A PROJECT REPORT ON

Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Submitted by AMIT JAYANT NAIK Roll No. MT2008310

Under the guidance of Prof. A. B. NANDGAONKAR

In the partial fulfillment of M. Tech. in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering course of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere (Dist. Raigad) in the academic year 2010-2011

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Lonere-402103

2008 - 2011

A PROJECT REPORT ON

Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Submitted by AMIT JAYANT NAIK Roll No. MT2008310

Under the guidance of Prof. A. B. NANDGAONKAR

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Lonere-402103

2008 - 2011

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled Design of Dual Frequency & Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna submitted by Mr. Amit Jayant Naik (Roll No: MT2008310) is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under my guidance in the partial fulfillment the requirement for the award of Degree of M. Tech. in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering course of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere (Dist. Raigad) in the academic year 2010-2011.

Prof. A. B. Nandgaonkar Guide

Dr. S. L. Nalbalwar Professor and Head

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere 402103

Date: December , 2010 Place : Lonere, Dist.: Raigad.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Words are inadequate to express the overwhelming sense of gratitude and humble regards to my guide supervisor Prof. A. B. Nandgaonkar of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for his constant motivation, support, expert guidance, constant supervision and constructive suggestion for the submission of my progress report of project work Design of Dual Frequency & Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna. I express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. S. L. Nalbalwar Professor and Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for his valuable suggestions and constant encouragement all through the project work. I also thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff for their nice cooperation to us. This report would have been impossible if not for the perpetual moral support from my family members, and my friends. I would like to thank them all.

Amit Jayant Naik M. Tech Electronics & Telecommunication Roll No. MT2008310

Project Overview The aim of this project is to design a dual frequency and dual polarized Microstrip antenna using single coaxial feed. The frequency bands selected for design are, UMTS-I (1.92GHz-2.17GHz) & UMTS-II (2.5GHz - 2.69GHz). The dual band square Microstrip antenna is operates at 1.81GHz & 2.6 GHz frequencies, with linear polarization at 1.81GHz & circular polarization at 2.6GHz. The thesis covers three aspects of Microstrip antenna design. The first is the introduction to Microstrip antenna. The Second part covers design of square Microstrip antenna which operates at the central frequency of 2.6 GHz. First, the design parameters for single element of square patch antenna have been calculated from the transmission line model equation and then extended the antenna design to Dual Band Square Microstrip patch antenna using the slot at the center & shorting pins. To enhance the bandwidth at central frequency suspended Microstrip antenna technique is used. The antenna has been modeled, designed and simulated. The simulation process has been done through Ansofts HFSS 11.1v electromagnetic software which is based on Finite Element Method (FEM). For fabrication of this Dual band & Dual polarized Microstrip antenna FR-4 substrate is used, which is having a dielectric constant 4.4 with loss tangent of 0.02 and the substrate height is 1.6 mm. The last part covers analysis of antenna for bandwidth, S-Parameter, axial ratio, impedance plot. The results for fabricated antenna are found by Agilents network analyzer E5062A. It has been investigated and compared between different optimization scheme and theoretical results. Also application & conclusion has been discussed.

Contents

List of Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables

I III V

1.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Antennas 1.1 1.2 Antenna Types Antenna Fundamentals 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 1.2.9 1.2.10 Antenna Definition Antenna Radiation Radiation Pattern Directivity Reflection Coefficient Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) Antenna Gain Polarization Bandwidth Reciprocity

1 - 18 2 4 4 4 6 6 7 7 8 8 17 17 19 31 19 20 22 22 23 26 26 27 27 28 29 30 31

2.

Chapter 2: Microstrip Patch Antenna 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Radiation Mechanism of Microstrip Antenna Methods of Analysis 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 Transmission Line Model Cavity Model

Feeding Techniques 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 Microstrip Line Feed Coaxial Feed Aperture Coupled Feed Proximity Coupled Feed Coplanar Waveguide Feed

2.5 2.6

Advantages and Disadvantages Surface Waves

3.

Chapter 3: Parametric Study of Microstrip Antenna 3.1 3.2 3.3 Techniques to Increase Bandwidth Techniques to Achieve Dual Frequency Operation Techniques to Achieve Circular Polarization

32 36 32 33 34 37 - 41 37 37 42 51 42 44 45 47 48 52 53

4.

Chapter 4: Design of Microstrip Antenna 4.1 4.2 Design Parameters Calculation

5.

Chapter 5: Results & Discussion 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Return Loss VSWR Frequency vs. Gain Axial ratio vs. Frequency Smith Chart

6.

Chapter 6: Conclusion & Future Scope References

Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

List of Abbreviations IEEE FEM HF HFSS DBDP UMTS MSA RL HPBW dBi dB VSWR AR CW CCW CP LHCP RHCP 2D 3D MNM MoM FDTD Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Finite Element Method High Frequency High Frequency Structure Simulator Dual Band and Dual Polarized Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems Microstrip Antenna Return Loss Half Power Beam Width Gain of an antenna in decibel compared with isotropic antenna Decibel Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Axial ratio Clockwise Counter clockwise Circular Polarization Left Handed Circular Polarization Right Handed Circular Polarization 2- Dimensional 3- Dimensional Multi-port network model Method of moments Finite-difference time domain

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

SDT RF TM MICs Q GHz MHz r reff h fr W L c g Lg Wg

Spatial domain technique Radio frequency Transverse Magnetic Microwave Integrated Circuits Quality Factor Giga Hertz Mega Hertz Dielectric constant Effective dielectric constant Height of the substrate Resonant frequency Width of the patch Length of the patch Velocity of light Height above ground plane Length of ground plane Width of ground plane

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

List of Figures Figure no. 1.1 1.2. 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 2.1 2.2 Name of figure Transmission system Dipole antenna Rectangular horn antenna Parabolic reflector with front end Lens antennas Microstrip patch antenna Microstrip patch antenna array Free-space wave generation Only accelerating charges produce radiation Radiation pattern of directional antenna Polarization schemes Linear polarization Wave propagation in Z-direction Elliptical polarization Circular polarization Elliptical polarization Linear polarized wave at 450 Rotation of electric field around axis 3D view for circular polarization Reciprocity theorem Various shapes for patch. Operation of Microstrip antenna Page no. 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 8 9 9 10 10 11 14 15 16 17 19 20

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2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9

Radiation from the patch Electric field lines Distribution of electric field lines Charge distribution & current density creation on the patch Microstrip line feed Coaxial feed Aperture coupled feed Proximity-coupled Feed Coplanar waveguide Feed Various single fed circularly polarized patch antennas Responses of diagonally fed nearly square MSA for different L1/L2 Dual feed circularly polarized patch with power divider & 900 hybrid Top view & side view for MSA from HFSS Top view for fabricated DBDP MSA Side view for fabricated DBDP MSA Experimental set up for testing of antenna Experimental & simulated results for return loss Experimental & simulated results for VSWR Simulated result for Frequency vs. Gain Simulated gain pattern for frequency 2.61GHz Simulated gain pattern for frequency 1.81GHz Simulation result for frequency vs. axial ratio Simulated radiation pattern for frequency 2.61GHz Simulation result for smith chart

21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 29 34 35 36 40 41 41 42 43 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

List of Tables Table no. 1.1 4.1 Polarization of wave Parameters for design of antenna Name Page no. 15 39

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Chapter 1 Introduction to Antennas The term Antenna in zoology refers to feeler i.e. part of insects or organ for touch [1]. In Radio sense it is a metallic device used to send or receive radio waves so it is also called as aerial or radiator. An antenna is defined by Websters Dictionary as a usually metallic device for radiating or receiving radio waves. i.e. any metallic body can act as an antenna. It just differs on either radiating or receiving [3]. The IEEE Standard Definitions of terms for Antennas (IEEE Std 1451983) defines the antenna or aerial as a means for radiating or receiving radio waves [3]. In other words the antenna is the transitional structure between free-space and a guiding device, Antenna is used as an impedance matching device between free-space has impedance of 120 with that of source cable or waveguide having impedance of 50.

