 126(32.8)
Alcohol increases your sexual drive and ability. 264(68.8) 120(31.2)
It is okay to put your drunk, passed out friend to bed and go 195(50.8) 189(49.2)
back to the party.

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If both parents drink, there is a high probability that the child 344(89.6) 40(10.4)
will drink.
Binge drinking among young people has no relationship with 300(78.1) 84(21.9)
development of alcoholism later in life
Alcohol use at an early age increases the risk of dependence. 48(12.5) 336(87.5)
Alcohol is a risk to poor performance or drop out at school 359(93.5) 25(6.5)

To test knowledge of effects of alcohol behind and close to another half saying it
among the respondents, a series of is wrong to go back to the party (49.2).
questions were asked. Among the When looking at the risk factors that
respondents, 97.7% said it was true that could lead to alcohol consumption, 89.6%
alcohol is a mood-altering stimulant. agreed that “if both parents drink, there is
In addition, 85.6% of the respondents said a high probability that the child will
that the effects of alcohol vary according drink”. Only 29.1% versus 78.1% agreed
to individual as they are dependent on that Binge drinking among young people
sex, weight, metabolism and presence of has relationship with development of
food in the stomach. Furthermore, when alcoholism later in life. Only 12.5%
asked if alcohol increases sexual drive compared to 87.5% of the respondents
and ability, 68.8% of the respondents said said it is true alcohol use at an early age
that alcohol increases sexual drive. increased the risk of alcohol dependence.
There was a mixed reaction when asked if The findings also showed that the
“one could leave their passed out friend to respondents were aware that alcohol
go back to the party” with half of consumption was strong associated with a
respondents (50.8%) agreeing they would risk to poor performance or drop out at
go back to the party leaving their friend school.
DISCUSSION
Age bracket of first drink was found to be use alcohol and other psychoactive
between 16 years old and above, with the substances.
youngest reported age being 7 years. This Another factor implicated in the levels of
is centrally to [20] finding when he student drinking is to do with the
reported that drinking at early age below demographic profile of the student body.
14 years is associated with high risk of Higher drinking rates were associated
alcohol abuse and dependence later in with where the student grew up and
life. resided at campus. Students who grew up
However, this study also indicated that in urban area (68.5%) and those who lived
later adolescence drinking could progress off campus (98.2%) were more likely to
into late adulthood drinking habits, and drink alcohol than their counterparts.
may also be associated with suicide, car This finding is contrary to that of [22] in
crashes, mental and social problems which the prevalence of alcohol
which is similar to the study done by [21]. consumption among students from rural
This study further revealed that age was areas was higher compared to those from
not significantly associated with alcohol urban; 23.3% and 8.3% respectively. The
consumption which is similar to findings increment of number of those who take
done by [22]. alcohol and live off campus (98.2%) could
Gender was not statistically contributing be attributed to the fact that majority of
to alcohol consumption although males medical students offering medicine and
slightly predominated. This could be surgery have limited slots in the
because there were and are usually more university hostels and thus reside off
males offering medicine and surgery. This campus.
is in agreement with [23] who concluded According to [24], living of students out
that males are generally more daring and of their families or relatives was found to
adventurous; and are more susceptive to be a risk factor of alcohol drinking. This
189
risk might be understood due to the explore the university policy on alcohol, it
exposure in town and absence of family is evident that the policy may be lacking
supervision, and lack of university and if present, is not implemented and if
alcohol policy. There are restrictions on implemented is not monitored.
where and when students can consume In the present study, negative effects
alcohol in residence but these are difficult attributed to alcohol use by the
to enforce and obviously non residence respondents included regretted sex and
students are free to drink with little unprotected sex, and risk of poor
restriction in the various drinking outlets performance as well as drop out of
in town. university which is similar to other
Over 59.4% of the students who lived with previous studies [31, 25]. As indicated
both parents consumed alcohol more than earlier, most of these problems could be
their counterparts from broken families. attributed to a binge-drinking pattern of
This may be attributed to familiarity with behavior, rather than regular light use of
alcohol by the students who grow up in alcohol. The high-risk sexual behavior is
alcoholic homes and surroundings. For particularly ominous due to the high
such students, alcohol consumption is prevalence of HIV and other sexually
part of life and is conceptualized as any transmitted infections.
other drink like water, tea or soda. This This study also revealed a knowledge gap
finding confirms the hypothesis that on risks of alcohol consumption among
children of alcohol abusers are likely to students in that alcohol was referred to as
have unrelenting abuse problems than the a mood-altering stimulant which is wrong
children of non-abusers [25]. This implies as alcohol is a mood altering drug that
that the family has a key influence of depresses bodily functions and not a
alcohol consumption among its members. stimulant. There is clear need to inform
This is a contrast to study done by [26, and educate the students on alcohol and
27]. Where children consume alcohol its negative effects of alcohol. This was
because they lack adequate advice from seen clearly when the majority of the
parents on social life including drug and respondents’ thought alcohol was a
alcohol abuse. stimulant and not a depressant.
Over 67% of the respondents in this study Although the majority of the respondents
admitted that they were introduced to agreed that “if both parents drink, there is
alcohol by friends either at campus (32%) a high probability that the child will
or at home (35.2%). This finding is similar drink”, only 29.1% agreed that binge
to other studies that indicated that youths drinking among young people is
learn to consume alcohol from peers who associated with development of
also provide support for the habit [27, 28, alcoholism later in life and that alcohol
29]. This was further affirmed by the use at an early age did not (87.5%)
participants who reported that they took increase the risk of alcohol dependence.
alcohol mostly (38%) due to peer pressure This clearly indicates that University
just like [30-32] purported that students students who abuse alcohol appear to
affiliated to a company of alcoholics are find every reason to drink rather than
likely to be alcoholics themselves since avoid drinking. Therefore, the problem is
members of such groups are jeered at and how to inform students in a socially
not taken as grownups if they refuse to acceptable manner on how and when
take alcohol. This clearly indicates that alcohol abuse affects them. While most
the home and university atmosphere university students said they knew the
determine the atmosphere that either risks associated with alcohol they
promotes or restricts alcohol continue to drink excessively because this
consumption. Though this study did not behavior is perceived as normal.
CONCLUSION
Most university students were between campus. The study found no significance
the ages of 20 and 24 years which is the relationship between use of alcohol and
current student age for those who are in age, gender, religion, and year of study.
190
However, age of first drink was found to Even though most of the students are
be later than the high-risk age of 14 years aware of risk factors associated with
between 16 years old and above, with the alcohol there is still need to promote
youngest reported age being 7 years. The information on alcohol. Most of the
study has shown there is high student’s perceived alcohol is a stimulant.
consumption of alcohol among the In line with the primary prevention of
students in the university who grew up in alcohol abuse with sensitization on
urban setting and those who resided off alcohol, there is room for more
campus. information on alcohol and its negative
It has been observed that alcohol effects. Even though education is an
consumption among university students ineffective means of preventing alcohol-
is a social phenomenon that is currently related harm as compared with measures
normative in nature in family norms and like price controls and restrictions on
peer pressure play key roles in alcohol availability and marketing, it is
influencing alcohol consumption. still important to educate the students in
the effects of alcohol.
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 Selected Star Rated Hotels at the Kenyan Coast.

CITE AS: Nagudi Doreen (2023). Influences Encouraging Alcohol Use among Bachelor of
Medicine and Surgery Students at Kampala International University, Western Campus,
Ishaka Bushenyi, Western Uganda. INOSR Experimental Sciences 12(2):181-193.
https://doi.org/10.59298/INOSRES/2023/2.14.1000

193