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Science-10-Summary-of-Quarter-1-Lessons 3

This document summarizes the key concepts covered in the first quarter science lessons, including the distribution of volcanoes and mountain belts along plate boundaries, the different types of seismic waves, the theory of plate tectonics and the structure of tectonic plates, different types of plate boundaries and their associated landforms, the layering of Earth's interior, hotspots and the continental drift theory. Key evidence for plate tectonics discussed are seafloor spreading and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.

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rosalesnikko24
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19 views

Science-10-Summary-of-Quarter-1-Lessons 3

This document summarizes the key concepts covered in the first quarter science lessons, including the distribution of volcanoes and mountain belts along plate boundaries, the different types of seismic waves, the theory of plate tectonics and the structure of tectonic plates, different types of plate boundaries and their associated landforms, the layering of Earth's interior, hotspots and the continental drift theory. Key evidence for plate tectonics discussed are seafloor spreading and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.

Uploaded by

rosalesnikko24
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Science 10 : Summary of Quarter I Lessons

Distribution of Active Volcanoes, Major Mountain


Belts
 The location of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters,
and mountain ranges are found in the same place.
 Geologic features are served as bases in marking the
plate boundaries
 Seismology is the study of earthquake and seismic
waves.
 Seismologists are Earth scientists, specialized in
geophysics.
 Seismograph is used for recording earthquakes.
 Seismogram is the recording of the ground shaking at
the specific location of the instrument.
 Triangulation is the method of collecting at least three
different locations in order to determine the epicenter
where it intersects.
 Wedge method is used to determine larger distance of
epicenter.
 Epicenter is the point at the Earth’s surface directly
above the focus.

Seismic Waves
 Seismic Waves are waves of energy that are caused by
the sudden movement of materials within the Earth.
 P-Waves comes first and travels faster than S-Waves.
 P-Waves can penetrate solid, liquid and gas, while S-
Waves cannot penetrate liquid.
 P-Waves moves in a compressional motion, while S-
Waves moves in an upward and downward motion.
 P-Waves and S-Waves are under Body Waves.
 Body Waves comes within the interior of the Earth.
 Surface Waves comes within the exterior of the Earth.
 Love Waves and Rayleigh Waves are under Surface
Waves.
 Love Waves are the most destructive waves, moves
faster, and moves in a side-to-side movement.
 Rayleigh Waves are the most of the shaking felt, moves
slower, and its movement rolls like a wave across an
ocean.

Plate Tectonics
 Plate Tectonics (or Tectonic Plates) is a scientific theory
that Earth’s lithosphere comprises a number of large
pieces which have been slowly moving since about 3.4
billion years ago.
 Plates are large pieces of the upper few hundred
kilometers of Earth that move as a single unit as it floats
above the mantle.
 Plates are in constant motion.
 Lithosphere is the layer of the Earth below the crust and
upper mantle.
 There are two kinds of crust: Oceanic Crust and
Continental Crust.
 Oceanic Crust is more denser, basaltic, thicker, and are
younger or newer in terms of rocks.
 Continental Crust is less denser, granitic, thinner, and
are older in terms of rocks.
 There are 7 major plates in the Earth: North American
Plate, Eurasian Plate, South American Plate, African
Plate, Pacific Plate, Australian Plate, and Antarctic
Plate.

Plate Boundaries
 Convergent Plate Boundary is when two tectonic plates
move toward each other and collide.
 Divergent Plate Boundary is where plates are moving
from one another / away from each other.
 Transform Fault Plate Boundary is when plates slide
each other.

Types of Convergent
 Continental-Continental Convergent Plate Boundary is
behind the formation of landforms such as mountain
ranges.
Ex: Himalayas
 Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Plate Boundary is behind
the creation of trenches
Ex: Mariana Trench, Aleutian Islands
 Oceanic-Continental Convergent Plate Boundary causes
the subduction of two plates.
Ex: Nazca Plate under South American Plate

Types of Divergent
 Continental-Continental Divergent Plate Boundary is
behind the formation of rift valleys.
 Oceanic-Oceanic Divergent Plate Boundary is behind
the creation of rift zones.

Layers of the Earth


 Crust is the Earth’s outermost layer.
 Mantle is the semi-solid rock layer below the crust.
 Outer core is the molten metal layer beneath the mantle.
 Inner core is the Earth’s innermost layer, solid due to
high pressure, composed mainly of iron and nickel with
extremely high temperatures.

Hotspot
 The farther a volcano from the hotspot, the older or
inactive the volcano is. The nearer a volcano from the
hotspot, the younger or active the volcano is.
 The hotspot cannot move, but plates does.
 Most hotspots are found in oceans since oceanic crust is
thinner than continental crust which enables it to be
easily penetrated.

Continental Drift Theory


 Continental Drift Theory states that the continents were
once one large landmass.
 The hypothesized supercontinent was called Pangaea.
 Alfred Lothar Wegener is a German meteorologist who
proposed this theory.
 Evolution: Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous,
Modern Day
 Fossils are preserved remains or traces of organisms
from the remote past.
 Alfred Wegener’s evidences that supports his theory are
as follows: Continental Jigsaw Puzzle, Evidence from
Fossils, Evidence from Rocks, Coal Deposits, and
Glaciation.
 The two continents, South America and Africa, were
most likely and strongly proven as connected.

The Seafloor Spreading


 Seafloor spreading is the geological process where
tectonic plates diverge at mid-ocean ridges, causing
new oceanic crust to form as magma rises from the
mantle and solidifies.

Magnetic Reversal
 Magnetic reversal is a phenomenon in which Earth's
magnetic field reverses its polarity, causing the north
and south magnetic poles to switch positions. These
reversals are recorded in rocks, including the alternating
magnetic stripes on the seafloor.
Convection Currents
 Convection currents are the vertical movements of
material within Earth's mantle caused by differences in
temperature. Hot material rises, cools, and sinks,
creating a continuous circulation pattern that drives the
motion of tectonic plates.

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