Figure.1.1. Transmission system

If the impedance of transmission line (cable) is matched with antenna maximum power will be delivered from source to antenna or can be received from the antenna. If the impedance is not matched with that of antenna a standing wave pattern is appeared on the transmission line which out of phase with that of incident wave leading to considerable energy loss in the signal, as shown in Figure 1.1. So, instead of guiding element antenna will act as storage element. This loss can also be avoided either by using infinite length transmission line. Antenna in advanced receiver and transmitter wireless system is used to concentrate or to catch electromagnetic waves & to suppress it in other direction.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

1.1 Antenna Types [3]:Antennas are categorized as: 1) Wire antennas:- These antennas can be found everywhere & they can have any shape such as straight (e.g. Dipole), circular, helix, loop (either rectangular, square or ellipse) .

Figure.1.2. Dipole antenna

2) Aperture Antennas:- These antennas are used for HF application & they are having conical, pyramidal structures. e.g. Horn antennas (Pyramidal horn or Conical horn or rectangular waveguide).

Figure.1.3. Rectangular horn antenna

3) Reflector Antennas:- When there is a need to communicate over millions of miles long distance these antennas are preferred. Antennas of this type can have diameter of around 305 meters, such high diameter are used to achieve high gain. e.g. Parabolic reflector (Dish antennas) & Corner reflector.

Figure.1.4. Parabolic reflector with front end

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

4) Lens Antennas:- These antennas are used to concentrate incident divergent energy to prevent it from spreading in undesired directions. They transform various type of divergent energy into plane waves.

Figure.1.5. Lens antennas

5) Microstrip Antennas:- This type of antennas are very much popular from 1970s due to their small size, ease in fabrication, low profile, easily attached to planar & non-planar surfaces, simple, inexpensive & mechanically robust. It is consist of a metallic patch on a grounded substrate. The metallic patch can take any shape such as rectangular, triangular, square or circular. These antennas are also versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, radiation pattern & impedance bandwidth.

Figure.1.6. Microstrip patch antenna

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

6) Array antennas:- In many applications radiation energy required is not achievable using single element. So this antenna uses multiple elements in definite pattern leads to increase in radiation energy. This increase in radiation energy is due to the addition of radiation energy from individual element.

Figure.1.7. Microstrip patch antenna array

In Microstrip array antennas different diversities are used, a) Spatial diversity:- It means MSA elements are separated by their position in the array. b) Polarization diversity:- It means MSA elements are separated by using different polarization schemes to avoid cross-polarization or distortion. c) Beam diversity:- In any given direction antennas have different gains. This results in a different weighting of multipath components of the desired signal being delivered by each antenna. 1.2 Antenna Fundamentals: 1.2.1. Antenna Definition:An antenna is basically a transducer that converts electrical alternating current oscillations at a radio frequency to an electromagnetic wave of the same frequency or vice versa.. 1.2.2. Antenna Radiation:When a sinusoidal voltage source is applied across a transmission line the electric field is created between two conductors which in turn provides magnetic field. Due to time varying electric and magnetic fields electromagnetic waves are created and travel through the transmission line to the antenna and radiate in free space.
Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Figure.1.8. Free-space wave generation

Radiation mechanism: To create radiation there must be time varying current i.e. acceleration or deceleration of charge & to create acceleration or deceleration of charge a wire must be bent, curved, discontinuous or terminated. A group of charges in uniform motion or stationary do not produce radiation as in figure1.9.1. In figure.1.9.2 1.9.4, however, radiation does occur, because the velocity of the charges is changing in time. In figure 1.9.2 the charges are reaching the end of the wire and reversing direction, producing radiation. In figure 1.9.3 the speed of the charges remains constant, but their direction is changing, thereby creating radiation. Finally, in figure 1.9.4, the charges are oscillating in periodic motion, causing a continuous stream of radiation. This is the practical case, where the periodic motion is excited by a sinusoidal transmitter. Antennas can therefore be seen as devices which cause charges to be accelerated in ways which produce radiation with desired characteristics.

Figure.1.9. Only accelerating charges produce radiation

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Also rapid changes in direction of structures which are designed to guide waves may produce undesired radiation. 1.2.3. Radiation Pattern:It is defined as radiation pattern is the representation of graph which describes the radiation properties of antenna as a function of space coordinate. Radiation pattern are described with reference to isotropic antenna. Plot of directional antenna is shown in figure 1.10; typically directional antenna has a more power in particular direction as compared to isotropic antenna.

Figure.1.10. Radiation pattern of directional antenna

Half power beamwidth (HPBW):- In a plane containing the direction of maximum of beam, the angle between two directions in which the radiation intensity is one half value of beam. Main lobe:- Lobe having maximum radiation in particular direction. Side lobe:- Lobes other than main lobe is called side lobe. These lobes are unwanted and degrade the antenna performance. Back lobe:- This is the minor lobe which is in opposite direction of main lobe. Front-back ratio:- It is the ratio between the peak amplitudes of the main and back lobes, usually expressed in decibels. 1.2.4. Directivity (D):The directivity (D) of an antenna, a function of direction, is defined as measure of a maximum power density radiated by the practical antenna relative to the power density radiated by an ideal isotropic antenna
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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Radiation intensity of antenna in direction ( , ) Radiation intensity of ideal isotropic antenna

Directivity of antenna is generally expressed in dBi. Where dBi is a logarithmic unit relative to the gain of an isotropic antenna. Antenna having a narrow main lobe would have better directivity. 1.2.5. Reflection Coefficient:As shown in figure 1.1, if a transmission line is not terminated properly a reflected wave get produced. This wave will be in out of phase to that of incident wave and forms standing wave structure. Reflection coefficient is the measure of how much energy is lost, as it is the ratio of reflected waves peak voltage to the incident waves peak voltage. It is represented by .
Reflected voltage or Power Incident v oltage or Power
Z L - Z0 Z L Z0

The reflection coefficient of a line in impedance terms as the ratio of the power reflected back from the line to the power transmitted into the line. As given in the second equation is the load impedance and is characteristic impedance of the transmission line. The value for reflection coefficient lies in the range from 0 to +1. = 0 means load is said to be matched to the line & there is no reflection of the incident wave. If the antenna is mismatched, then, not all the available power from the transmission line is delivered to the antenna. This loss is called Return Loss and is defined as

Return loss

- 20 log

(dB)

For maximum power transfer the return loss should be as large number as possible. 1.2.6. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR):A standing wave in a transmission line is a wave in which the distribution of current, voltage or field strength is formed by the superimposition of two waves of same frequency propagating in opposite direction. Then the voltage along the line produces a series of nodes and antinodes at fixed positions.
VSWR = Vmax 1 + = Vmin 1 -

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

The value of VSWR should be between 1 and 2 for efficient performance of an antenna. 1.2.7. Antenna Gain:Gain of antenna is product of efficiency and directivity when efficiency is 100% then gain is equal to directivity. When direction is not stated power gain is normally taken in direction of maximum radiation. Gain is given by, G = D (dBi) 1.2.8. Polarization [1]:Polarization of uniform wave means the time varying behavior of the electric field intensity vector at some fixed point in space. It is also defined as the property of an electromagnetic wave describing the time varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric filed vector. The direction or position of the electric field with respect to the ground gives the wave polarization. The common types of the polarization are circular and linear. The linear includes horizontal and vertical and the circular polarization includes right hand polarization and left hand polarization. It is said to be linearly polarized when the path of the electric field vector is back and forth along the line.

