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EDC Mod 3 - Complete

The document discusses various amplifier configurations including the hybrid-pi model, CE amplifier with bypassed and unbypassed emitter resistors, Miller's theorem, common source amplifier with source bypass, cascade amplifier, RC coupled amplifier, transformer coupled amplifier, and direct coupled amplifier. It provides the circuit diagrams and working principles for each configuration.

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Ananya Shetty
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15 views

EDC Mod 3 - Complete

The document discusses various amplifier configurations including the hybrid-pi model, CE amplifier with bypassed and unbypassed emitter resistors, Miller's theorem, common source amplifier with source bypass, cascade amplifier, RC coupled amplifier, transformer coupled amplifier, and direct coupled amplifier. It provides the circuit diagrams and working principles for each configuration.

Uploaded by

Ananya Shetty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronics Device &

Circuits/Analog Electronics-I

Prof. Sunil Nagare – 9619015411


M.Tech (VJTI) & B.Tech (SPIT)
Module 3
AC Load Line
Hybrid Pi Model
• The hybrid pi model of a BJT is a small
signal model, named after the “pi”-like
equivalent circuit for a bipolar junction
transistor
• It consist two component :
1. Small Signal resistance

• It is also called as Diffusion Resistance


& Base-Emitter Input resistance
2. Dependent Current Source

Where gm is transconductance of the


transistor
Hybrid Pi Model with Early effect
• The small signal hybrid equivalent
circuit is always drawn with an
assumption that the collector
current does not depend on Vce
at all.
• But practically Ic, depends to
some extent on Vce is called as
the Early effect.
• The dependence of collector
current Ic on collector to emitter
voltage is taken into account by
including a resistance "ro" across
the dependent current source
CE Amplifier with Bypassed RE
Step 1 : AC equivalent Circuit
• It is obtained by replacing all the DC sources and capacitors by short circuits
CE Amplifier with Bypassed RE
Step 2 : Hybrid Pi equivalent Circuit
• Replace transistor in AC equivalent Circuit by hybrid Pi equivalent Circuit
CE Amplifier with Bypassed RE
Step 3 : Voltage Gain (Avs)

The negative sign indicated Vo & Vs are 180 degree out of phase wrt each other
CE Amplifier with Bypassed RE
Step 4 : Input Resistance Step 5 : Output Resistance
CE Amplifier with Bypassed RE
Step 6 : Current Gain

The output current Io obtained by


Current division at Node A
CE Amplifier with Bypassed RE
CE Amplifier with Bypassed RE
CE Amplifier with Bypassed RE
CE Amplifier with Bypassed RE
CE Amplifier with Unbypassed RE
Step 1 : AC equivalent Circuit Step 2 : Hybrid Pi equivalent Circuit
Step 3 : Input Resistance
CE Amplifier with Unbypassed RE
Step 4 : Voltage Gain (Avs)
CE Amplifier with Unbypassed RE

Step 5 : Output Resistance


CE Amplifier with Unbypassed RE
Miller’s Theorem
• In an amplifier circuit, if the impedance
is connected in between the input &
output nodes, including a reference
node ‘N’, then connected impedance
can be changed through two
impedances.

• One impedance can be connected in


between the input & reference node
whereas another one is connected in
between the o/p & the reference node.
Miller’s Theorem
• In the following circuit, if the ‘Z’
impedance is connected in between
two nodes like 1 & 2 then this node
can be changed through two
impedances like Z1 & Z2.
• Here the connection of two
impedances can be done like this;
impedance ‘Z1’ is connected in
between the first node & ground
terminal whereas impedance ‘Z2’ is
connected in between the second
node & ground terminal.
Miller’s Theorem
• According to miller’s theorem, the
impedance effect ‘Z’ on the input
circuit is a ratio of the input voltage
& the current ‘I’ which supplies from
the input to the output.
Common Source (CS) Amplifier
Common Source (CS) Amplifier
CS Amplifier with Source Bypass

A Source bypass capacitor added to the common source It is possible to increase the Q-point
amplifier will not allow the voltage gain to reduce and stability further by replacing the source
also maintain the Q-point stability unaffected resistor by a constant current source
CS Amplifier with Source Bypass

The small signal equivalent circuit As Vi = 0 & Vgs = 0 hence gm Vgs = 0 and
assuming the bypass capacitor to be the dependent current source acts as
short circuit open circuit. Ro = RD
Sum : CS Amplifier with Source Bypass
Sum : CS Amplifier with Source Bypass
Cascade Amplifier
• In most applications, a single transistor amplifier will not be able to meet
the specifications such as voltage gain, current gain etc.
• So multiple amplifiers are then connected in cascade or series, Such an
amplifier is called as a multistage amplifier
• The meaning of the word "cascading" is to connect a number of amplifier
stages to each other with the output of the previous stage to the input of
next stage
• Thus a multistage amplifier is obtained by cascading a number of amplifiers
Cascade Amplifier
RC Coupled Amplifier
• The coupling takes place
through coupling capacitor
and resistive load at the
output of the first stage.
• Therefore this is known as
the R-C coupling.
• R₁, R, and R, are the biasing
resistors used separately for
the two stages.
• Voltage divider biasing is
being used.
RC Coupled Amplifier
• Due to the use of coupling capacitors the dc voltages will not be coupled from
one stage to the other.
• Therefore the quiescent point of the next stage will not be affected due to
coupling
• The R-C network gives a wideband frequency response without introduction
of peaks at any frequencies
• Therefore R-C coupling can be
used for the AF amplifiers.
Transformer Coupled Amplifier
• The circuit diagram consist of two transistors Q1 & Q2 used in CE configuration
• Resistor R1, R2 and Re are
used for biasing of transistors.
• Collector resistors are not
being used and coupling from
one stage to the other takes
place through the impedance
matching transformers.
• The function of transformer 'T1'
is to couple a.c output signal
from the o/p of first stage to i/p
of second stage, while
transformer(T2) couples
o/p signal to the load
Transformer Coupled Amplifier
Working:
• When an ac i/p is applied to base of
transistor Q1, through i/p
transformer, it appears in the
amplified form across primary
winding of transformer(T1).

• The voltage developed across the


primary winding is then transferred
to i/p of second stage by secondary
winding of transformer(T1).

• The second does amplification in


exactly same manner.
Direct Coupled Amplifier
• In this, the o/p of first stage is directly
connected to base of next stage.
• It is also called as 'DC amplifier' and is
used to amplify very low frequency.
Working:
• The signal to be amplified is applied
directly to input of first stage.
• Due to transistor action, amplified
signal will appear across the Rc of Q1.
• This voltage then drives base of Q2
and amplified o/p is obtained across
Rc of Q2.
Direct Coupled Amplifier
• In above figure, gain is uniform up to
certain frequency denoted by f2.

• Beyond f2, the gain rolls off slowly.

• The gain decreases at higher


frequencies due to stray capacitance.

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