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The document is a physics investigatory project report on studying the various factors that affect the internal resistance and EMF of a cell. It includes an introduction outlining the importance of batteries and motivation for the project. The aim is stated as studying how internal resistance depends on distance between electrodes, electrode area, temperature, and electrolyte concentration. The procedure, observations, results and inference sections are included, finding that internal resistance increases with distance and decreases with area, temperature and concentration as predicted.

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19 views

Converted 1698155272646

The document is a physics investigatory project report on studying the various factors that affect the internal resistance and EMF of a cell. It includes an introduction outlining the importance of batteries and motivation for the project. The aim is stated as studying how internal resistance depends on distance between electrodes, electrode area, temperature, and electrolyte concentration. The procedure, observations, results and inference sections are included, finding that internal resistance increases with distance and decreases with area, temperature and concentration as predicted.

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mohantyrohan91
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\/\

Prabhujee English Medium School


SESSION- 2022-2023

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC: - To study the various factor on which the


internal resistance/EMF of the cell depend.

Submitted by: - Submitted to: -


NAME: SUPRIT MOHANTY
CLASS: XII B BASANT KUMAR BEHERA
ROLL NO: 41
INDEX
Sr no. Content Page no.

1. Certificate 1

2. Acknowledgment 2

3. Introduction 3

4. Aim of the project 5

5. Theory 6

6. Circuit diagram 7

7. Apparatus required 8

8. Procedure followed 9

9. Observation 12

10. Result and inference 13

11. Precaution 14

12. Bibliography 15
CERTIFICATE

This is to verify that SUPRIT MOHANTY of class XII “B” of


Prabhujee English Medium School has successfully
completed the physics Investigatory Project on the topic
“To study the various factor on which the internal
resistance /EMF of the cell depend” as prescribed by the
CBSE Board for the academic Year 2023-24. It is further
certified that the project is individual work of the
candidate.

External signature

Internal signature

Principal signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to


my teacher Mr. Basant Kumar Behera who gave me this
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic “To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance/EMF of the cell depends” which also helped
me doing a lot of research and I came to know about so
many new things, I am thankful to him.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parent’s and


Friends who helped me lot in finalizing this project
Within the limited time frame.
INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use


electronic appliances and the use are increasing every
day. Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful
so that their potential can be increased greatly. Thus the
project is based on practical analysis for the factors
affecting the internal resistance of a cell. When the
internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase
the potential difference across it, and hence make it more
reliable.
Aim Of the Project

To study the various factors


on which the internal
resistance/emf of the cell
depends

Apparatus Required
A potentiometer, a battery, two one-way
keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a
resistance box, an ammeter, a cell, a
jockey, a set square, connecting wires,
and sandpaper.
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the
resistance Offered by its electrolyte to the
flow of ions. The internal resistance of a
cell is -.
 Directly proportional to the distance between
the electrodes.
 Inversely proportional to facing surface area of
the electrodes in electrolyte.

 Decreases with increase in temperature of


electrolyte.

 Is inversely proportional to concentration of


electrolyte.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand
paper and make tight connections according to the
circuit
diagram.

2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and


make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than
that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will
not be obtained. To study variation of internal
resistance with distance of separation

4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of16 cm.

5. Take maximum current from the battery,


making rheostat resistance small.

6. Without inserting a plug-in key K2, adjust the


rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
wire of the p

7. Determine the position of the null point

accurately using a set square and measure the

balancing length (11) between the null point

and the end potentiometer.


8. Next introduce plugs in both keys KI and K2. At the
same time, take out a small resistance (1 — 5 W) from
the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with the
cell.

9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and


obtain the null point.

10. Measure the balancing length (12) from end P.


Record these observations.

11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart. Then


remove the plugs of keys KI and K2. Wait for some
time and repeat steps 7to 10.

12. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain


another set of observations.
OBSERVATION
RESULT & INFERENCE

The electromotive force of the cell is constant and


is equal to E — Volt.

The internal resistance of a cell directly

proportional to the separation been the


electrodes.

proportional to the area of the electrodes


dipped in electrolyte.
K The internof resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.

proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.


PRECAUTION
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight

2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only


when the observation is to be taken.

3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells El and


E2 should, all be connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.

4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the


wire. It should touch the wire gently.

5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a


particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by
the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions

 Its S.I. unit is ohm

• For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r),


connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I) is
the current flowing through the circuit,

Internal Resistance,

r= E-V/I
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Website

• www.wihipedia.org
• https://www.researchgate.net

• htps://JJwww.sastasundar.com

 Books

• Comprehensive practical Manual

 Guide
Mr.

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