Figure.1.11. Polarization schemes

It can be seen that the circular polarization has the electric field vectors length constant but rotates in a circular path.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

As this thesis is about circular polarization we concentrate on it, in detail. Now, to understand wave polarization; consider a wave is travelling in Z-direction.

Figure.1.12. Linear polarization

In linear polarization the electric field vector always remain in one direction i.e. Ydirection as shown above figure or in linear polarization the electric field vector always varies with only one direction (Y-direction) & propagates in other (Z-direction).

Figure.1.13. Wave propagation in Z-direction

Ey

E 2 sin t - z

In general, if a wave is progressing in positive direction may have both x & y components, then this wave termed as Elliptically Polarized.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Figure.1.14. Elliptical polarization

At fixed value z, the electric field vector E rotates as a function of time. This is also called as Polarization Ellipse as in figure 1.14. Axial ratio:- Its the most basic term used to understand polarization or used simply to differentiate linear from circular & can be defined as ratio of major axis to minor axis in polarization ellipse.
Axial ratio (AR) E2 E1 Major axis Minor axis

For linear polarization, E1 = 0,

AR 1 0

Figure.1.15. Circular polarization

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

And, for circular polarization, E1 = E2; So, AR = 1. It is a special case of elliptical polarization as can be seen from figure 1.15 both electric field vectors are having same magnitude so it forms a circle. Also axial ratio will be 1. In elliptical polarization the polarization may assume any orientation. Elliptical polarized wave is a combination or resultant of two linearly polarized waves of same frequency.

Figure.1.16. Elliptical polarization [3]

Let, Ex = Electric field component of horizontally polarized wave & E1 is maximum amplitude of it. Ey = Electric field component of vertically polarized wave & E2 is maximum amplitude of it. So,

Ex
Ey

E1 sin t - z .....(1)
E 2 sin t - z .....(2)

Where E1 & E2 are amplitudes of x & y . is the phase angle by which Ey leads Ex.
E a xEx a y E y .....(3)

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

From equation 1 & 2

E a x E1 sin t z a y E 2 sin( t z )

Consider the wave is at initial point where Z = 0, above equation becomes

E a x E 1 sin t a y E 2 sin( t )

Substituting Z = 0 in equation 1 & 2 we get

Ex E1 sin t
E 2 sin t E 2 sin t cos cos t sin

sin t

Ex E1

Ey Ey

Now,

cos t

1 - sin 2 t
E 1- x E1
2

cos t

So,

Ey E2 Ey E2

Ex cos E1

E 1- x E1
2

sin

Ex cos E1

E 1- x E1

sin

Sqauring both sides we get,

Ey E2

Ex cos E1

E 1- x E1

sin 2

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Ey E2
Ey E2

2 Ex Ey E1 E 2
2 Ex Ey E1 E 2
2

cos

Ex E1

cos

E sin - x E1
2
2

sin 2

cos

E sin - x E1
2

sin
2

Ex E1

cos

Ey E2
Ey

2 Ex Ey E1 E 2

cos

Ex E1

sin 2 .....(4)

sin 2 cos 2 1

E 2 sin

2 Ex Ey E1 E 2sin 2
2

cos

Ex E1 sin

a Ex

b ExEy c Ey

Where, a

1 E 2 sin
2 2

2 cos ; c E1 E 2 sin 2

1 E1 sin 2
2

For polarization, Axial ratio must be in the range

1 AR

Case I:- Let Ey be in phase or 1800 out of phase with Ex, then = KA K = 0, 1, 2, 3. So equation 4 becomes,
Ey E2 Ey E2 Ex E1
2

2 Ex Ey E1 E 2
2

Ex E1

sin 0 sin 0 cos 0 1, cos - 1

Ey

E2 E x ....(i) E1

This is the equation of straight line with slope E2/E1. Therefore, when two linearly polarized waves are in phase or out of phase, the resultant wave will be a linearly polarized wave. Now, if E1 = 0, the wave will be polarized in
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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Y-direction & when E2 = 0 the wave is polarized in X-direction & if E1 = E2 & = 0, the resultant wave is still linearly polarized but at 450 as shown in figure 1.17.

Figure.1.17. Linear polarized wave at 450

Case II:- Let E1 = E2 & = 900 So equation 4 becomes,

Ey E2
2

Ex E1

sin 90

1, cos 90 0

Since, E1 = E2
Ex Ex
2

Ey Ey

E1

E2

These are the equations of circle. Therefore, when two linearly polarized waves of equal magnitude but with phase difference of 900 produces a circularly polarized wave. So, E1 = E2 & = 900 the wave is circularly polarized wave. If, = 900, the wave is said to be Left circularly polarized. = - 900, the wave is said to be Right circularly polarized. From equation 3 we have
E a xEx a yE y

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

a x E1 sin t z

a y E 2 sin( t z )

Figure.1.18. Rotation of electric field around axis

Thus, when = 900 & Z = 0 & t = 0.

E a yEy

After one cycle, Z = 0 & t = 900

a x Ex
At fixed point electric field vector rotates in clockwise direction (As seen wave

approaching) this is called as Left circular polarization. Also when = - 900 corresponds to right circular polarization. So to conclude if a wave is viewed from receding end then, the clockwise rotation (CW) of electric field vector is described as right handed polarization & counter clockwise (CCW) rotation of electric field vector is described as left handed polarization. i.e. when E1 = E2 & wave viewed from receding end (From negative Z-direction)
Table.1.1 Polarization of wave

+900 - 900

Rotation of wave Clockwise Counter clockwise

Circular Polarization Right Handed [RHCP] Left Handed [LHCP]

A wave to be said as linearly or circularly polarized the phase differences between two electric field vectors must be,
E z, t E1 (z, t) a x E 2 z, t a y

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

E1 (z, t) E1 cos t z x
E 2 (z, t) E 2 cos t z y

Now, for Linear polarization the phase difference

Where n

0,1,2,3..

So, the phase difference for linear polarization should be multiple of or 1800 or 360 For Circular polarization This can be achieved when magnitudes of two components must be same & phase difference between them should be odd multiples of /2.

E1

E2

y x

1 2n for CW 2 1 2n for CCW 2

Wher e n

0,1,2,3....

Figure.1.19. 3D view for circular polarization

As the wave progress in positive Z-direction the combination of two electric field vectors Ex & Ey produces a circularly polarized wave that can be clearly seen in 3D view in above figure. Circular polarization is used where rotational or moving behavior of transmitter & receiver are required. The circular polarization wave reverses its sense of rotation from
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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

right to left or vice-versa after reflection. So it may cause interference in receiver system due to the reception of direct path signal & reflected signal. In practical applications it is admirable to achieve 3-6dB axial ratio bandwidth. Where as in linear polarization the receiver having weak reception only when transmitter & receiver are orthogonal to each other. 1.2.9 Bandwidth:Bandwidth can be said as the frequencies on both the sides of the centre frequency in which the characteristics of antenna such as the input impedance, polarization, beam width, radiation pattern etc are almost close to that of this value. As the definition suggest, the range of suitable frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specific standard. The bandwidth is the ratio of the upper and lower frequencies of an operation. f Bandwidth (Broadband ) H fL
Bandwidth (Narrowban d) fH fC fL 100 (%)

If

fH 2 then, we can easily say its a broadband antenna. fL

1.2.10 Reciprocity:In order to study antennas behavior in receiving mode, it can be stated using the reciprocity theorem.

