Interdependence
Interdependence
nter
dependencebet
weenpl
ant
sandani
mal
s
Pl
antdependonani
mal
sfor
:
Car
bondi
oxi
de
Humus(
deadr
ott
enbodi
es)
Pol
l
inat
ion
Di
sper
sal
off
rui
tsandseeds
Ani
mal
sdependonpl
antf
or:
Oxy
gen
Foodi
npl
antr
oot
,st
em,
leav
es,
andf
rui
t
Medi
ci
ne(
nat
iveher
bs)
Associ
ati
onbet
weenor
gani
smsi
nthecommuni
ty
Bel
owar
esomeoft
heexampl
esofassoci
ati
onbet
weenor
gani
smsi
nanenv
ironment
Par
asi
ti
sm: t
hisi
sarel
ationshi
pbetweenpar asi
teandthehost.Par
asi
ti
sm isanassociat
ionin
whi
choneanimalgai
natt heexpenseoftheother.Theor
ganism whi
chsufferi
ntheassociat
ion
i
sthehostandonewhichgainistheparasi
te.EgTapeworm andMan,catt
leandtick.
Pr
edat
or–preyr
elat
ionship:apredatorist
helargeror
ganism t
hatfeedonthesmall
er
or
gani
sm cal
l
edtheprey.Theassociati
oniscal
ledpredat
or–pr eyassoci
ati
on.Egcatandr
at
et
c
Commensal
ism:i
nthisassoci
ati
ontheorgani
smsinvol
vedbenef
itf
rom eachother
.Noone
har
mtheother
.Forexample,t
heassoci
ationbet
weenthecat
tl
eargi
landt hecat
tl
e
Sapr
ophyt
icr
elat
ionship:thi
srefert
oty
peoffeedi
nginwhi
chpl
antfeedondeador
gani
sm
matt
erorhumus.Egf ungiandsomebacter
iapl
antt
hatf
eedsondeadorgani
cmatt
eri
scal
led
sapr
ophyt
icr
elat
ionship.
Symbiosi
s:(
mut uali
sm)isanassociat
ionbetweentwodi
ffer
entorganismsinwhichboth
organi
smsbenef i
t.Eg,
bacter
iainthei
ntest
ineofter
mit
e,bacter
iainrootnodul
esoflegumes,
bacter
iai
ntherumenofr uminants.
I
nst
rumentuset
omeasur
esomeabi
oti
cfact
ors
NO
FACTORS
I
NSTRUMENT
Rai
nfal
l
Rai
ngauge
Temper
atur
e
Ther
momet
er
At
mospher
icpr
essur
e
Bar
omet
er
Li
ght
Phot
omet
er
Wi
nddi
rect
ion
Wi
ndv
ane
Wi
ndspeed
anemomet
er
7
Humi
dit
y
Hy
dromet
er
Foodwed:f
oodwedr ef
ert
oadi
agr
ammat
icr
epr
esent
ati
onoff
oodchai
nwi
thsev
eral
int
er–
l
inkbet
weenorgani
sms.
OR
Foodweb→ isthecomplexf
eedi
ngrel
ati
onshi
pinwhichanorgani
sm hasmoret
hanone
sourceoff
ood.Ital
soaconf
usefeedi
ngrel
ati
onshi
pinwhichanorgani
sm f
eedonandi
sbei
ng
fedbymanyotherorgani
sms
Exampl
e
Man
I
nsect
s Snake
Leav
es Fi
sh
Bi
rds
Li
zar
d
Di
ff
erencesbet
weenf
oodchai
nandf
oodweb
Foodchai
n
Foodweb
I
sal
i
nearf
eedi
ngr
elat
ionshi
p
I
sacompl
exf
eedi
ngr
elat
ionshi
p
Cont
ainconsumer
sfeedi
ngononeki
ndoff
ood
Compr
isesofconsumer
sfeedi
ngondi
ff
erentki
ndsoff
ood
I
nvol
vef
eweror
gani
smsi
nthecommuni
ty
I
nvol
vemanyor
gani
smsi
nthecommuni
ty
Py
rami
dofnumber
s
Thenumberofi ndi
vidualorganismspr esentateachst ageoffoodchai ngr
adual lydecr eases.A
pyrami dofnumberi sawayofr epresent i
ngt her el
at i
onshipbet weenthenumber sofi ndiv
iduals
ateachst ageoffoodchai n.Acommuni t
ycanonl ysust ai
nitsselfift
herei
scont i
nuousf l
owof
ener gy/f
oodforeacht r
opiclevel.Inanat ur
al communi ty,
thenumberofor ganism atdi ff
erent
l
ev elsreducefr
om thebot tom tothet op.Thi sis, t
hoseatt hebot tom f
ormst hegr eatest
maj orit
yandsupplyenergyt othenex tl evel
,whi chi nturnprovidesfoodforthef oll
owi nglev el
,
untilthesmall
estmi nori
tyisreachedatt hetopl ev el
.Thus, apat t
erndevel
opst hatr esembl esa
tr
iangl eorapyr
ami d;wit
ht hepr oducerf ormingt hemaj or
ityatthebaseorbot tom, asshown
below;