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Interdependence

The document discusses the interdependence between plants and animals. It explains how plants depend on animals for carbon dioxide, humus, pollination, and dispersal of fruits and seeds. Animals depend on plants for oxygen, food from plant roots, stems, leaves and fruits, and medicine from native herbs. Various examples of associations between organisms in an environment are also provided, such as parasitism, predator-prey relationships, commensalism, saprophytism, and symbiosis. Instruments used to measure abiotic factors like rainfall, temperature, atmospheric pressure, light, wind direction, wind speed, and humidity are also listed. Food webs and food chains are defined and compared, with examples provided.

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Jonah Sesay
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views

Interdependence

The document discusses the interdependence between plants and animals. It explains how plants depend on animals for carbon dioxide, humus, pollination, and dispersal of fruits and seeds. Animals depend on plants for oxygen, food from plant roots, stems, leaves and fruits, and medicine from native herbs. Various examples of associations between organisms in an environment are also provided, such as parasitism, predator-prey relationships, commensalism, saprophytism, and symbiosis. Instruments used to measure abiotic factors like rainfall, temperature, atmospheric pressure, light, wind direction, wind speed, and humidity are also listed. Food webs and food chains are defined and compared, with examples provided.

Uploaded by

Jonah Sesay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I

nter
dependencebet
weenpl
ant
sandani
mal
s

Pl
antdependonani
mal
sfor
:

Car
bondi
oxi
de

Humus(
deadr
ott
enbodi
es)

Pol
l
inat
ion

Di
sper
sal
off
rui
tsandseeds

Ani
mal
sdependonpl
antf
or:

Oxy
gen

Foodi
npl
antr
oot
,st
em,
leav
es,
andf
rui
t

Medi
ci
ne(
nat
iveher
bs)

Associ
ati
onbet
weenor
gani
smsi
nthecommuni
ty

Bel
owar
esomeoft
heexampl
esofassoci
ati
onbet
weenor
gani
smsi
nanenv
ironment

Par
asi
ti
sm: t
hisi
sarel
ationshi
pbetweenpar asi
teandthehost.Par
asi
ti
sm isanassociat
ionin
whi
choneanimalgai
natt heexpenseoftheother.Theor
ganism whi
chsufferi
ntheassociat
ion
i
sthehostandonewhichgainistheparasi
te.EgTapeworm andMan,catt
leandtick.

Pr
edat
or–preyr
elat
ionship:apredatorist
helargeror
ganism t
hatfeedonthesmall
er
or
gani
sm cal
l
edtheprey.Theassociati
oniscal
ledpredat
or–pr eyassoci
ati
on.Egcatandr
at
et
c

Commensal
ism:i
nthisassoci
ati
ontheorgani
smsinvol
vedbenef
itf
rom eachother
.Noone
har
mtheother
.Forexample,t
heassoci
ationbet
weenthecat
tl
eargi
landt hecat
tl
e

Sapr
ophyt
icr
elat
ionship:thi
srefert
oty
peoffeedi
nginwhi
chpl
antfeedondeador
gani
sm
matt
erorhumus.Egf ungiandsomebacter
iapl
antt
hatf
eedsondeadorgani
cmatt
eri
scal
led
sapr
ophyt
icr
elat
ionship.

Symbiosi
s:(
mut uali
sm)isanassociat
ionbetweentwodi
ffer
entorganismsinwhichboth
organi
smsbenef i
t.Eg,
bacter
iainthei
ntest
ineofter
mit
e,bacter
iainrootnodul
esoflegumes,
bacter
iai
ntherumenofr uminants.

I
nst
rumentuset
omeasur
esomeabi
oti
cfact
ors

NO

FACTORS
I
NSTRUMENT

Rai
nfal
l

Rai
ngauge

Temper
atur
e

Ther
momet
er

At
mospher
icpr
essur
e

Bar
omet
er

Li
ght

Phot
omet
er

Wi
nddi
rect
ion

Wi
ndv
ane

Wi
ndspeed

anemomet
er
7

Humi
dit
y

Hy
dromet
er

Foodwed:f
oodwedr ef
ert
oadi
agr
ammat
icr
epr
esent
ati
onoff
oodchai
nwi
thsev
eral
int
er–
l
inkbet
weenorgani
sms.

OR

Foodweb→ isthecomplexf
eedi
ngrel
ati
onshi
pinwhichanorgani
sm hasmoret
hanone
sourceoff
ood.Ital
soaconf
usefeedi
ngrel
ati
onshi
pinwhichanorgani
sm f
eedonandi
sbei
ng
fedbymanyotherorgani
sms

Exampl
e

Man

I
nsect
s Snake

Leav
es Fi
sh

Bi
rds

Li
zar
d
Di
ff
erencesbet
weenf
oodchai
nandf
oodweb

Foodchai
n

Foodweb

I
sal
i
nearf
eedi
ngr
elat
ionshi
p

I
sacompl
exf
eedi
ngr
elat
ionshi
p

Cont
ainconsumer
sfeedi
ngononeki
ndoff
ood

Compr
isesofconsumer
sfeedi
ngondi
ff
erentki
ndsoff
ood

I
nvol
vef
eweror
gani
smsi
nthecommuni
ty

I
nvol
vemanyor
gani
smsi
nthecommuni
ty

Py
rami
dofnumber
s

Thenumberofi ndi
vidualorganismspr esentateachst ageoffoodchai ngr
adual lydecr eases.A
pyrami dofnumberi sawayofr epresent i
ngt her el
at i
onshipbet weenthenumber sofi ndiv
iduals
ateachst ageoffoodchai n.Acommuni t
ycanonl ysust ai
nitsselfift
herei
scont i
nuousf l
owof
ener gy/f
oodforeacht r
opiclevel.Inanat ur
al communi ty,
thenumberofor ganism atdi ff
erent
l
ev elsreducefr
om thebot tom tothet op.Thi sis, t
hoseatt hebot tom f
ormst hegr eatest
maj orit
yandsupplyenergyt othenex tl evel
,whi chi nturnprovidesfoodforthef oll
owi nglev el
,
untilthesmall
estmi nori
tyisreachedatt hetopl ev el
.Thus, apat t
erndevel
opst hatr esembl esa
tr
iangl eorapyr
ami d;wit
ht hepr oducerf ormingt hemaj or
ityatthebaseorbot tom, asshown
below;

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