Figure.1.20. Reciprocity theorem

The thermo is illustrated in figure 1.20 and it states If a voltage is applied to the

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

terminals of an antenna A and the current measured at the terminals of another antenna B then an equal current will be obtained at the terminals of antenna A if the same voltage is applied to the terminals of antenna B. Thus, in figure 1.20, if Va = Vb then the reciprocity theorem states that Ia = Ib and can be extended to show that Va / Ia = Vb / Ib. But a consequence of this theorem is that the antenna gain must be the same whether used for receiving or transmitting. The reciprocity theorem holds for any linear time-invariant medium. The reciprocity theorem does not state that the current distribution on the two antennas will be the same when receiving or transmitting, or the way in which the field changes with respect to time or space at the two antennas will be the same.

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Chapter 2 Microstrip Patch Antenna In 1953, Deschamps first proposed the concept of printed Microstrip patch antenna. But later it takes around two decades to develop a practical Microstrip antenna. It was designed in 1970s by Munson & Howell. In the last few years printed antennas have been largely studied due to their advantages over other radiating systems in applications such as aircraft, spacecraft, satellite and missiles, where size, weight, cost, performance, ease of installation and aerodynamic profile are major constraint. 2.1 Introduction:In simplest form of Microstrip antenna, a dielectric substrate is sandwiched between ground plane and a conducting patch, as shown in figure 1.6. The patch is generally made of conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shape such rectangular, triangular, square, circular etc. Most basic shape for the patch is rectangular type. Various patch types are shown in figure 2.1.

Figure.2.1. Various shapes for patch.

Microstrip patch antennas radiate primarily because of the fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground plane. For good antenna performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant is desirable since this provides better efficiency, larger bandwidth and better radiation. However, such a configuration leads to a larger antenna size. In order to design a compact Microstrip patch antenna, substrates with higher dielectric constants must be used which are less efficient and result in narrower bandwidth. Hence a trade-off must be realized between the antenna dimensions and antenna performance. Also increasing the height of substrate introduces surface waves which are undesirable. Surface

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

waves travel within the substrate and scattered on the edges of patch which causes poor polarization & radiation pattern called the firing effect. 2.2 Radiation Mechanism of Microstrip Antenna [2]:Microstrip antennas radiate primarily because of the fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground plane. The patch length is approximately half the wavelength (/2) in conventional Microstrip patches to generate fundamental TM10 mode.
reff

Where 0 is the free space wavelength & found by following equation,

reff r 1 2

is the effective dielectric constant which can be

r 1 2 12h w
0.5

The value of

is slightly less than

because the fringing fields around the

periphery of the patch are not confined in the dielectric substrate but are also spread in the air as in figure 2.2. Also the figure shows that if there are no variations of electric field along the width and the thickness of the patch, then the electric field configuration along the length.

Figure.2.2. Operation of Microstrip antenna

If the fringing fields are resolved into its parallel and tangential components with respect to the ground plane, the normal components will be out of phase with each other and would cancel out each other. The tangential components are in phase with each other therefore the resulting tangential field components would combine to give maximum radiated field in a direction normal to the patch i.e., the broadside direction.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Figure.2.3. Radiation from the patch

The main challenge in the design for patch of Microstrip antennas is with loosely bound fields extending into space while keeping the fields tightly bound to the feeding circuitry. This has to be accomplished with high radiation efficiency and with the desired polarization, impedance and bandwidth. The patch is usually operated near resonance in order to obtain real-valued input impedance. If the substrate parameters are specified, there are three design parameters; the patch length, the patch width and the feed point that controls the resonant frequency and the resonant resistance. The parameters can be easily acquired by analyzing the Microstrip antenna. The preferred models for the analysis of Microstrip patch antennas are the transmission line model, cavity model, and full wave model. Methods for analysis of Microstrip antenna are as follows: As Microstrip antennas patch is a 2D component, therefore they may be categorized as 2D planar component for analysis. 1. First group:- These methods are based on measure of equivalent magnetic current distribution around patch edges. They are as follows a. Transmission line model b. Cavity model c. Multi-port network model (MNM) 2. Second group:- These methods are based on measure of electric current distribution on the patch and the ground plane. They are as follows a. Method of moments (MoM) b. Finite element method (FEM) c. Finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

d. Spatial domain technique (SDT) The transmission line model is the simplest of all and it gives good physical insight but it is less accurate. The cavity model is more accurate and gives good physical insight but is complex in nature. The full wave models are extremely accurate, versatile and can treat single elements, finite and infinite arrays, stacked elements, arbitrary shaped elements and coupling. 2.3 Methods of Analysis:2.3.1Transmission Line Model:In this model a fringe effect is created at the edges of the patch which cause radiation from the patch. Fringe is an effect which is situated on the edge or away from the centre of something. Fringing effect is also explained as the amount of fringing is a function of the dimensions of the patch and height of the substrate. Due to limitation of patch dimensions, fields at the edges of patch produce fringing effect. For principle of E-Plane fringe effect is the function of the ratio of the length of the patch L to the height h of the substrate (L/h) and of substrate.

Figure.2.4. Electric field lines

In figure 2.4 typical electrical fields lines are situated within the substrate and some in air. The electric field distribution at the centre is zero and maximum to positive on one side and max to the negative on the opposite side. For an applied signal it has to see to it that the maximum and minimum change continuously are maintained according to the instantaneous phase.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Figure.2.5. Distribution of electric field lines

The fundamental TM10 mode implies that the field varies one half cycle along the length, and there is no variation along the width of the patch. Along the width of the patch, the voltage is maximum and current is minimum due to the open end. It can be observed from figure 2.5 that the vertical components of the electric field (E-field) at the two edges along the width are in opposite directions and hence cancel one another in the broadside direction, whereas the horizontal components are in same direction and hence combine in the broadside direction. Therefore, the edges along the width are termed as radiating edges. The fields due to the sinusoidal distribution along the length cancel in the broadside direction, and hence the edges along the length are known as non-radiating edges. So the Microstrip antenna operating at TM10 mode can be visualized as a transmission line, because the field is uniform along the width and varies sinusoidally along the length. 2.3.2 Cavity Model:Although the transmission line model discussed in the previous section is easy to use, it has some inherent disadvantages. Specifically, it is useful for patches of rectangular design and it ignores field variations along the radiating edges. These disadvantages can be overcome by using the cavity model. A brief overview of this model is given below. In this model, the interior region of the dielectric substrate is modeled as a cavity bounded by electric walls on the top and bottom. The basis for this assumption is the following observations for thin substrates (h << ).

Since the substrate is thin, the fields in the interior region do not vary much in the z direction, i.e. normal to the patch. The electric field is z directed only, and the magnetic field has only the transverse components Hx and Hy in the region bounded by the patch metallization and the ground plane. This observation provides for the electric walls at the top and the bottom.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Figure.2.6. Charge distribution & current density creation on the patch

Consider Figure 2.6 shown above. When the Microstrip patch is provided power, a charge distribution is seen on the upper and lower surfaces of the patch and at the bottom of the ground plane. This charge distribution is controlled by two mechanisms-an attractive mechanism and a repulsive mechanism. The attractive mechanism is between the opposite charges on the bottom side of the patch and the ground plane, which helps in keeping the charge concentration intact at the bottom of the patch. The repulsive mechanism is between the like charges on the bottom surface of the patch, which causes pushing of some charges from the bottom, to the top of the patch. As a result of this charge movement, currents flow at the top and bottom surface of the patch. The cavity model assumes that the height to width ratio (h/W) is very small and as a result of this the attractive mechanism dominates and causes most of the charge concentration and the current to be below the patch surface. Much less current would flow on the top surface of the patch and as the height to width ratio further decreases, the current on the top surface of the patch would be almost equal to zero, which would not allow the creation of any tangential magnetic field components to the patch edges. Hence, the four sidewalls could be modeled as perfectly magnetic conducting surfaces. This implies that the magnetic fields and the electric field distribution beneath the patch would not be disturbed. However, in practice, a finite width to height ratio would be there and this would not make the tangential magnetic fields to be completely zero, but they being very small, the side walls could be approximated to be perfectly magnetic conducting. Since the walls of the cavity, as well as the material within it are lossless, the cavity would not radiate and its input impedance would be purely reactive. Hence, in order to account for radiation and a loss mechanism, one must introduce a radiation resistance RR and

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

a loss resistance RL. A lossy cavity would now represent an antenna and the loss is taken into account by the effective loss tangent eff which is given as:
eff 1 QT

Where QT is the total antenna factor & can be expressed as;

1 QT 1 Qd 1 Qc 1 Qr

Qd represents quality factor of dielectric material & is given as;

Qd r WT Pd 1 tan

Where,

is the angular resonant frequency. is the total energy stored in the patch at resonance is the dielectric loss is the loss tangent of dielectric substrate

Qc represents quality factor of conductor & is given as

Qc r WT Pc h

Where, Pc is conductor loss is the skin depth of the conductor h is the height of the substrate Qr represents quality factor of radiation & is given as;
Qr r WT Pr

Where, Pr is the power radiated from the patch.

eff tan h Pr r WT

The above equation gives the total effective loss tangent for the Microstrip patch antenna. The cavity model method is applicable to antenna in which ground plane & patch having same dimensions. To overcome this drawback an extension of cavity model, a Multiport network model (MNM) is used. In this model the area except patch is considered as

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

combination of multiple numbers of ports. So the resistant for individual port is calculated & combined with cavity model to find total radiation pattern. 2.4 Feeding Techniques [3]:Microstrip patch antennas can be fed by a variety of methods. These methods can be classified into two categories- Direct /Contacting and Indirect/ Non-contacting method. In the direct method, the RF power is fed directly to the radiating patch using a connecting element such as a Microstrip line. In indirect scheme, electromagnetic field coupling is done to transfer power between the Microstrip line and the radiating patch. 1. Direct feeding schemes:a) Microstrip line feed b) Coaxial/ Probe feed 2. Indirect feeding schemes:a. Electromagnetic coupling /Proximity coupling b. Aperture coupling c. Coplanar waveguide 2.4.1 Microstrip Line Feed:In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge of the Microstrip patch as shown in figure 2.7. The conducting strip is smaller in width as compared to the patch and this kind of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be etched on the same substrate to provide a planar structure.

Figure.2.7. Microstrip line feed

The purpose of the inset cut in the patch is to match the impedance of the feed line to the patch without the need for any additional matching element. This is achieved by properly controlling the inset position. Hence this is an easy feeding scheme, since it provides ease of fabrication and simplicity in modeling as well as impedance matching. However as the

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

thickness of the dielectric substrate being used, increases, surface waves and spurious feed radiation also increases, which hampers the bandwidth of the antenna. The feed radiation also leads to undesired cross polarized radiation. 2.4.2 Coaxial Feed:The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common technique used for feeding Microstrip patch antennas. As can be seen in figure 2.8, the inner conductor of the coaxial connector extends through the dielectric and is soldered to the radiating patch, while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane.

Figure.2.8. Coaxial feed

The main advantage of this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at any desired location inside the patch in order to match with its input impedance. This feed method is easy to fabricate and has low spurious radiation. However, a major disadvantage is that it provides narrow bandwidth and is difficult to model since a hole has to be drilled in the substrate and the connector protrudes outside the ground plane, thus not making it completely planar for thick substrates. Also, for thicker substrates, the increased probe length makes the input impedance more inductive, leading to matching problems. It is seen above that for a thick dielectric substrate, which provides broad bandwidth, the Microstrip line feed and the coaxial feed suffer from numerous disadvantages. So the non-contacting feed techniques solve these issues. 2.4.3. Aperture Coupled Feed:In this type of feeding technique, the radiating patch and the Microstrip feed line are separated by the ground plane as shown in Figure 2.9. Coupling between the patch and the feed line is made through a slot or an aperture in the ground plane.

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Figure.2.9. Aperture coupled feed

The coupling aperture is usually centered under the patch, leading to lower cross polarization due to symmetry of the configuration. The amount of coupling from the feed line to the patch is determined by the shape, size and location of the aperture. Since the ground plane separates the patch and the feed line, spurious radiation is minimized. Generally, a high dielectric material is used for bottom substrate and a thick, low dielectric constant material is used for the top substrate to optimize radiation from the patch. The major disadvantage of this feed technique is that it is difficult to fabricate due to multiple layers, which also increases the antenna thickness. This feeding scheme also provides narrow bandwidth. 2.4.4. Proximity Coupled Feed:This type of feed technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling scheme. As shown in figure 2.10, two dielectric substrates are used such that the feed line is between the two substrates and the radiating patch is on top of the upper substrate. The main advantage of this feed technique is that it eliminates spurious feed radiation and provides very high bandwidth, due to overall increase in the thickness of the Microstrip patch antenna. This scheme also provides choices between two different dielectric media, one for the patch and one for the feed line to optimize the individual performances.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Figure.2.10. Proximity-coupled Feed

Matching can be achieved by controlling the length of the feed line and the width to line ratio of the patch. The major disadvantage of this feed scheme is that it is difficult to fabricate because of the two dielectric layers which need proper alignment. Also, there is an increase in the overall thickness of the antenna. 2.4.5 Coplanar Waveguide Feed:-

Figure.2.11. Coplanar waveguide Feed

In this method, the coplanar waveguide is etched on the ground plane of the MSA. The line is excited by a coaxial feed and is terminated by a slot, whose length is chosen to be between 0.25 and 0.29 of the slot wavelength. The main disadvantage of this method is the high radiation from the rather longer slot, leading to the poor front to back ratio. The front-toback ratio is improved by reducing the slot dimension and modifying its shape in the form of a loop.
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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages [3]:Microstrip patch antennas are increasing in popularity for use in wireless applications due to their low-profile structure. Therefore they are extremely compatible for embedded antennas in handheld wireless devices such as cellular phones, pagers etc. The telemetry and communication antennas on missiles need to be thin and conformal and are often in the form of Microstrip patch antennas. Another area where they have been used successfully is in Satellite communication. Some of their principal advantages are given below: Light weight and low volume. Low profile planar configuration which can be easily made conformal to host surface. Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities. Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization. Can be easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits (MICs). Capable of dual and triple frequency operations. Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces. Microstrip patch antennas suffer from more drawbacks as compared to conventional antennas. Some of their major disadvantages are given below: Narrow bandwidth Low efficiency Low Gain Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot antennas Low power handling capacity. Surface wave excitation Microstrip patch antennas have a very high antenna quality factor (Q). It represents the losses associated with the antenna where a large Q leads to narrow bandwidth and low efficiency. Q can be reduced by increasing the thickness of the dielectric substrate. But as the thickness increases, an increasing fraction of the total power delivered by the source goes into a surface wave. This surface wave contribution can be counted as an unwanted power loss since it is ultimately scattered at the dielectric bends and causes degradation of the antenna characteristics. Other problems such as lower gain and lower power handling capacity can be overcome by using an array configuration for the elements.
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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

2.6 Surface Waves:To increase radiation from antenna either height of the substrate or length of the radiating edge must be increased. While doing so the radiation intensity within the patch increases, it helps in generation of Surface waves. Now, surface waves are defined as the modes of propagation supported by the grounded waves. In antennas, Surface waves spread out in a cylindrical manner, around the feeding point. The field amplitudes of these waves decreases with distance (r) or more precisely .

When surface waves meet the boundary of dielectric substrate & ground plane, they get reflected back within the dielectric substrate & propagate within the same. As the surface waves take up a part of energy from feeded signal, thus decreasing the amplitude of feeding signal. So, ultimately the efficiency of the antenna decreases. When the surface waves reach the boundary between dielectric material & air they get reflected & diffracted by the edges. These diffracted waves causing degradation in the antenna pattern by producing ripples & also raises side lobes & cross polarization. To avoid surface waves, 1. Height of the dielectric material should be less than given by following,
h 0 0.3 2 r

2. Overall dimension of antenna must be increased (i.e. Use of infinite ground plane). The second option is impractical as we concentrate on compactness of Microstrip antenna. So height must be maintained as per above equation.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Chapter 3 Parametric Study of Microstrip Antenna As basic aim of this project is to achieve broadbanding, dual frequency as well as dual polarization in a single element probe fed Microstrip antenna. In this chapter certain techniques to achieve these features are discussed below: 3.1 Techniques to Increase Bandwidth [2]:The bandwidth can be defined as frequency range over which Microstrip antenna is matched with that of the feed line within specified limits.
Bandwidth 1 Q
W L

Bandwidth %

Ah 0 r

Where, A = 180 for

h 0 r

0.045

A = 200 for 0.045

h 0 r

0.075

A = 220 for

h 0 r

0.075

1) Use of thicker substrate with lower dielectric constant:- As bandwidth is directly proportional to the height of the substrate & inversely proportional to the dielectric constant it helps in enhancing the bandwidth.
Bandwidth h
r

But we have limitation on increasing height as it leads to generate surface waves which degrades performance of the antenna. Also compactness vanishes. 2) Increasing the length of patchs radiating edge:- Increasing the length increases radiation from the antenna which helps in increasing the bandwidth. 3) Using modified shape of the patches:- By converting regular circular or rectangular shaped patches to circular ring or rectangular ring structures. It enhances the

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

bandwidth because it decreases quality factor (Q) of the antenna. The quality factor (Q) of the antenna decreases because less energy is stored beneath the patch due to reduction in the area of the patch, so higher will be radiation. 4) Use of planar multi-resonator configuration:- Use of Staggered tuned or gap coupled Microstrip antennas helps in enhancing the bandwidth. In these types of antennas each element has resonant frequency close to the resonant frequency of main patch. 5) Use of multilayer configuration:- Same as planar multi-resonator configuration but instead of planar patches are stacked. The stacked patches can be coupled through electromagnetic or aperture coupled techniques. 6) Impedance matching network 7) Log-Periodic Microstrip antenna configurations:- These configurations are used to obtain multi-octave bandwidth. 8) Ferrite substrate based Microstrip antenna 9) Cutting slot in Microstrip antennas 10) Use of suspended Microstrip antenna:- In this type of antenna patch with dielectric material is placed well above ground plane. So air will be acting as another dielectric material and ultimately effective dielectric constant decreases & bandwidth increases. The spacing between ground plane & Patch-dielectric can be given by [10],

g 0.16 0 h r
3.2 Techniques to Achieve Dual Frequency Operation [2]:Generally dual frequency operation can be achieved using dual feed or single feed technique. One of the generated frequencies can be used for transmission & other is used for reception. So isolation becomes matter of concern in antennas. Dual feed antenna uses separate feed point for each frequency, so better isolation can be achieved. But in single feed to isolate between transmitter & receiver a diplexer or circulator is required. 1. Use of dual feeding scheme 2. Placing a slot near radiating edge 3. Use of shorting pins or shorting posts (wall):- Use of pins or posts also helps in generation of multiple frequencies. But it reduces gain of the antenna.
Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

4. Use of varactor diodes or optically tuned diodes. 5. Stacked patch configuration:- In stacked patch configuration lower patch is generally fed by probe feed method while upper patch can be electromagnetically coupled or aperture coupled can be used. By adjusting the height of upper substrate frequency ratio can be increased or decreased. 6. Use of planar multi-resonator configuration 3.3 Techniques to Achieve Circular Polarization:Patches such as square, circular, pentagonal, equilateral triangular, ring and elliptical are capable of generating circular polarization. Circular polarization can be obtained if two orthogonal modes are excited with a 900 time-phase difference between them. This can be accomplished by adjusting the physical dimensions of the patch and using either single, or two, or more feeds. 1. Single feed circularly polarized Microstrip antenna [2]:-

Figure.3.1. Various single fed circularly polarized patch antennas

In single fed circularly polarized Microstrip antenna axial ratio bandwidth is generally low but VSWR bandwidth is quite large. A best way to recognize whether the given dimensions are optimum for best AR is, to look in the impedance plot of the antenna. If in impedance plot there is kink (knot or extremely small loop), it corresponds to excitation of two orthogonal modes & yields best AR at that frequency. Where as if there is absence of kink in impedance plot it leads to poor AR. As shown in figure 3.2. To achieve better axial ratio L1/L2 in square patch is adjusted. The results of a diagonally single fed CP MSA are discussed for understanding
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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

importance of kink in impedance plot.

Figure.3.2. Responses of diagonally fed nearly square MSA for different L 1/L2

In above figure we can observe different shapes of loops for different dimension of L1, while L2 kept constant. As L1/L2 increases the loop squeezes becomes kink, and for that particular frequency axial ratio bandwidth increases (shown by dark line). Axial ratio decreases to smallest possible value but VSWR bandwidth for same dimension decreases as compared to its previous value for greater loop size (shown by dashed line). If we further increase the ratio the kink starts to disappear & it becomes a straight line (shown by dot-dash line), and its AR bandwidth decreases. So smaller the loop in impedance plot greater will be AR bandwidth. In CP square MSA with modified corners, the chopping of two diagonally opposite corners makes the resonance frequency of mode along this diagonal to be higher than that for the mode along un-chopped diagonal. In CP square MSA with diagonal slot, the difference in frequency can be obtained by using rectangular slot. It increases the path length for other mode, so as path increases frequency decreases. CP square MSA with short or chip resistor loaded, in this both AR & VSWR bandwidth can be increased by replacing shorting posts by chip resistors of 4.7. But it decreases gain of the antenna. Square MSA with slits at the edges can also be used for generating CP. Also parasitic patches can be used to achieve broader bandwidth in CP MSA. 2. Dual fed circularly polarized patch antenna [3]:- Dual feed MSA configuration yields a wider axial ratio bandwidth & narrower VSWR bandwidth as compared to single feed MSA configuration.

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

For a square patch element, the easiest way to excite ideally circular polarization is to feed the element at two adjacent edges, as shown in Figures 3.3, to excite the two orthogonal modes. The quadrature phase difference is obtained by feeding the by feeding the element with a 900 power divider or 90 hybrid.

Figure.3.3. Dual feed circularly polarized patch with power divider & 900 hybrid.

While for achieving better AR bandwidth it can be seen from impedance plot whether to increase or decrease the patch dimension. i. If a loop is present in impedance plot, it indicates separation between two orthogonal modes is large & it is to be reduced to obtain better axial ratio bandwidth. ii. If there is slight bend in impedance plot without any kink or loop then separation between two modes needs to be increased for this slot size must be increased.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Chapter 4 Design of Microstrip Antenna The transmission line model can be further extended to find out length, width, effective dielectric constant & resonant frequency. We are provided with dielectric material Epoxy resin i.e. FR-4, which is having dielectric constant (r) of 4.4. The height of the substrate is maintained at 1.6mm. As we have seen in previous section for generating circular polarization square Microstrip antennas are preferred, so we start our design procedure for square Microstrip antenna. 4.1 Design Parameters:Input parameters a. Substrate material (r):For fabrication Epoxy resin i.e. FR-4 material is used, which is having dielectric constant (r) of 4.4. b. Height of the substrate(h):The height of substrate is kept at 1.6mm. c. Resonant frequency(fr):Antenna is designed for UMTS-I (1920 GHz - 2170 GHz) & UMTS-II i.e. 3G (2500 GHz - 2690 GHz) with center frequency 1.81GHz & 2.6GHz. The patch is designed with center frequency (fr1) of 2.6 GHz & then modified to achieve the other lower frequency (fr2) of 1.81 GHz. d. Probe radius of 0.65mm is used. e. Coax of radius 1.5mm is used. 4.2 Calculation [2]:By using transmission model we have, Width (W) of the patch,
W c 2f r 2 r 1 35.11mm

As we are designing square patch length & width will be the same. Length or width of ground plane:When the ground plane dimensions are six times of substrate thickness greater than dimension of the patch, it gives same result as that of infinite ground plane.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Lg

Wg

6h W

44.71 45mm

So ground plane of 45mm 45mm with patch size of 35.11mm 35.11mm is used for fabrication. The patch is feeded with a coaxial probe because of simplicity it provides in design. The coaxial probe used having a radius of 0.65mm. The design concentrates on 2.6 GHz frequency which a 3G band requires approximately 200MHz bandwidth. To achieve such a large bandwidth, suspended Microstrip antenna concept is used. The amount of air gap for suspended Microstrip antenna can be found by following formula [10],

0.16 0

h r

So after substituting known parameters we get,

g 15.105mm 15mm

But as probe length increases it becomes more inductive & impedance locus shifts towards right in smith chart. To nullify inductive nature of probe, either we have to add a capacitance in series with it or increase the diameter of the probe. If we increase of the probe diameter the cost for SMA connector will be more & due to series capacitance complexity of the antenna increases. Our basic aim focuses on design of a compact MSA, so we restrict the height of antenna (g) above ground plane to 3mm. Now to achieve the same bandwidth we use another broadbanding technique as discussed previously in chapter 3, in this technique square or circular antennas are converted into square ring or circular ring. So a square slot of 16mm 16mm is added to enhance bandwidth. Now we can easily achieve the required bandwidth by combining the two techniques. After adding slot we are getting the required bandwidth but the radiation pattern for the antenna is not in broad sense. We are getting peak gain at an angle 300. So after rotating the center slot by 450 we can get a broadside radiation from antenna [8]. The radiation lobe achieved in broad side still suffers from discontinuities due to unwanted radiation from some antenna edges. To suppress unwanted radiation from antenna we added a shorting pin of 1mm diameter at (14,-14), which directly ground the waves directed from that edge. The shorting pin helps in achieving pure broadside radiation, but the property of shorting pin to ground the waves reduces gain of the antenna [5, 9]. Now the design of antenna is for dual frequency operation, so to generate another frequency we add a shorting pin at diagonally opposite position (-14,-14) to that of previous pin [5, 9]. It helps in generating another frequency but not at second center frequency (fr2)

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

1.81GHz & also it shifts fr1. To shift these two bands to their required center frequency we have added two corner square shaped slots. By properly adjusting dimensions for these two corner slots we shifted the bands to the required center frequencies. The first part in designing is over, still dual polarization not yet achieved. We want linear polarization for band having center frequency fr2 1.81GHz & circular polarization for other band. For generating circular polarization axial ratio for that particular band must be below 2dB. To achieve circular polarization we have added four rectangular slots at radiating edge. By using a trial & error method the feeding point is selected for maximum return loss, and input impedance closer to 50 can be achieved.

Table.4.1. Parameters for design of antenna

1 2. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Dielectric material(r) Height of the substrate(h) Center frequency(fr1) Center frequency (fr2) Ground plane(Lg Wg ) Width (W) for patch Length (L) for patch Height above ground plane (g) Center slot (Ls Ws) Slots at radiating edges (Lss Wss) Corner slot (Lcs Wcs) a. Corner slot1 (Lcs1 Wcs1) b. Corner slot2 (Lcs2 Wcs2)

FR-4 (r = 4.4) 1.6mm 2.6 GHz 1.81 GHz 45mm 45mm 35.11mm 35.11mm 3mm 16mm 16mm 20mm 2mm

1mm 1mm 1.5mm 1.5mm Diameter = 1mm, Length = 4.6 mm

11

Shorting pin

a. Pin1 b. Pin 2 12 Probe

(14,-14) (-14,-14) Diameter = 1.3mm Length = 4.6 mm (-12,-2)

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Figure.4.1. Top view & side view for MSA from HFSS [11]

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Figure.4.2. Top view for fabricated DBDP MSA

Figure.4.3. Side view for fabricated DBDP MSA

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Chapter 5 Results & Discussion The antenna design focuses on two bands UMTS-I (1.92GHz - 2.17GHz) & UMTS-II (2.5GHz - 2.69GHz) with different polarization for both bands. The antenna is simulated & designed using Ansofts HFSS 11.1v. HFSS stands for High Frequency Structure Simulator. The software is based on FEM method, in this method large structures are converted into number of triangular, pyramidal or trapezoidal shape structure for ease of analysis. The results for fabricated antenna are found by Agilents network analyzer E5062A. The simulated & measured results are compared below

Figure.5.1. Experimental set up for testing of antenna

5.1 Return Loss:The return loss for experimental & simulated can be seen from Figure 5.2 below. The return loss can be given by, a. Using simulated results:- For center frequency(fr1) 2.61Ghz it is found to be -36.76dB & for center frequency(fr2) 1.81Ghz it is found to be -28.02dB. b. Using experimental results:- Shift in bands is obtained due suspended structure & uneven ground. So center frequency (fr1) shift to 2.64GHz with return loss of 34.71dB & center frequency (fr2) shifts to 1.83GHz with return loss of -25.70dB. The return loss bandwidth can be found for 10dB below frequency response in graph.
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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

The return loss bandwidth can be given by,

Retun loss bandwidth (%) fH fC fL 100

Simulated Measured 0

Return loss (dB)

-10

-20

-30

-40 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0

Frequency (GHz)
Figure.5.2. Experimental & simulated results for return loss [11, 12]

By using above equation the return loss bandwidth a. Using simulated results i. For band with center frequency (fr1) 2.61 GHz
2.82 2.4 100 2.61
16.09 %

ii.

For band with frequency (fr2) 1.81 GHz

1.965 1.695 100 1.81
14.92 %

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

b. Using measured results i. For band with center frequency (fr1) 2.64 GHz
2.835 2.445 100 2.64
14.77 %

ii.

For band with center frequency (fr2) 1.83 GHz

1.95 1.725 100 1.83
12.3 %

Results are quite satisfactory with slight shifts in center frequencies for both the bands. Generally, the thickness of ground plane is neglected in simulation results. But it affects in experimental results. Also the ground is uneven & fragile, because its thickness is very less & no supporting structure is present, can be seen from fabricated antenna figure 4.3. The antenna is suspended above ground plane, so for supporting purpose three Teflon pins of 1mm are added which also changes effective dielectric constant. We can see from figure 5.2, the shift in center frequencies of measured & simulated results. 5.2 VSWR:As we have seen in return loss graph, the measured response of two frequency bands also get shifted in VSWR plot. The VSWR using simulation result is 1.08 & 1.03 for center frequency 1.81GHz & 2.61GHz respectively. The experimental results show 1.31 & 1.38 for center frequency 1.81GHz & 2.61GHz respectively. As the bands shifted for new center frequency 1.83GHz & 2.64GHz the VSWR found to be 1.11 & 1.33. The VSWR bandwidth is measured for 2dB below frequency response of an antenna. Using simulation result we have 310MHz & 480 MHz VSWR bandwidth for center frequency 1.81GHz & 2.61GHz respectively. Where as from experimental set up we have 225MHz & 315MHz VSWR bandwidth for center frequencies 1.83GHz & 2.64GHz respectively. Figure 5.3 shows comparison of simulated & experimental results for MSA.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

5 Simulated Measured 4

VSWR
2 1 0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0

Frequency (GHz)
Figure.5.3. Experimental & simulated results for VSWR [11, 12].

5.3 Frequency vs. Gain:The Gain of the antenna found to be -0.85dB for 2.61GHz from following graph. The gain is found to be low due to the use of two shorting pins at opposite corners which suppresses modes & directly

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

-5

Gain (dB)

-10

-15

-20

-25 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0

Frequency (GHz)
Figure.5.4. Simulated result for Frequency vs. Gain [11]

grounding the waves. Much of the waves are directly grounded, less energy getting radiated from antenna & thus gain reduces. The gain pattern for operating frequencies are shown in figure 5.5 & 5.6 below.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

0 330 -2 30 Phi = 0 Deg Phi = 90 Deg

-4 300 -6 60

-8

270 -2 -4 -6 -8

-10 -10 -8 -8 -6 -4 -2

90

-6 240 -4 120

-2 210 180
Figure.5.5. Simulated radiation pattern for frequency 2.61GHz [11].

150

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

0 330 -8 -10 -12 -14 300 -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 270 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 -24 -22 -20 -18 240 -16 -14 -12 -10 210 -8 180
Figure.5.6. Simulated radiation pattern for frequency 1.81GHz [11].

30

Phi = 0 Deg Phi = 90 Deg

60

90 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8

120

150

5.4 Axial ratio vs. Frequency:The simulation results found using HFSS are shown in figure 5.7. As the antenna design focuses on generating dual polarization. We generate a linear polarization at 1.81 GHz with axial ratio of 17.61dB & circular polarization with axial ratio of 1.4dB at 2.61GHz. The axial ratio bandwidth is found for 3dB below frequency response from simulation result graph. The bandwidth found to be 160MHz. In practical applications it is admirable to have 3-6dB below frequency response. So for 6dB below frequency response, 340MHz axial ratio bandwidth can be achieved.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

10

Axial ratio(dB)

0 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0

Frequency (GHz)
Figure.5.7. Simulation result for frequency vs. axial ratio [11].

Figure 5.8 shows simulated results of LHCP & RHCP patterns for antenna in dB. It shows LHCP is maximum at = 00 & RHCP is maximum at = 900.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

0 0 330 -10 30 LHCP (dB) RHCP (dB)

-20 300 -30 60

-40

270 0 -10 -20 -30 -40

-50 -50 -50-50 -40

90 -40 -30 -20 -10 0

-30 240 -20 120

-10 210 0
Figure.5.8. Simulated radiation pattern for frequency 2.6GHz [11].

150 180

5.5 Smith Chart:In smith chart we can see that whether the antenna feed is perfectly matched or there is reflection of incident wave. If feed is not perfectly matched energy will be lost & less power will be delivered to antenna. The input impedance of antenna depends on feeding location, probe diameter, probe length.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Figure.5.9. simulation result for smith chart [11].

From simulation result we get 51 input impedance for our antenna at 2.6GHz. Ideally 50 impedance is required to avoid losses.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

Chapter 6 Conclusion & Future Scope As we have studied various techniques for achieving broad banding, multiple frequency & polarization schemes using MSA during the scope of the project. We use some technique for achieving dual frequency, and some of circular polarization technique & combine them in a compact MSA. But the simulation results generated using HFSS are not perfectly matched with experimental result, due to the problem in ground plane. Also combining different technique together generates problem, such as for achieving broad band center slot is placed in patch but the orthogonal feed location required for achieving circular polarization is unable to achieve. So axial ratio bandwidth achieved are not fulfilling the requirement. Use of shorting pins helps in achieving dual frequency operation but it reduces gain of the antenna to a very low level. Corner chopping helps in shifting the two generated bands to desired position, simply by varying their dimensions. The slots placed at radiating edges helps in reducing axial ratio for the antenna. The suspended structure of antenna requires supporting structure which increases the cost for antenna. The experimental & simulated results varied not much but in practice 225MHz & 390MHz bandwidths for different frequencies can be obtained using single feed MSA. Also VSWR bandwidths of 225MHz & 315MHz are achieved. Future scope:As the axial ratio achieved is very less & force antenna to be impractical to use for mobile communication system, so work can be done to improve it. Corner chopping with triangular shape can be tried for improving axial ratio bandwidth. Also gain of antenna can be increased by avoiding use of the shorting pins, so to suppress unwanted waves something else can be used.

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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Project report on Design of Dual Frequency and Dual Polarized Microstrip Antenna

References [1] [2] [3] K. D. Prasad, Antenna Wave and Propagation, Satya Prakashan, New Delhi, 1995 G. Kumar and K. P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Artech House, 1992 C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1997. [4] [5] Kin-Lu Wong, Compact and Broadband Microstrip, John Wiley and Sons, 2002 Ramesh Gerg, Prakash Bhartia, Indar Bhal & Apisak Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, Artech House, London, 2001 [6] R. B. Waterhouse, Microstrip Patch Antenna, A Designers Guide, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, 2003 [7] Guntur Kompa, Practical Microstrip Design and Applications, Artech House, London, 2005 [8] V. P. Sarin, M. S. Nishamol, Gijo Augustin, P. Mohanan, C. K. Aanandan, and K. Vasudevan, An Electromagnetically Coupled Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Microstrip Antenna for WLAN Applications, Microwave And Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 50, No. 7, July 2008, pp-1867-1870. [9] J.-S. Row and K.-W. Lin, Low-Profile Design of Dual-Frequency and DualPolarised Triangular Microstrip Antennas, IEEE 2004, Vol. 40 No. 3. [10] V. G. Kasbegoudar and K. G. Vinoy, Broadband Suspended Microstrip Antenna for Circular Polrization, PIER 90, pp-353-368, 2009 [11] [12] Ansofts HFSS 11.1v Sigma Plot for Windows version 11.0

Dr. Babsaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

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